Hydro-Meteorological Disasters and Climate Change - Conceptual Issues and Data Needs For Integrating Adaptation Into Environment

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Hydrometeorologicaldisastersandclimatechange:conceptualissuesanddataneedsforintegratingadaptationintoenvironment
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eJournalEarthScienceIndiaVol.2(II),April,2009,pp.117132
http://www.earthscienceindia.info/
Hydrometeorologicaldisastersandclimatechange:
conceptualissuesanddataneedsforintegrating
adaptationintoenvironmentdevelopmentframework
AnilK.Guptaa,SreejaS.Naira andVinayK.Sehgalb
NationalInstituteofDisasterM anagement,NewDelhi110020
IndianAgricultureResearchInstitute,
DivisionofAgriculturePhysics,NewDelhi110012
Email:envirosafe2007@gmail.com,sreejanair22@gmail.com
vksehgal@gmail.com
Abstract
IntegratingRiskReductiontotheEnvironmentandDevelopment
Frameworkatlocalandregionallevelshasnowemergedasthecorestrategyfor
minimizinghazardsandmanagingdisasters.Thisstrategycallsforaparadigm
shifbytreatingdisastermanagementandclimatechangeasdevelopmental
issuesinterlinkedtoeachotherandrequiringcommonmanagement
approaches.Disastermanagementcomprisesof(1)disasterriskmanagement
and(2)emergencyorganizationforprotectingnatural,builtandsocioeconomic
environmentsfromimpactsattemporalandspatialscales.Damageandlosses
duetoextremeeventsdependuponthemagnitudeandintensityofhazardous
eventalongwiththevulnerabilityofpopulation,habitat,resources,and
developmentalsettings,asagainstthecapacitytowithstandtherisk.Designing
theapproachforconvergenceofClimateChangeAdaptationandDisasterRisk
Reduction(DRR)andmainstreamingtowardsdevelopment,itrequiredan
analysisofvariouscomponentsofenvironmentdevelopmentcomplexthatareto
beputintoadaptationagenda.Availabilityofsuitable,accurateandproperdata
iscrucialforanyassessment,planningordecisiontask.Thepresentpaper
presentsaneffortofcrosssectionalprobeintovariousconceptualissuesrelating
tohydrometeorologicaldisasters,climatechangeimpactsanddisasterrisks,
issuesforadaptationndconvergence,disasterriskreductionframeworkinIndia
andexamplesofdataneedsatdifferentstagesfortheirbettermanagement.
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Introduction
Naturaldisastersareincreasinginnumberandintensityandtakingaterribletollin
humanlivesandsocialandeconomicinfrastructure(Fig.1).Globalanalysisofrecords
revealsthatnearly90%oflossoflifeduetonaturaldisasterswascausedbyweather
climateandwaterrelatedhazards(Fig.2).Climatechangeasaglobalenvironmental
consequenceofhumandrivenGreenHouseGases(GHGs)loadingsofbiomassandfossil
fuelcombustion,alongwithdeclineinecologicalassimilativecapacitiesisimpending
concernforhumansownsecurityandwellbeinginlongrunandhascloselinkageswith
hydrometerologicaldisasters.
InternationalGeosphereBiosphereProgramme(IGBP)establishedbyUNEPhas
beenpointingoutthroughitsvariouscoregroupreportsaboutthelikelyserious
consequencesofincreasinggreenhousegasemissionscoupledwithregionallevel
environmentaldegenerationsincludingissuesoflanduseandcoverchange(LUCC),
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Hydrometeorologicaldisastersandc
climatechange:AnilK.Guptaetal.
decreasingsinkpotentials,andlong
otentials,andlongtermirreversiblealterationinthenat
inthenaturalfunctionsof
ecosystems.InterGovernmentalPane
GovernmentalPanelonClimatechangehascomeupwithase
reportsclearlyindicatingthat
dicatingthatglobalwarmingandclimatechangewillexacerbate
comeupwithaseriesof
willexacerbatehuman
vulnerabilityandincreasetheriskofdi
increasetheriskofdisasters.
singnumberofnaturaldisastersoverthepastfiveandhalfdeca
Fig.1:Increasingnumberofnatu
(DatafromUN
(DatafromUN/ISDRDisasterStatistics
tfiveandhalfdecades
http://www.unisdr.org/dis
w.unisdr.org/disasterstatistics/occourencetrendscentury.htm
century.htm)
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Avalanchesand
Windstorms
Droughtsand
landslides
6%
famines
28%
9%
Earthquakes
8%
Volcaniceruptions
2%
Extreme
Temperature
5%
Forest/scrubfires
5%
Floods
37%
Fig.2:GlobalDistributionofN
balDistributionofNaturalHazards(19932002)(Source:WM O).
(Source:WM O).
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Immediateimpactsalreadybeingfeltincludestheincreasedfrequencyofclimate
relatedhazardeventssuchasstormsandfloods,increasedoccurrenceofdrought,and
significantchangesinmorbiditypatternsforsomediseases.Thisinturnmayalso
exacerbatethestruggleforaccessto,orcontrolof,scarceresourcesthatcould,inturn,
increasethelikelihoodofmigrationorevenarmedconflict.Increaseinthelevelofhazards
asaconsequenceofclimatechangeimpacts,theincreaseinvulnerabilityofpeopleis
significantconcernfromtheriskreductionpointofview.However,thereisrarestatistical
evidenceforvalidatingtheclimaticprojectionsandtheirconsequencesintermsofdisaster
eventsandimpactsespeciallyatregionalandlocalscales.Itisacrucialissuefordisaster
management.
