Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
581
NOTES
distribution in the clay sidewall of the type shown in Fig. 5(b). In this case, an equivalent
beam would be fixed by the bentonite suspension 3 m above the base and be subject to a peak
pressure at 3.75 m below its simply supported top. If this pressure distribution is assumed
then conjugate beam analysis shows that the maximum horizontal deformation occurs at a
depth of 6 m and is equal to 15 mm for a clay beam 4.7 m thick, and having an assumed
modulus of elasticity of lo5 kN/m2. Correlation of the observed deformation profile in
the present instance, with the postulated existence of peak earth pressures at a depth roughly
equal to one quarter the total depth of the trench, has considerable significance in the wider
design of bentonite-supported excavations. It is well known that the occurrence of overbreak
in such excavations in weaker soils is invariably located close to the top of the excavation. If,
as seems likely, there is a causatory relationship between overbreak and the shear stresses
existing in the supported sidewall, a design approach based on the resultant pressure distribution in the wall may be a more suitable method than stability analysis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Elson, W. K. (1968). An experimental investigation of the stability of slurry trenches.
Gefofechnique 18,
No. 1, 3749.
Morgenstern, N. R. & Amir-Tahmasseb,
I. (1965). The stability of a slurry trench in cohesionless soils.
Geotechnique 15, No. 4, 387-395.
Nash, J. K. T. L. & Jones, G. K. (1963). The support of trenches using fluid mud. Proceedings of the
Symposium on Grouts and DriIling Muds in Engineering Practice.
London: Butterworth.
Terzaghi, K. & Peck, R. B. (1967). Soil mechanics in engineering practice, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley.
University
of Adelaide.
582
TECHNICAL
Air
Phosphor-bronze
ink
NOTES
disc
Terminal with
Fig. 1.
EXPRESSION
The coefficient
of electro-osmotic
permeability
OF PERMEABILITY
as
s=g . . . . . , . . . *
(1)
where
n = porosity
of soil
5 = zeta potential
of soil
D = dielectric
constant
tk = viscosity
of soil water
of soil water
measuring
h =
!!$
(1_e[-A~gdZt32~al)l)
where
h = head developed
E/I = potential
gradient
at cathode
applied
constant
standpipe
across soil specimen
TECHNICAL
583
NOTES
d = diameter
of hypothetical
soil capillaries
A = cross-sectional
a = cross-sectional
area of standpipe
of head in cathode
standpipe
where
P = pressure
R = calibration
developed
constant
in cathode
chamber
of the equipment
=-dQ
dP
DETAILS
chamber
(electro-osmotic
reverse flow)
OF APPARATUS
584
TECHNICAL
0.632
.lf
.____
H = 0.632
F
t-l
l____
I
Fig. 2.
NOTES
Time
Nevertheless, when the rate of pressure rise had been reduced to an acceptable figure considerable scatter in the first few pressure measurements
was still found.
Because the determination
of the value of the coefficient k, depended on an accurate determination
of the initial tangent
modulus (dP/dt), = o it became necessary to develop a method of increasing the accuracy of this
determination.
METHOD
Equation
OF ANALYSIS
OF PRESSURE
RISE DATA
and
dp= Mae-at
dt
(6)
(7)
(8)
It will be seen that the parameters M and 01are extremely complex, with some factors that
are indeterminate
or difficult to measure and hence must be determined empirically.
Rather
involved methods already exist for the determination
of the parameters
of an exponential
relationship
of this form, but the method outlined below has been found to be the most direct
and suitable for routine evaluations of k, from pressure rise data.
Using the concept of a time constant as in electrical systems, it will be seen from equation
(6) that when t = l/et, P= O-632 M and dP/dt = O-368 Ma and hence a simple, graphical method
can be established for determining the time constant, l/a.
TECHNICAL
585
NOTES
relationships
to the curve at A
GA = H = Q-632 M
GB = 1.582 H = M
OF = 0.264 M = 0.418 H
OG = l/a = BC (time constant)
tan 0 = HjOG
= O-632 MCZ
= 1.582 tan 0
Thus it will be seen that if the time constant, determined by the tangent point A, can be
accurately established, the parameters M and Q and the initial tangent modulus are immediately
obtainable.
The procedure adopted to establish the time constant is as follows
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
= l-582 tan 0
(f) Check along the horizontal
THE EFFECT
OF INCORRECT
at M that EB = EC
LOCATION
OF THE TANGENT
POINT
As the proposed method of establishing the initial tangent modulus for use in the determination of k, depends on the visual selection of the correct tangent point A, it is necessary to assess
Fig. 3 shows the tangent point
the effects of incorrect choice of the location of that point.
located such that the time constant is in error with a factor q=O.8 and q= 1.2 and it will be
seen that in each case the line FAC is clearly not tangent to the curve at A. Thus it is evident
that the time constant can easily be selected within of:20% of the correct value.
If the value of the time constant has been incorrectly determined at q(l/a) the value of P at
the incorrect time constant becomes
H = M(l-eW4)
From this an incorrect
The incorrect
expression
P = M(1 _,-(aiQ)t)
= 1.582 M(l -eWq)(l -e-(rrlq)t)
or
TECHNICAL
!!
If
,
= 09371
---
0.
T
0
A
o*,
--
-_----
0.
t--.
,,axzo.5
(a)
i
~
q=04
+
i
I
----
----
---------_c_____
C
I.0
0.8
I
i
0,6
P
3I
0.4
F
0.2
--A_-_
i
i
i
a = 2.0
--
i
k
I/a=04
*=
P)
152
I
0
Fig. 3.
I-0
Ttme
2.0
1
3.0
NOTES
TECHNICAL
NOTES
587
..__.
__---
_.-.._..
Jf
=I.s82(l-t)
a=
1-O
qzo.9
qzO.8
----_----_---_---_
_.-.*_
.._.._
20
2.0
340
Time
Fig. 4.
This has been plotted in Fig. 4 for values of q= O-8 to q= 1.2 and it will be seen that the
error is barely discernible up to a value of P/M=0*65.
The initial tangent moduli are incorrect by + 9% for q=O*S and - 5% for q= 1.2. These errors are negligible.
EXAMPLE
Figure 5 shows a typical pressure-time relationship for a bentonite clay (Volclay) at the
liquid limit with an applied potential gradient of 1.4 V/cm. From the figure, tan B=O.264
kgf/cm2/min. For the apparatus and specimen used, R/A(E/l) = 0.0121 cm4/kgf/V
R
k, = 1.582 A(E,I) tan 0
= 8.4 x 10e5 cm/s/V/cm
A direct flow test made immediately after the pressure rise test gave
k, = 7-3 x 10S5 cm/s/V/cm
CONCLUSIONS
588
TECHNICAL NOTES
E614A
0
----
Experimental
Derived
valuer
relationship
= 0417kg/cm2
/r&l.
t=o
I'0
2.0
3-o
Time:
Fig.5.
min.