Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
9 789839 541779
Saim Kayadibi
ISBN 978-983-9541-77-9
Ottoman Connections
to the Malay World
Islam, Law and Society
EDITED BY
Saim Kayadibi
OTTOMAN CONNECTIONS TO THE MALAY WORLD
Prepared by
Saim Kayadibi
Published 2011 by
Islamic Book Trust
607 Mutiara Majestic
Jalan Othman
46000 Petaling Jaya
Selangor, Malaysia
www.ibtbooks.com
Islamic Book Trust is affiliated to The Other Press.
Perpustakan Negara Malaysia
Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Kayadibi, Saim
Ottoman Connections to the Malay World, Islam, Law and Society / Saim Kayadibi.
Includes Index
Bibliography : p.
ISBN
ISBN (pbk.)
1. 2..
I. I..
Dedicated to
My late father Mehmet
and
my mother Zlfye
Contents
Acknowledgement
ix
Preface
xi
32
56
85
114
154
186
Conclusion
211
Bibliography
213
index
239
vii
Acknowledgement
ix
Book Trust staff and its respected director Hj. Koya for his
exceedingly helpful cooperation and keen interest in publishing
the manuscript. Without his contribution, this book could not
have been finalized.
Wa al-salamu alaykum wa ramatullhi wa baraktuh
Associate Prof Dr Saim Kayadibi
Kulliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences
International Islamic University Malaysia
July 2011
Gombak, Kuala Lumpur
Preface
xi
xii
Preface
xiii
xiv
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231
232
Bibliography
233
234
Bibliography
235
236
Bibliography
237
238
Index
Ab Qulbah, 119
Ab Ysuf, 121, 175
Aceh, xii, 2, 3, 5, 10, 16, 32-47, 4976, 78-84, 198; as entrepots,
57; Doorway to Makkah, 34;
known as Serambi Mekah, 58;
pioneer of Islamic educational
centres, 58; written culture in,
33
Aceh Darussalam Sultanate, 32, 35,
37, 51; regions most important
Islamic state, 37
Acehnese, xii, 16, 32, 35, 37, 38,
40, 41, 48, 51-54, 57, 58, 60,
65, 67-69, 72-74, 77, 198; first
to be introduced to Islam in
region, 58
adlatnamahs, 99
Adat, 49, 50, 52, 66, 81, 82, 207
Afghn, Jaml al-Dn al-, 17
Africa, 8, 10, 28
Agong, 191, 204, 206
akm, 115, 134
Ahl al-Bayt, 8, 9, 26
239
240
Ahmad III, 94
Ahmed Akgndz, xii, 85, 110112
Ahmed b. Muhammad Zain alPatani, Shaikh, 45
Ahmed Jawdat Pasha, 107, 110,
112, 113
Ahmet Kasturi, Haji, 39
awl al-shakh-iyyah, 97, 102
akhlq, 154
Alaaddin Mughayat Shah, 37
Alauddin Riayat Shah al-Kahar,
Sultan, 16, 38
al-Attas, Hussein, 200
al-Attas, Syed Abdullah, 20, 200
al-Attas, Syed Ali, 20
al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib,
4, 20, 24, 48-50, 79, 80, 82
Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan, 2
Alawiyyn, 8, 9
Albania, 108, 139
al-diyah, 98
Algeria, 134
alghz, 155
Al-Hidyah, 175
Al b. Khayrn, 119
Ali Kuu, 161
Ali Mughayat Syah, 37, 63
Ali Pasha, 107, 134
Allah, ix, xiv, 87, 91, 116, 120, 126,
127, 158
Alparslan, 160
mil, 118
amn, 127
amr, 118
Amr b. al-n, 126
amwl, 155
Andalucia, 108, 124
Arab empire, 120
Arab(s), xi, 4-8, 10-15, 18, 19, 22,
25, 30, 34, 39, 60, 61, 65, 83,
120, 150, 196, 200; in Java and
Madura, 10; residents of
Johor, 13; settlements along
west Sumatra, 6
Arabia, xi, 4, 35, 36, 40, 42, 57, 62,
65, 83, 139
Arabs, NaOram, 3, 6-8, 13, 15, 22;
brought Islamic culture to