ObservedClimaticChangesforIndia
M ostsignificantfeatureoftheIndiansubcontinentclimateisitsM onsoon
circulation.Thesummer(orsouthwest)monsooncontributesabout80%ofthetotal
annualrainfallinamajorpartoftheregion.Althoughthesummermonsoonrainfall
exhibitsaremarkablestabilityovertimeasevidencedbypastdataofmorethana
century,displaysavarietyoftemporalandspatialvariations.Whilealargepartofthe
seasonalanomaliesinthemonsoonisaccountedbytheinterannualvariability,decadal
andlongertermchangesmanifestthemselvesaschangingfrequenciesofextreme
anomalies.ObservedchangesinclimateoverIndiaarebasedonInstrumentalrecords
overthepast130yearscollectedbytheIndiaM eteorologicalDepartment(IM D)areas
follows:
ThemonsoonrainfallatAllIndialeveldoesnotshowanytrendbuttherearesome
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regionalpatterns.Areasofincreasingtrendinmonsoonrainfallarefoundalongthewest
coast,northAndhraPradeshandnorthwestIndia,andthoseofdecreasingtrendover
eastM adhyaPradeshandadjoiningareas,northeastIndiaandpartsofGujaratand
Kerala(6to8%ofnormalover100years).
Arecentstudyindicatesthattheintensityandfrequencyofheavytoveryheavyrainfall
eventsisshowinganincreasingtrendduringthepast50yearsovertheregioncovering
partsofAndhraPradesh,OrissaandChhattisgarhandM adhyaPradesh.However,itisnot
clearifthisincreasingtrendintheheavyrainfalleventsisattributabletoglobalwarming
ornot.
M eanannualsurfaceairtemperaturesshowasignificantwarmingofabout0.5C/100year
duringthelastcenturyandrecentdataindicatesasubstantialaccelerationofthiswarming
afterthe1990s.Thisiscomparabletotheglobalwarmingtrendsreported.
Thespatialdistributionoftemperaturechangesindicatedasignificantwarmingtrendhas
beenobservedalongthewestcoast,centralIndia,andinteriorPeninsulaandover
northeastIndia.However,coolingtrendhasbeenobservedinnorthwestandsomeparts
insouthernIndia.
Theyear2006wasthewarmestyearonrecordsince1901.Thetenwarmestyearson
recordare2006(0.595),2002(0.59),1998(0.50),2004&2001(0.47),2003(0.45),
1958(0.43),1987&1941(0.41),2005(0.40),1999(0.39),1953&2000(0.36)and
1980(0.34).Since1993,annualmeantemperaturehasbeenconsistentlyabovenormal.
Instrumentalrecordsoverthepast130yearsdonotshowanysignificantlongtermtrend
inthefrequenciesoflargescaledroughtsorfloodsinthesummermonsoonseason.
ThetotalfrequencyofcyclonicstormsthatformoverBayBengalhasremainedalmost
constantovertheperiod18871997.AnalysisofpasttidegaugerecordsfortheIndian
coastlineregionsgivesanestimateofsealevelriseof1.30mm/year.Futureglobal
projectionsindicateanaverageincreaseofabout4mm/year.
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Hydrometeorologicaldisastersandclimatechange:AnilK.Guptaetal.
Theoccurrenceofseverecycloniceventsisprojectedtoincreasealongtheeastcoastof
India,whichalongwithsealevelrisewillcauseincreasedfloodrisks.
ThereareevidencesthatglaciersinHimalayasarerecedingatarapidpace.
FutureScenariosofChangeforIndia
Both,globalandregionalmodelshavebeenusedforproducingclimatechange
scenariosforIndia.ThelatestversionofHadleyCentreRegionalClimateM odel,PRECIS
developedbyHadleyCentrehasbeenusedtogeneratetheclimateforthepresent(1961
1990)andafutureperiod(20712100)undertwodifferentscenariosofemissionsdetermined
bydevelopmentpaths.Extensiveobservationaldataoverthepastcenturyandalsothe
reanalysisdatahavebeenusedformodelevaluation.
ThestudyresultsindicateanallroundwarmingovertheIndiansubcontinentassociated
withincreasinggreenhousegasconcentrations,andalsoaslightincreaseinsummer
monsoonprecipitation.Itisprojectedthatrainfallwillincreasebytheendofthe21st
centuryby1540%,andthemeanannualtemperaturewillincreaseby3Cto6C.
Thewarmingismorepronouncedoverlandareas,withthemaximumincreaseover
northernIndia.Thewarmingisalsorelativelygreaterinwinterandpostmonsoon
seasons.
Spatialpatternsofrainfallchangeprojectionsindicatemaximumincreaseovernorthwest
India,butthewarmingisgenerallywidespreadoverthecountry.
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ClimateChangeandDisasterRisks
Indiaishighlydisasterpronecountryandmuchofthenationslandmassfallsin
highriskzones.Itisestimatedthatover44millionpeopleareaffectedbynaturaldisasters
everyyearinIndia.M orethan70%ofthepopulationoccupy80%ofitsgeographicalarea
thatisvulnerabletocyclones,floods,landslides,drought,earthquakesaswellasother
localizedhazards.HighPowerCommitteehasidentified12typesofhydrometrological
disastersaffectingoneonotherregionofthesubcontinent.Thevulnerabilitiestothese
disastersarecompoundedbythelowsocioeconomicconditionsofthecommunities,which
significantlyincreasethelossestolives,livelihoodsandproperty.Furtherithasbeen
recognizedthatClimatechangeisgoingtoposeimpactsonglobalandregionalscales.
Rapidchangesinclimate(Table1)hasalreadyresultedinglacialretreat,globalsealevel
rise,changesintemperatureandrainfallpatternsandalsoaffectingthenaturalresources
productivityandquality,andalsoleadtoincreaseinthefrequencyandintensityofhydro
meteorologicaldisasterslikedrought,floods,heatandcoldwaves,desertificationand
coastalhazardslikecyclone,coastalandseaerosion,stormsurgesandflooding.
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Table2:Projectedscenarioofimpactsofclimatechange
AverageScenarioWorstscenario
2050
2100
2050
2100
Totalrelativesealevelrise,
cm
Absolutesealevelrise,cm
83
340
153
460
13
200
13
220
Landsubsidence,cm
70
70
140
240
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Shorelineerosion,Km
Lossofhabitableland,skm
1
1
2
26
1.5
16
3
34
Populationdisplaced,%
ReductionofMangroveareas50
30
75
13
79
40
95
Interrogating,forexampleofCyclones,thevaryingintensity,invariablyaccompanied
bystormsurges,createshavocalongthethicklypopulatedcoastalareasalmosteveryyear.
Overtheyearsfloodriskhasincreasedbothinintensityandfrequency.Floodsnowaffect
muchlargerpopulationsduetopoorlanduseplanningandotherrelateddevelopment
processes.Thecountryhasseenincreasedoccurrenceoflandslidesandcloudburstsinthe
statesofWestBengal,Uttarakhand,HimachalPradeshandalmosttheentireNorthEastern
Region.Climatechangeimpactsonvariousprimarybutimportantcomponentsofglobal
environmentanditshumandimensions,asprojectedbasedonaveragescenarioaswellasfor
worstscenariofortheyear2050andfurther2100,hasbeensummarizedinTable2.Disaster
riskrelatedchangesinclimateandweatherindicatorsasobservedtobeseriouslyinfluenced
duetoclimatechange(modifiedbyauthors,afterIPCC,2007)isshownintheTable3:
Table3:Primaryimpacts,climaticimplications&associateddisaster
Geophysical
oOcean
temperature
oSealevel
oSnowcover
Climatic
Disaster
oWindpatterns
oFloods
oAirtemperature
oPrecipitation
patterns
oHeatwaves
oTropicalcyclones
oColddaysand
nights
oM ountain
glaciers
Rainydays
oArcticseaice
extent
Spatial
distribution
oPermafrost
extent
oEvaporation
oTranspiration
Rainfall
oHotdaysand
nights
oHotextremes
oDroughts
oDesertification
oGLOF
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Hydrometeorologicaldisastersandc
climatechange:AnilK.Guptaetal.
Whilelookingatextremeweat
ingatextremeweathereventsthecaseofIndiaappears
appearsrelativelymuch
serious.Foracountrythathasmoreththasmorethan70%ofitspopulationrelyingonagricultureelyingonagriculturedirectly
orindirectly,theimpactofextremewe
mpactofextremeweathereventsiscriticalforitsfoodsecurity
itsfoodsecurity.Inthelast
decadeIndiahasbeenrepeatedlybatt
beenrepeatedlybatteredbysuccessivemonsoons,floodinganddro
Forexample,forthelast100yearsin
thelast100yearsinthestateofOrissa,49yearshaveexperienced
ons,floodinganddroughts.
rshaveexperiencedfloods,
30havehaddroughts,and11face
ughts,and11facedcyclones.Theseextremeweathereventsa
eweathereventsarenot
mutuallyexclusive.Itisnotunusualfo
.Itisnotunusualforayeartohaveacombinationofdrou
tionofdroughts,floodsand
cyclones.Inaddition,thenumberofv
ion,thenumberofvillagesinIndiaexperiencingdroughtisincreasi
gdroughtisincreasing.For
example,inthestateofGujarat,only
tateofGujarat,only2000villagesexperienceddroughtin1961,
1988,over145,000villageswereaff
00villageswereaffected.Withrespecttocyclones,Indiaispart
ddroughtin1961,butby
clones,Indiaisparticularly
vulnerablebecauseoftherelatively
seoftherelativelylargepercentageofthepopulationlivingin
populationlivingincoastal
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districtsthatoftenlieinthepathofcyc
lieinthepathofcyclones.
DisasterRiskManagem
sterRiskManagementandAdaptationStrategi
tionStrategies
Theapproachtodisasterman
achtodisastermanagementespeciallyinthedevelopingcountr
Indiahasbeenmuchofanaduchofanadhoctypeduringlastcentury.Reliefwasactuall
understoodassynonymtodisaster
nonymtodisastermanagement,androleofenvironmentaldisc
orinterdisciplinaryscienceshasever
ryscienceshaseverbeenneglectedduetopoorawarenes
edevelopingcountrieslike
Reliefwasactuallybeen
fenvironmentaldisciplines
oorawarenessandlackof
proactivewill.Theparadigmshift
heparadigmshiftfromresponseandreliefcentricapproa
proactivepreventionandmitigat
entionandmitigationcentricapproachhasrecentlybeenvis
eliefcentricapproachto
srecentlybeenvisualized
worldwideandthereforealsoinIn
hereforealsoinIndia.Thewordadaptationhasbeenwide
ionhasbeenwidelyand
variedlydefinedandusedprimarily
andusedprimarilyinecology,physiology/medicalscienceand
broaderperspectiveinthesenseof
iveinthesenseofadaptationtoclimatechangeasanexplaina
edicalscienceandnowa
ngeasanexplainationof
ecologicaladaptationbyhumankind.
tionbyhumankind.
Thus,theterm"adaptationadaptation"referstotheabilityofdifferentspecies
geneticmakeupstocopewithasp
stocopewithaspecificrangeofcircumstancessuchascl
specieswithdifferent
ncessuchasclimate,food
supply,habitat,defenseandmovem
defenseandmovement.Adaptationtoclimateistheprocessth
whichpeoplereducetheadverseeff
ucetheadverseeffectsofclimateontheirhealthandwell
teistheprocessthrough
ealthandwellbeing,and
takeadvantageoftheopportunities
oftheopportunitiesthattheirclimaticenvironmentprovides(O
ronmentprovides(Olmos,
2001).Adaptivecapacityisknowna
isknownasthepotentialorcapabilityofasystemt
(toaltertobettersuit)climaticstimuli
suit)climaticstimuliwhereastheAdaptabilityisunderstoodas
ityofasystemtoadaptto
isunderstoodastheability,
competencyorcapacityofasystemto
pacityofasystemtoadaptto(toaltertobettersuit)climaticstimuli. suit)climaticstimuli.