China, 10; in Singapore, 1112; marrying local women, 6;
migrate to nearby islands, 10;
residents of Singapore, 12;
sailed wooden ships to
Archipelago, 5; settled in
India and spread Islam, 4
Archipelago, xi, 2-7, 9-11, 15, 17,
24, 28, 34, 36, 44, 46, 48, 50,
52, 53, 58, 60, 64, 76, 78, 79,
81-83, 195, 197, 201, 211
aristocratic, 14
Aristotle, 127
Arqam, 158
Aru, 16, 37
shir, 95
Asian, xii, 26, 48-50, 52, 54, 57, 58,
62, 77, 82, 196, 198, 199, 209,
210
Atatrk, Kemal, 22
atheist, 188
Azyumardi, 4, 6, 24, 25, 27, 42, 51,
53, 54, 79, 80, 81, 83,
Index
Baba Davud, xii, 32, 33, 39, 42-47,
53, 54, 83; had a Turkish
ancestor, 47; tomb, 46
Baghdad, 36, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 66,
67, 76, 82, 124, 160
Baghdadi, Nayan al-, 45
Baghdadi, Shaikh Abdulwahab al-,
72
Baghdadi, Shaikh Abdurrahim
Hafz al-, 71
Baghdadi, Shaikh Muhammad Ali
al-, 74
Baghdadi, Shaikh Muhammad
Said al-, 74
Baghdadi, Shaikh Muhammad
Salih al-, 71
Baiturrahman mosque, 40, 41, 75
Balkans, 16, 108, 200
Baluchistan, 34
Banda Aceh, xii, 32, 33, 36, 49, 51,
52, 56, 69, 82, 83
Bangladesh, 134, 139, 198
Barisan Nasional, 189
Barus, 5, 24
Banrah, 119, 142, 146, 160
Batavia, 11, 18, 26, 195, 199
b3in, 157
baya, 2
Baybars, Sultan, 124, 143
Bayezid II, 98
bayt al-ml, 118
Bayt al-Maqdis, 38
Beirut, 111, 144, 146, 149, 181,
199, 208
Bek, 20
Bendahara, 194
241
Bengal, 34, 134
Betawi, 20, 75
Beunua, 37
Bey, 52, 150, 161, 163, 199
Borneo, 202
Bosnia, 108
Boyanese, 11
Britain, 136, 137, 151, 199, 209,
232, 234; war against Ottoman
Empire, 199
British, 5, 13, 16, 18, 24, 29, 40, 64,
78, 79, 134, 137, 139, 153, 197,
199, 201, 205, 210, 211;
colonialism, 211; interference
in Islamic affairs, 202; involved
with slavery, 201; sought to
introduce its legal system in
region, 201
Bruas, 4
Buddhism, influence on legal
matters, 192
Buddhist(s), 2, 6, 188, 192, 196
Bugis, 11
Bukhara, 108
Bumiputera, 188
bureaucratization, 132
Bursa, 161, 165, 169, 182
Byzantine empire, 43
242
Cavi, 46, 53
Central Asia, 197
chastity, 100
China, 4-6, 10, 34, 40, 57, 62, 193,
196
Chinese, xii, 6, 11, 21, 26, 48, 188,
192, 196; traditional religions,
188
Christianity, 17
Christianization, 51, 80, 232
Christians, 2, 120, 132, 137, 143
civil law, 102, 104, 105
civilization, ix, 23, 27, 48, 77, 79,
200, 208
codification, 94, 101, 105, 110, 112
colonial, xiii, 7, 16, 17, 39, 72, 114,
134, 136, 141, 186, 199, 201,
211
colonialism, xi, 37, 66, 139, 197,
199, 211; British, 211;
European, xi, 37, 66, 197
commercial law, 101
Confucian, 188
Constantinople, 19, 83, 110, 199
Coromandel, 4, 34
court, 92, 107, 109, 140, 141, 148,
149, 152, 195, 202-204, 206;
dual system in Malaysia, 203
customary law, xiii, 91, 94, 109,
186, 190, 192, 193
Cyprus, 108
238
Daraward, Abd al-Azz al-, 119
Darussalam, xii, 32, 35-38, 49-53,
56, 63, 79, 81, 82
Dato Bahaman, 16
Davud b. Agha Ismail b. Agha
Mustafa al-Javi ar-Rumi, 42
Davud b. Ismail al-Patani, Shaikh,
xii, 32, 45, 46, 83
Davud-i Kayseri, 161
Day of Judgement, 117, 125
Daya, 37
Dayah Tanoh Abee, xii, 39, 45, 5659, 67-71, 75, 77, 80, 82, 84
dayah, 58, 65, 68-71, 73, 75, 76
Delhi, 4, 48, 50, 54, 60, 79, 144,
148, 238
Delhi Sultanate, 4
Devlet-i Aliyye, 110, 231