Sensitivityadaptationframeworktoclimatechange
Fig.3:Sensitivity
Adaptationisoftentheresult
isoftentheresultofinteractionsbetweenclimaticandotherf
Adaptationsvarynotonlywithrespect
notonlywithrespecttotheirclimaticstimulibutalsowithrespectto
change
climaticandotherfactors:
threspecttoother,
nonclimateconditions,sometimescall
tions,sometimescalledinterveningconditions,whichservetoinfluen whichservetoinfluencethe
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sensitivityofsystemsandthenatureoftheiradjustments.Forexample,aseriesofdroughts
mayhavesimilarimpactsoncropyieldsintworegions,butdifferingeconomicand
institutionalarrangementsinthetworegionsmaywellresultinquitedifferentimpactson
farmersandhenceinquitedifferentadaptiveresponses,bothintheshortandlongterms.
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(Smitetal.2000:235).Itisimportanttohighlightthattherelationshipbetweenachanged
climatesystem(e.g.,highertemperatures,alteredprecipitationregime,etc.)andimpactson
humansystemsisnotnecessarilylinearasearlyapproachesusedinclimateimpactstudies
(e.g.,cropyieldsresearchandvariousanalysesoflandandregionalproductionpotentialsas
appliedinstudiesofagriculturalimpactsofclimatechange)seemedtoimply.Human
agenciesandinstitutionscanplayacrucialroleinminimizingtheadverseimpactsofandin
seizingopportunitiesresultingfromclimatechange.Inparticular,theroleofadaptation
(whetherreactiveoranticipatory,spontaneousorplanned,etc.)iscrucialforassessmentsof
potentialimpactsofclimatechange(Smitetal.2000).Anschematicshowing(Fig.3)
examplesofsensitivityintermsofenvironmentalresourcesalongtheirexposureandagainst
theirresilienceandontheotherhandvariouscomponentsofadaptivecapacitiesasapartof
disastermitigationfordevelopingresiliencetowardsclimatechangeimpactsandvariability.
M itigationreferstoanthropogenicinterventionstoreducethesourcesorenhancethe
sinksofgreenhousegases,andadaptationisconcernedwithaddressingtheconsequencesof
climatechange.Theircodependency(e.g.plantingtreesinurbanareasbothincreases
greenhousegassinks(mitigation)andactstocoolsurroundingareas(adaptation)callsfor
climatechangepoliciesthataddressthetworesponsessimultaneously.Also,manyexperts
seelittleutilityinisolatedclimatedataiftheyarenotsupportedbythoseon
socio/economic/naturalresourcesandenvironment(UNEP,2008).Forexample,biodiversity
inallitscomponents(e.g.genes,species,ecosystems)increasesresiliencetochanging
environmentalconditionsandstresses.Geneticallydiversepopulationsandspeciesrich
ecosystemshavegreaterpotentialtoadapttoclimatechange.Theselectionofcropsand
cultivarswithtolerancetoabioticstresses(e.g.hightemperature,drought,flooding,highsalt
contentinsoil,pestanddiseaseresistance)allowsharnessinggeneticvariabilityinnewcrop
varietiesifnationalprogrammeshavetherequiredcapacityandlongtermsupporttouse
them(FAOUN,2007).Thus,adaptationtoclimatechangeanditsimplicationstowards
disastermanagement,aimsatdevelopingasetofabilitiestosustaininthegivencomplex
scenarioofinfluencesalonghumanenvironment.Thecomponentsofadaptation,therefore,
refertofollowing:
(a)Reducingtheriskofoccurrenceofahazardeventby:(i)hazardprevention(ii)
mitigationor(iii)control
(b)Reducingexposuretohazardousevent:(i)avoidance/migration(ii)resilience(iii)
impactcontrol
(c)Capacitytocontain:(i)preventdamages(ii)preventlosses(iii)earlynormalcy
DisasterResistanceasapartofclimatechangeadaptationagenda,andsimilarlyon
theotherhandclimatechangeadaptationasacorefacilitatorofdisasterriskreduction
paradigmisthesetoffocusedactivitiescomprisingofexposureorimpactreductiondueto
likelyhazardevent,thusbyavoiding,controllingorrespondinginapreparedandorganized
ways.Adaptationentailstoaseriesofnaturallyoccurringordesignedadjustmentswiththe
prevailingandupcomingenvironmentalcharacteristicsincludingresources(agriculture,
forestry,soil,animals,industry,health,etc.)lifestyles,practices,socioeconomicpatternsand
overalldevelopment.Searchforalternatives,whetherforexample,alternativelivelihood
options,oralternativecropsoralternativecroppingpatterns,alternativeproductionsystems
beitnatureorindustry,aretheindicativefeaturesofadaptationregime.Thus,adaptationis
aimedtowardsadjustmentforsustainabilityenvironmental,socialandalsoeconomic.It
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opensupmanynewandinnovativeopportunitiesforgrowthandproductivity,forexample
searchofthesuitableeconomicspeciesthatmaybegrowninusar(wasteordry)lands,
suitableagroforestrymodel(s),orlandwaterintegratedmanagementforyearroundwater
availabilityandalsofloodcontrolintherainyseason,alternativefoodstuffswithnutritional
values,localmedicinalknowledge,disasterpreparedness,etc.Diversificationoflivelihoodand
productionsystemsreducestheriskofdamagesandlossestoagreaterextentproviding
disasterresilienceinthecommunities.Hazardpreventionorcontrolactuallyimpliesof
developingsoundawarenessandunderstandingthatwhat(maybeduetoclimatechange
impactor)localregionalenvironmentalalternationsmayresultinahazardousconditionthat
may,incaseofoccurrence,mayresultinadisaster,forexample,flood,drought,landslide,
etc.Thus,reducingthechanceofafloodoccurringtoacertainlevelofheavyrainfallby
improvingcatchmentconditions,channelfeatures,storages,etc.areactuallyconsideredas
disasterreduction.Thefollowingoptionsarecontainingthedisastereventfromaffectingland
usesandresources.Andultimately,incaseofanoccurrenceofbreachofdisaster
management,reducingtheimpactbyputtinginplacethecopingcapacityandresponse
mechanismaretheactionstobeenvisagedwithintheframeworkofadaptivecapacity.
DRRandDMPlanningInIndia
M anynewinitiativeshavebeentakeninthisdirectionatlocal,national,regionaland
globallevels.India,withtheenforcementofDisasterM anagementAct2005hasestablished
aninstitutionalmechanismatnational,state,districtandlocallevels.Likeinseveralother
programmesandprovision,districtisacommandunitformanagingdisasterpreparedness
andresponses.However,theunitforadaptationorientedactivitiesordisasterriskreduction
interventionsarenotstrategicallyclear.Apointtounderstandisthequestionablerelevanceof
districtasaunitforenvironmentalplanninganddecisions,alternativestothinkareagro
climaticzones,ecogeographicunits,etc.withatleastsomelevelofcommonfeaturesin
termsofwhatistobeadaptedandsimilarityofriskregimes.DisasterM anagementplanning
atstateanddistrictlevelhasbeenprovisionedundertheDM Act,however,theprocedures
arenotclear.UNDPDisasterRiskM anagement(DRM )projectinitiativesinIndiahave
developedmodulesforDistrictlevelDisasterM anagementPlan(DDM P)withHazardRisk,
VulnerabilityandCapacity(HRVC)Analysisasaprerequisite.TheapproachofHRVCis
equallyimportantinDRRstrategydevelopmentatvariouslevelsbutthecarehastobetaken
forfocusingofreducingtheriskofconditionshavingpotentialofhazardousoccurrences.We,
asyetdonothavecontrolovertheclimatechangephenomenon,althoughclimatechange
mitigationseparatelyongo,theDRRfocusistoadjustourhumanenvironment,resources,
lifestyles,economicactivities,andgovernanceinawaythateitherlosseventsdonottake
placeortheexposureoftheseareminimumoreventscontainedfromposingimpacts.
Besidesthis,somelevelofpreparednesstofacethechallengeofemergencies,butismuch
effectiveandorganizedway,isalsorequiredfortheresultofabruptvariabilities.Thus,DRR
centricdisastermanagementwhenembeddedintodevelopmentalplanningmaybecalledas
SustainableDisasterM anagement.ThemajorstrategicissuesforDRRtodevelopare
following:
Fromimmediatetolongterm:ithastobelongsighted,interdisciplinary,integrated
andparticipatory
Fromknowntounknown:adaptingandadjustingthedevelopmentfortheunknown
situationsofhazardsisthechallenge,besidespreventingthealreadyvisualizedconditions
Project/eventtoPolicy/strategy:insteadofadhocapproachorsegregatedefforts,
thestrategicallyplannedandassessedprogrammesonlongtermbasis
ImposedVs.Infused:mainstreamingtheadaptationanddisasterresistancefeaturesas
habitsinallaspectsofliving,commerce/trade,industry,environmentalpracticesincluding
resourcemanagement,production,services,health,etc.
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RegulatoryVs.Participatory:inculcatingthecultureofpreventionhastobethefocus
ofDRRCCAtaskatanylevel,andbasedonmotivational,facilitating,incentivesand
securitybased,ratherthanonlycommand,controlorpenalization.
Table4.Potentialconditionsofhazards,DRRAdaptationandmainstreamingoptions
Environme ntal
conditionsfor
disaste rrisks
Desertification
Drought
Floods
Cyclones
Landslides
Earthquakes
effects
Hazards:
Fire(Forests/
Mine/Residues)
Biological
Diseases/
epidemic/
pandemic
Adaptation
RiskRe duction(proactive )
Soilwatermanagement
erosion
wastelandreclaimation
Slopeprotection&remediation
Afforestation
Cropdiversification
Alternativecrops&cropping
patterns
De ve lopme ntGoals
Disaste rRe sponse
Emergency
response.
Medical,Response,
Relief/
Rehabilitation
Forestryproduce
Wetlands
Fisheries/aquaculture
Housingdesigns
Landuse
Alternativeemployment
Fiscalmeasures
Agricultureproduction
andsustainability
NaturalResources
renewaland
management
Waterresource/supply
Health&nutrition
Povertyeradicationand
employment
Housing
Urbandevelopment
Transport/Roads
Servicesectors
Industrialdevelopment
Economic/equity
Thus,theDM journeyfromDisasterReliefviaDisasterRiskReductiontoSustainable
Developmenthastoundertakeproperinterrogations,understandingandevaluationsforPlanning
andDecisionM akingatvariousstages.Suitableandreliabledata,andespeciallyinthedesired
formatismostoftencrucialforimplementingambitiousprojects,forexample,thechallengesfaced
byUNDPDRM projectinIndia.
ConvergenceofCCAdaptationandDRR
Inordertoimplementthesustainabledevelopmentagendathroughpolicies,
programmesorprojects,theoptionsofconvergencebetweentheprogrammesofadaptation
developmentanddisasterriskreductionhavetobeunderstood.IncountrieslikeIndia,andin
mostofthedevelopingcountries,thelife,livelihood,occupationalenvironmentaland
governance,allhaveinextricablelinkswiththenatureanditsresources,whetherbeing
harvesting,explored,degraded,managed,restored,orwhatever,butconfirmingthe
developmentadirectrelationwithenvironment.VisualizationofCCAdaptationhastwomajor
virtuesforDRR,i.e.(a)whattoadaptfortheconditionsoreventsofhazards,and(b)what
istobeadaptedresources,culture,practices,living,etc.Thus,itisclearthattheadaptation
andDRRprogrammesmaybeinfusedalongtheprogrammesof(a)environmentalresources
andmanagementagriculture,forestry,landwater,wastelanddevelopment,wetland,
watershed,drinkingwatermission,drylandagriculture,coastalzonemanagement,protected
areas,riverconservation,rainwaterharvesting,etc,(b)industryprocess,technologies,raw
materials,alternativeproducts,storageconditions,etc.(c)lifestyleswastemanagement,
energyconservation,safetyculture,accountability,sanitation,participation,etc.and(d)
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governanceandpolicymakingplanning,decisions,financialmechanismsandallocations,
recoveries,penalties,incentives,etc.FordesigningDRRand/oradaptation,theconcernof
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regionalenvironmentalfeaturesincludinggeomorphologic,geographicanddevelopmental
featuresarecentralforunderstandingthehazardconditions.Forexample,intypicalmountain
areastheconditionsmayprevailforthedisasterslikeflashfloods,landslides,debrisflow,
erosion,drought/waterscarcity,earthquakeimpacts,NRM conflicts,andlivelihoodlossand
sociopoliticalinstabilities,displacement,etc.Ontheotherhand,theconditionsimpendingto
posedisasterrisksarecoastalerosion,flooding,drought/waterscarcity,multihazardrisks
includingchemical/oil,stormssurges,NRM conflicts,livelihoodloss,andlandslides,many
typescommonbuttypicallydifferentinnatureofimpacts,exposureandvulnerability.