Dewan Negara, 191
Dewan Rakyat, 188, 191
dhimms, 97
diversity, xiii
Divan-i Humayun, 92, 103
Dwn-i Akm-i Adliyyah, 107,
108
Durar al-\ukkm Shar Majallah
al-Akm, 110
Dutch, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 37, 39,
51, 59, 60, 68, 69, 72-75, 77, 79,
187, 194, 195, 198, 199, 201,
211, 235; destructive impact of
invasion, 69; colonial invasions,
7; holy war against, 59, 73; navy
occupying Aceh, 72; resented
the Arabs presence, 10; tried to
Index
apply law in Malacca, 201
Dutch East India Company, 195
East Africa, 8, 10
Ebussud Efendi, 163
economic institutions, 6
Egypt, 13, 29, 35, 38, 108, 123,
131, 134-136, 138-140, 143145, 148-153
Elizabeth I, Queen, 35, 64
Engku Abdul Majid, 20, 30
English law, 137, 187, 190
European, xi, 16-18, 37, 52, 58, 61,
66, 81, 87, 89, 101, 102, 112,
131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 169,
179, 197, 198, 199, 211;
colonialism, xi, 37, 66, 197
243
fermans, 99, 198
fiqh, xiii, 42, 85, 92, 101, 104, 111,
112, 149, 154-158, 170-174,
181; defined, 154
fiqh al-srah, 155, 158, 176
firmans, 99, 198
First World War, 200
Firus al-Baghdadi, al-, 39, 45, 56,
58, 64, 66, 67, 69, 76
France, 107, 134, 136, 137, 150
freedom, of thought, 187, of religion,
187
French, 5, 107, 139, 198; civil law,
107
fur al-fiqh, xiii, 155, 174
FusUU, 119, 142
Gazi, 161
Germany, 22, 137
Ghazl, Imam al-, 2, 155-157,
167, 182
Ghaznalis, 160
Greek, 127
Gresik, 4
Gujarat, 4, 34, 36, 60, 62
Glhane Khatt-i Humayunu, 100
add, 95, 98, 102; al-baghy, 98; alqadhf, 98; al-shirb, 98; alsirqah, 98; al-zin, 98
Nadth, 145, 149, 156-158, 161,
171, 179, 180, 185; literature,
98, 99
NaOramawt, 8-11, 25, 26, 34
NaOram, xi, 3, 6-8, 10, 15, 18, 19,
22; Arabs, 3, 6-8, 13, 15, 22
244
fi(, 164
ajar al-aswad, 117
^ajj, 176
Hajji Khalifa, 15
ajr, 89, 176
akams, 118, 142
Hamzah Fansur, 35, 63
Nanaf(s), xiii, 86, 89-91, 101, 102,
104-106, 110, 111, 123, 124,
132, 134, 139, 143, 147, 174,
175, 180, 186, 197, 211, 236
Nanbal, 124
Harem, 30
Hrn al-Rashd, 122
Hatice Hanm, 20
heterodox, 3
hijrah, 158
Hikayat Johor, 19-21
ikmah al-tashr, 155
imryatayn, 121
Hindu(s), 6, 134, 188, 192, 194,
196; influence on legal matters,
192
hirbah, 98
iyal, 155
Hocazde Muslihuddin Mustafa,
156
Holland, 134, 195, 199
Horasan, 160
Hourani, Albert, 14, 27, 28
udd, 90
ukm, 130
human rights, 187
Hurgronje, Snouck, 29, 34, 48, 51,
52, 77, 84, 198, 209, 237
Hseyn Efendi 16
Hussein Onn, 20
ibdah, 97
ibdt, 154
Ibn al-bidin, 111
Ibn al-Arab, 64
Ibn al-Qayyim, 111
Ibn Frq, 119
Ibn Sna, 155, 181
Ibn Tagr Bird, 123
Ibn Wahb, 119
Ibrahim of Aleppo, 89
Ibrahim, Sultan, 18, 21, 22, 31
iddah, 102
Idris b. Hussein Kelantanam, Shaikh,
45
ijzah, 68, 70
ijm, 86, 88, 121, 130, 203
ijtihd, 104, 126, 130, 154, 180
ilm al-fari4, 97
imm, 88, 118
Imm-i Mashr, 87
Imperial Council, 92
India, 4, 5, 8-10, 35, 36, 40, 47, 50,
51, 57, 60, 61, 63, 67, 124, 134,
139, 192, 196, 198, 202, 236
Indian, 4, 6, 11, 25, 34, 60, 65, 81,
192, 198-200, 202
Indian Ocean, 8, 25, 61, 62, 78,
196
Indonesia, 2
Indra Purpa, 36
inheritance, 105
iq3, 121
iqti-d, 155, 178
Iran, 34-36, 40, 51, 57, 124, 139
245
Index
Iraq, 13, 28, 34, 108, 139, 152
Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam,
Sultan, 3, 35, 39, 40, 50, 52,
56, 58, 64, 66, 81; and Sufism,
66
Iskandar Shah, Sultan, 196
Iskandar Tsani, 41
Islam, adoption by indigenous
people,
47;
arrival
to
Archipelago, 3; came from
Arabs, 4, 6; from the Arabian
peninsula, 4; in Johor, 1, 7;
pan-, xi, 7, 15, 17, 197, 199,
209, 232; spread by Arab,
Indian, Chinese and Sfs, 6;
spread through trade, 6
Islamic, banking, 137, education,
58, 76; empires, 2; government,
2; jurisprudence, 92; state, 117;
values, 68
Islamic law, xi, xii, xiii, 41, 57, 66,
72, 85-87, 91-94, 98, 103-106,
108, 110, 112, 115, 118, 119,
121, 131, 133-135, 138-140,
186, 187, 190, 191, 194-196,
201-205, 211
Islamization, 24, 28, 32, 34-36, 44,
47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 56-58, 60,
67, 79, 80, 82, 153, 198
ISTAC, 200
Istanbul, ix, 14-16, 19, 21, 43, 44,
45, 51, 54, 79, 84, 107, 110113, 144, 145, 151, 162, 165,
175, 180-185, 198-200
i-3ilt, 155
Italy, 134
246
Keling, 40
khalfah, 1, 68, 70, 83, 120
kharj, 95, 118
Khawrizm, 155, 156, 157
Khedive Isml, 135
khitb, 130
Khurmuz, 61
Khusraw, Molla, 92
Knalzde Ali Efendi, 169
Kind, al-, 123
Kitb al-Buy, 107
Kitb al-Kharj, 122
Kitb al-Qa4, 107
Khoja Emin Efendi Zadeh Ali
Haydar, 110
Kuala Krai, 196
Kfah, 119, 120, 142, 146
Kurds, 13
Kuwait, 108
Index
Malaya, 191, 192, 202, 206
Malaysia, 4, ix, x, xiii, 2, 23, 24, 29,
30, 45, 48, 50, 52, 54, 55, 77, 79,
81, 84, 139, 140, 144, 152, 153,
186, 188-190, 193, 195, 200,
203, 205-211; constitutional
law,
186,
191;
Federal
Constitution, 190; legal system,
xiii, 189; society defined as
Islamic, 189
Malik az-Zahir, Sultan, 3, 36
Malik Ibrahim, Maulana, 4
Malik us-Saleh, 36
Mlik(s), 123, 124, 134, 139, 143,
174
Mamlks, 124
Marco Polo, 34, 48, 79, 238
Mardin, 113
masil, 155
Masjid Nabaw, 159
Mward, al-, 122, 149
Mawqft, 89
ma(lim, 121, 146
McAmis, Robert Day, 10, 24, 25,
26
mecalis, 132, 143
Mecelle, 112, 132, 133, 135, 139,
143, 185; see also Majallah
Medrese, 161, 183
Mehmed the Conqueror, 95, 98,
164; see also Mehmed II
Mehmed II, 109; see also Mehmed
the Conqueror
Mehmet zay, ix, xii, 32, 48, 54,
56, 77, 209, 210
Mekteb-i Kuzat, 162
247
Melaka, see Malacca
Melikshah, 160
Merdeka, 191
metaphysics, 62
Meurah Johan Shah, 36
Meurah Shah Nuwi, 9
Miyr al-Adlah, 98
Middle East, 3, 4, 8, 17, 19, 23, 24,
27, 34, 47, 54, 56, 61, 63, 76,
79, 83, 110-112, 124, 135, 138,
143, 145, 147, 148, 150-153,
199, 208, 209; relationship
with Malay region, 3
minah, 122, 143, 147
military, 16, 29, 38, 39, 41, 56, 61,
63, 73, 74, 87, 90, 95, 96, 99,
118, 120, 124, 141, 142, 165,
169, 184, 195, 198
Mimarzde Mustafa Efendi, 169
Mo^ammad Yaman, Shaikh, 35
Mongol, 39
Morocco, 51, 139, 152
muallim, 6, 118
mumalt, 80, 91, 95, 97, 101,
148, 152, 154, 158
Muwiyah, 119, 120, 142
muyanah, 129
MutaOid, 122
Iskandar Muda, 3, 35, 39-41, 50,
52, 56, 58, 64-66, 81
Mu4rabah, 99
mudda alayhi, 128
mudda, 128
muft, 1, 2, 14, 15, 22, 23, 89, 108,
119, 120, 124
Mughal (also Moghul), 124, 134, 198
248
Muhammad IV, 89
Muhammad Amin, Teungku , 36
Muhammad Azhari, Shaikh, 41
Muhammad Dahlan al-Fairus alBaghdadi, Teungku, 59
Muhammad Davud, 37
Muhammad Jailani b. Hasan b.