Relationshipbetweennaturaldegeneration,vulnerabilityandnaturaldisastershavebeen
depictedinFig4.UnitedNationsM illenniumDevelopmentGoals(UNM DGs2015)arethe
drivingmotivationforgovernmentsandpoliciesfordesigninganddeveloping
programmesfordevelopmentandsustainabledevelopmentatvariouslevels.
Fig.4.Linkbetweenenvironmentaldegradation,naturaldisastersandvulnerability
(UN/ISDR,LivingwithRisk,Figure2.8)
DataNeeds
Welldevelopedtoolsthatcancaptureandtrackthedynamicsofdevelopment,climate
changeanddisasterrisklinkagesarestillnotevident.CatastrophicriskmodelsandClimate
changemodelsdevelopedsofarrequiresdataof100200yearsormorewithhigherspatial
andtemporalaccuracy.Asofnowsuchdatasetsarenotavailableformostofthecountriesin
developingworldincludingIndia.Inordertomainstreamclimatechangeadaptationinthe
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disastermanagement,thekeyrecommendationemergedfromvariousinterrogationsisthe
needrecognizethedistinctionbetweenpresentclimatevariabilityandfutureclimatechange
theneedtoadapttopresentclimatevariabilityasafirststeptowardsaddressingfuture
climatechangetheneedforariskreductionapproachandtheneedforamultisectoral
approachtomanagingclimatechangeimplicationsfordisastermanagement(CDERA,2002).
TheEssentialClimateVariables(ECVs)arerequiredtosupporttheworkrelatedtodeveloping
projectionsandfuturetrends.AllECVsaretechnicallyandeconomicallyfeasibleforsystematic
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Page11
observation.Itisthesevariablesforwhichinternationalexchangemayberequiredforboth
currentandhistoricalobservations(UNEP,2008).Theorderbelowissimplyforconvenience
andisnotanindicatorofrelativepriority.
1)Atmosphericdomain(overland,seaandice):
a)Surface:Airtemperature,Precipitation,Airpressure,Surfaceradiationbudget,Wind
speedanddirection,Watervapour.
b)Upperair:Earthradiationbudget(includingsolarirradiance),Upperairtemperature
(includingM SUradiances),Windspeedanddirection,Watervapour,Cloudproperties.
c)Composition:Carbondioxide,M ethane,Ozone,Otherlonglivedgreenhousegases,
Aerosolproperties.
2)Oceanicdomain:
a)Surface:Seasurfacetemperature,Seasurfacesalinity,Sealevel,Seastate,Seaice,
Current,Oceancolour(forbiologicalactivity),Carbondioxidepartialpressure.
b)Subsurface:Temperature,Salinity,Current,Nutrients,Carbon,Oceantracers,
Phytoplankton.
3)Terrestrialdomain:Riverdischarge,Wateruse,Groundwater,Lakelevels,Snowcover,
Glaciersandicecaps,Permafrostandseasonallyfrozenground,Albedo,Landcover
(includingvegetationtype),Fractionofabsorbedphotosyntheticallyactiveradiation
(fAPAR),Leafareaindex(LAI),Biomass,Firedisturbance,andSoilmoisture.
Intheabsencereliabledataonindicatorsofclimatechange,hazardsanddisasters,it
isdifficulttorecognizethepatternandtrendsofclimatechangeanddisastersanditsimpact,
exceptaboutmajoreventsthatcausedmassivelossesandmisery.Therefore,the
vulnerabilityreductionactivitiesundertakenbytheGovernmentandotherpartnersarebased
entirelyontheperceptions,andthemitigationmeasuresundertakenarewithoutfactoringin
theinterventionswhereriskisbeingaccumulatedbecauseoftheexistingnatureof
developmentbeingpursuedbyvariousactors.ForexampletheDisasterRiskM anagement
Project(20022008),NationalDatabaseonEmergencyM anagement(DOS),National
EmergencyCommunicationPlan(DOS)etcaretakingintoaccountofonly169districts
identifiedasmultihazardproneaspertheBM TPCatlas1997.Latertheprojecthasbeen
expandedtomoredistrictsintsunamiaffectedstatemainlyinTamilNadu.Nowtheatlashas
beenrevisedin2006and241districtsareidentifiedasmultihazardprone.Butthefocusis
onthreemajorhazardsandimpactonbuiltenvironment(damageabilitytablesatdistrict
level)sinceBM TPCsmandateislimitedtobuildenvironment.Hencethepotentialofusingthis
data/mapsforassessingtheclimatechangeanditsimpactsisverylimited.
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RiskAssessmentandModeling
Inthedisastermanagementparlance(asexplainedinLivingwithRiskISDR
2002),disasterRiskisthelikelinessofapotentiallyharmfulconsequencesorprobable
lossesresultingfromhazardsand/orchancesthatemergencysituationsarisecalling
externalresourcesandactions.Theseconsequenceswoulddependonthevulnerableor
capableconditionsofthearea.Normallyriskisexpressedasafunctionofhazardsand
vulnerability/capacity.Vulnerabilityisasetofconditionsandprocessesresultingfrom
physical,socialeconomicalandenvironmentalfactorsthatcausethecircumstancesof
impactsofadisaster.Factorsthatdeterminetheabilityofpeopleandsocietytoresist
thelastingimpactofdisastersandbringinnormalcyafteraneventarecollectively
consideredasCapacities.Hazardisdefinedasapotentialdamagingevent,
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Page12
phenomenonoractivitythatmaycausedamageorlosstolife,property,society,
economyandenvironment.Bothinductiveanddeductiveapproacheshavebeenused
todeterminedisasterrisk.Inductiveapproachesusedetailedquantificationofhazard
occurrenceprobabilitiesofdifferentlevelsofmagnitude,theelementsthatwouldbe
exposed(population,infrastructureetc.)tothehazardsandvulnerableelementsinthe
areaofexposuretomodeltheexpecteddisasterrisk.Theseapproachesareveryuseful
andrigorous.However,inmostsituations,thiscanbeveryexpensiveandtime
consuming,asmuchoftheinformation/datarequiredwillhavetobegeneratedand
mostofthecountrieslacksystemsforcollectionandsynthesisofsuchdataespeciallyat
disaggregatedgeopoliticallevels.Deductiveapproachesmakeuseofparametersof
hazardfrequencyandphysicalexposureestimatedusingsystematicgeoreferenced
inventoriesofdisastersandproxyindicatorsofvulnerabilitytomodeltherealizedrisk
(deaths,damageetc)estimatedusingthedisasterinventories.Whilethisapproach
capturesthecumulativedisasterriskobtainingataspecificgeopoliticalunitforthe
periodunderobservation,theusefulnessforpredictionoffutureriskmightbelimited.
Neverthelessthisapproachmightbemorefeasiblecomparedtotheinductiveapproach
giventheavailabilityofsystematicdisasterinventoriesandotherreadilyavailable
indicatorparametersofvulnerability.
M anystatisticaltechniqueshavebeendevelopedandappliedsuccessfullyto
landslidesusceptibilityassessmentandmappinginthelasttenyearsusingbivariateor
multivariateapproaches,probabilisticapproaches(likeBayesianinferenceorlogistic
regression)andartificialneuralnetworksapproaches.Applicationsonfielddatahave
shownthatinsomecasesquitegoodspatialpredictionscanbemadeusingthose
modelsandrelativelysmallnumberofconditioningvariables.Neverthelessthese
techniqueslackthesupportandskilltoevaluatetemporalprobabilities,transienteffects
andlongtermchangesonlandslideactivity.Floodriskmodelingandassessment
frameworkandthetypeofdataneedsareshowninFig.5andFig.6.
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Fig.5:Relationssimulatedinaphysicallybasedlandslidemodel(M alet,2003).
128
Page13
eJournalEarthScienceIndiaVol.2(II),A
Vol.2(II),April,2009,pp.117132
http://www.earthscienceindia.info/ eindia.info/
Fig.6:M ethodologicalologicalframeworkforfloodriskassessment(afterTsakiris
Ithasbeenestimatedthataro
nestimatedthataround60%oftheworldspopulationlivenearth
andnotsurprisinglyitisherethatman
lyitisherethatmanyproblemsarebeingexperiencedduetounre
Tsakiris,2006)
pulationlivenearthecoast
eriencedduetounrestricted
developmentandunsustainableu
unsustainableuseofcoastalresources.Inadditiontothesepro
dditiontotheseproblems,
concernhasrecentlybeenexpresseda
tlybeenexpressedaboutthepossibleeffectsofclimatechangeon
areas.Potentialeffectssuchassealev
ffectssuchassealevelrise,changesinfrequency,intensityandpat
stormeventsandassociatestormsu
associatestormsurgesandfloodingcouldmakethealreadyde
fclimatechangeoncoastal
cy,intensityandpatternof
akethealreadydegraded
coastalareasmorevulnerabletoeros
revulnerabletoerosion.Oneofthemostcommonmethodsofas
monmethodsofassessing
coastalvulnerabilityistheCoastalVuln
ityistheCoastalVulnerabilityIndex(CVI).Thevulnerabilityclassific vulnerabilityclassificationis
basedupontherelativecontributionan
elativecontributionandinteractionofthesixvariables(Doukakis,20
riables(Doukakis,2005)(i)
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Coastalslope.(ii)Subsidence(iii)
Subsidence(iii)Displacement(iv)Geomorphology(v)
Tidalrange.Thus,innutshell,thedata
,innutshell,thedataneedsforCCADRRconvergenceandmainstr
hasvaryingdatarequirementatfollow
requirementatfollowingstagesinthefieldlevelapplicationofDR
Waveheight(vi)
ceandmainstreaming
lapplicationofDRRstrategy
makingandexecution.ThevariousstThevariousstagesare(i)Hazardanalysis(ii)Validatingthe
Validatingthemodels
(iii)Vulnerabilityindicators(iii)
(iii)CapacityandResourceM apping(forplanning)
orplanning)(iv)Forecasting
andearlywarning(v)EmergencyReEmergencyResponseM anagement(vi)DevelopmentofInte DevelopmentofIntegrated
DSS.
Primaryandresearchdataford
dresearchdatafordevelopmentofpredictionmodelshastobecon
aseparateneed.Qualityofdata
Qualityofdataandconfirmationaregreaterconcernsinsuchcases.
odelshastobeconsidered
cernsinsuchcases.HRVCa
primarystageofanydisastermanagem
anydisastermanagementplanningistoberevisedinitsscopetoc
climaterelatedhazards.Thehazardas
zards.Thehazardasconditionsofpotentialdisasterevent,whenrel
climateandwater,iscertainlynotto
r,iscertainlynottoexcludefromthecoreoftheaddenda,other
isedinitsscopetoconsider
asterevent,whenrelatedto
theaddenda,othernatural
resourcesviz.land&land
cattle,etc.,atmosphericcomposition
use,vegetationagriculture,forestry,plantations,ani
composition,stability,turbulenceandweatherandcer
humancomponent,thus,involving
nt,thus,involvingthewholegamutofenvironmentalfactor
try,plantations,animals
weatherandcertainlythe
environmentalfactorsand
componentsthataffectseachotheran
affectseachotherandinthecentralhumanlifeandwellbeing.