Hamid, 41
Muhammad the Conqueror, 94
Muhammad Yamani, Shaikh, 62
mutasib, 118
mujtahid, 89
mujtahids, 87, 88, 89
Mukalla, 5, 8
mukattib, 118
Mukhtr, 111
Mul Jawa, 5
Multaq al-Abur, 89, 92, 104,
174
multi-cultural, 189
Muntasir, al-, 60
murd, 68
Munab b. Imrn, 119
musallam, 95
Mustannir, 161
mustashr, 118
Mutawakkil, al-, 122
Index
138, 143, 164-166, 179, 197,
199; Family Law, 85; jurists,
92; laws, 85-90, 94, 96, 99,
100, 103, 132, 188; madrasah
system, 161; society, xiii
Padishah, 92
Pahang, 5, 9, 25, 49, 51-53, 64, 65,
196
Pakistan, 134, 139, 141, 153, 198
Palembang, 5, 6, 10
Palestine, 108
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
(PAS), 189
Paris, 113, 236
Pasai, 2, 3, 4, 6, 35-38, 58, 60, 62,
63, 79
Pasha, 14, 107, 108, 110, 112, 134,
135, 162, 176, 198, 231
Patani, 2, 44, 45, 46
Pax Turcica, 198
Pedir, 37, 63
Pekojan, 11
Penghulu, 193
Perak, 4, 65, 202
Perikatan, 189
Perlak, 9, 35, 62
perpatih, 193, 207
Persia, 5, 29, 62
Persian, 6, 9, 28, 60, 61, 78, 83,
123, 162, 168, 176, 196
personal law, 100, 201
pesantrens, 6
pey akcha, 101
Philips, Nicholas, 137
Pidie, 37
249
Plato, 127
Pluralism, xiii
Pontianak, 10
Portugal, 15, 39, 62
Portuguese, 16, 37, 38, 40, 43, 50, 62,
63, 79, 80, 187, 194, 195, 198,
201, 211; and Dutch influence,
194; captured Malacca, 37
private law, 91
Mu^ammad (Prophet), 26, 87,
117, 118, 121, 126, 158, 178
public good, 93, 99, 104
public law, 91, 94
Q4 askar, 92, 109, 124
q4, 2, 67, 70-72, 76, 86, 88, 89,
91, 92, 108, 109, 114, 116,
118-125, 127-130, 132, 134,
136, 142, 143, 146, 148, 162
Qadzde Efendi, 169
Qdiriyyah, 43, 63, 64
Qadri Pasha, xiii, 186, 197, 211
Qnn, 146
Qnnnme, 93, 94
q--, 118
qat al-tarq, 98
Qatar, 137, 138, 140, 151
qawid, 155
Qawnn al-Mulkiyyah li alDawlah al-Aliyyah, 103
qi--, 98, 196
qiys, 86, 88, 203
Quran, 42, 83, 85-89, 96, 98-100,
109, 115-117, 121, 126, 129,
144, 145, 148, 149, 154, 156158, 164, 168, 179, 180, 189,
250
203, 205, 207
Index
Shar-i Sharif, 87
Sharah al-Muammadiyyah, al-,
89
Sharah, xi, xiii, 14, 85-91, 93-101,
103, 105, 108, 109, 114, 115,
117, 119, 123, 125, 130, 132134, 136-143, 146, 152, 165,
171, 173-175, 177, 184, 187,
191, 203-206, 211; decrees, 93;
rules, 95, 97, 99
Shattariyya, 41, 57, 64, 67, 68, 70,
83
Shaykh al-Islm, 2, 14, 92, 107,
109, 124, 128, 163, 169
Shah, 160; Isml, 123
Sh, 17
shir, 156
Shihi, 8
shr, 123
shur3ah, 138
shur3, 155
Siak, 10
Sicily, 108
sijill, 125, 148
Sijillt, 96
Sikhism, 188
Sind, 34
Singapore, 5, 7, 11-13, 16, 18, 19,
24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 45, 49, 51,
77, 80, 82, 84, 199, 206-210;
Arab community in, 11, 12
Singapore Mutiny, 199
Singkil, Abdurrauf b. Ali al-Cav
al-Fansur al-, xii, 32, 35, 41,
42, 63, 68, 83
siysah, 131, 132
251
siysah shariyyah, 155
Southeast Asia, xi, xii, 5, 6, 8, 24,
29, 33-35, 37, 40, 43, 48-52, 5662, 65, 67, 77, 78, 80-82, 196199, 201, 207-209; economic
attraction, 6
Sri Lanka, 5, 34
Sribuza, 5
Sriwijaya, 5
Straits Settlements, 11, 201, 202
Straw, Jack, 137
subashi(s), 91
Sudan, 136, 139, 152
Suez Canal, 5
Sf(s), 6, 34, 47, 49, 52, 57, 61, 63,
64, 66, 67, 76, 80, 200, 235;
introduced Islam, 6
Sufism, 25, 42, 49, 58, 62, 70, 76,
80, 157, 198
Sulaymn b. Abd al-Mlik, 120,
143
Sleyman I, 14, 38, 90, 94, 95, 98,
124, 162-164
Sleyman the Lawmaker, see
Sleyman I
Sleyman the Lawgiver, see
Sleyman I
Sleyman the Magnificent, see
Sleyman I
Sleymaniye Dr al-Nadth, 165,
172
Sultanate, xii, 2, 4, 7, 12, 18, 32, 34,
35, 37, 39, 44, 50, 51, 81, 82,
194, 235
Sumatra, 4, 10, 34, 48-52, 54, 60,
62, 63, 65, 78, 80, 83, 84, 192,
252
198, 209
Sunnah, 86-89, 96, 109, 121, 126,
129, 154, 156, 158, 180, 203
Sunn, 17, 76, 85, 102, 108, 124,
130, 159-161, 167, 180, 198
Supreme Court, 92
Swiss Civil Code, 125
Switzerland, 137, 150
Syaikh Davud b. Ismail b. Mustafa
ar-Rumi, 43
Syed Mohamed b. Abdul Rahman
al-Koff, 19
Syiah Kuala, Teungku, xii, 32, 43,
46, 47, 83; see also Abdurrauf
as-Singkil
Syria, 13, 29, 35, 108, 139
253
Index
159, 160,
uleebalang, 72
ul al-amr, 85, 90, 91, 93, 100,
101, 109
Ulu Bey, 161
Umar b. al-KhaUUb, 118, 120,
121, 142
Umar Hilmi Effendi, 98
umar, 1, 2
Umayyad(s), 78, 119, 120, 142,
146, 161, 166, 231
ummah, 17, 117
UMNO, 20, 188, 200
Undang-undang, xiii, 186, 194,
197, 208
Ungku Abdul Aziz, 20, 200
Ungku Abdul Majid, 200
Ungku Abdulhamid, 20
United Kingdom, 137, 146
United States, 136, 137, 151, 236
University of Malaya, 20, 23, 30,
50, 200, 205, 209, 232, 236
uqbt, 90, 154
urf uqq, 94
u-l al-fiqh, xiii, 155-157, 174, 177
u-l al-adth, 156
Uthman Beg, 91
(hir, 157
Zakh, 176
Zanzibar, 139, 152, 235
zwiyah, xii, 56-59, 61, 66-77, 159;
to spread Islamic and scientific
knowledge, 70
Zoroastrians, 120