feandwellbeing.Fieldlevel
dataareneededonvariouscomponen
onvariouscomponents,includingvulnerabilitycomponentst
componentstovalidatethe
modelsandmodeledresultsintheligh
ledresultsinthelightofpastdisasterstatisticsordata.Thisisimpor
Thisisimportantto
sensitizethemodeltogivesoundpre
eltogivesoundpredictions.DecisionSupportSystem(DSS)has
beenconsideredlookingintoconcernt
ookingintoconcerntheresponsetodisasterimpacts.However,wo
theparadigmshifthasputDSSinu
fthasputDSSinusefortherangeofpredisasterphasedecisio
tSystem(DSS)hasearlier
pacts.However,worldwide
isasterphasedecisions,for
example,hazardlevel,multilevel,multihazardcomplex,choiceofpreventionvs.controlormiti
onvs.controlormitigation,
disastermanagementmeasurestocon
entmeasurestocontaininfromaffectingthecommunitiesandres
andofcourseinoperationalizingdisast
perationalizingdisasterresponse,recoveryandevaluations.DSSisn
communitiesandresources,
evaluations.DSSisnotonly
129
Page14
todrawconclusionsbutistodrawinferencesinparticipatoryandinterdisciplinarymodeand
tochannelintocommunicationsoastoreachtheuserlevelwithintime.
DataSetsonDevelopmentandVulnerabilityIndicators
Vulnerabilityhasbeenwidelyunderstoodandassessmentsvariedlyundertaken
worldwide.However,thecommonparametersforvulnerability,ranking,indices,etc.are
somewhatinversetowhatparametersareusedinHumanDevelopmentIndex.Thus,better
humandevelopmentindexisindicativeofhighercopingcapacityandlowvulnerability.A
frameworkofconceptofvulnerabilitycomponentshasbeengiveninfigure7.Atpresent,the
capacitieshavebeendevelopedtobeinapositiontoforecastthetimeandoccurrenceof
mostofnaturaldisastersexceptearthquake.Whiletheoccurrenceandintensitiesofsome
disasterscouldbereducedthroughappropriatelongterminterventionsontheclimate
adjustmentsfrontandbysuitableadaptationstrategies,however,therearelimitationsin
controllingallhazardstothefullestextent.Giventhisscenariotheonlymeanstoreducerisk
isbyreducingvulnerabilities.Thevulnerabilityofanelementcanbeexpressedasa
percentagelossatagivenhazardseveritylevel.Astheseverityofthehazardincreases,the
levelofdamagethattheelementislikelytosufferwillincrease.Therefore,theunderlying
mechanismsthatcausevulnerabilityhavetobewellunderstoodinordertoreduce.Itneeds
tobecarriedoutwithinadevelopmentalcontext,includinginfluenceofphysical,socialand
economicconsiderations(bothshortandlongterm),andtheextenttowhichessential
services(andtraditionalandlocalcopingmechanisms)maycopeupwiththeimpacts.
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Fig7:ConceptualframeworkofVulnerability(Hossain,2001).
130
Page15
Authorsacknowledgevariouspublishedandunpublished
Acknowledgement:
documents,reports,viewpoints,databasesandrecordswhichhavebeenusedin
interpretationsforthecontentsofthepaper.AKGisthankfultotheteamClimate
ResilientDevelopment&AdaptationFSPproject(UNDP),includingTERI,ISET,
Winrock,draftingcommitteeofnationalstrategyonclimatechange(Planning
commission)whereAKGwasmember.Authorsacknowledgetheconstructivesuggestion
givenbyExecutiveDirector,NIDM ,ShriPGDharChakrabarti,andDr.SatishTripathi,
GeologicalSurveyofIndia,GangtokUnit,fromtimetotime.
References
Aggarwal,DandLal,M .(2001)VulnerabilityofIndianCoastlinetoSeaLevelRise.New
Delhi,CentreforAtmosphericSciences,IndianInstituteofTechnology.
AndreasM eissner,ThomasLuckenbach,ThomasRisse,ThomasKirsteandHolger
Kirchner(2002)DesignChallengesforanIntegratedDisasterM anagement
CommunicationandInformationSystem.TheFirstIEEEWorkshoponDisaster
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RecoveryNetworks(DIREN2002),June24,2002,NewYorkCity,colocatedwith
IEEEINFOCOM 2002.
CaribbeanDisasterEmergencyResponseAgency(2002)ReportoftheBrainstorming
WorkshoponAdaptationtoClimateChangeinCaribbeanDisasterRiskM anagement,
June67,2002,PommarineHotel,Barbados
Doukakis,E.(2005).Coastalvulnerabilityandriskparameters.EuropeanWater.11/12,
37.
FoodandAgricultureOrganizationofUN(2007)Adaptationtoclimatechangein
agriculture,forestryandfisheries:Perspective,frameworkandpriorities.
Interdepartmentalworkinggrouponclimatechange.Rome,Italy.
HeatherTompkins(2002)Climatechangeandextremeweatherevents:Istherea
connection?Cicerone3/2002.CICEROfromtheinternshipprogramInternational
InstituteofSustainableDevelopment(IISD)
Hossain,S.M .Nazmul(2001)AssessingHumanVulnerabilityduetoEnvironmental
Change:ConceptsandAssessmentM ethodologies.DivisionofLandandWater
Resources,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,RoyalInstituteof
Technology,Stockholm(M asterofScienceDegreeThesis).
http://dsc.nrsc.gov.in:14000/DSC/Drought/index.jsp?include1=homelink4_b1.jsp&&incl
ude2=homelink4_b2.jsp&&include3=homelink4_b3.jsp(onApril5,2009).
M alet,J.P.,Rematre,A.,M aquaire,O.,Ancey,C.,Locat,J.(2003)Flowsusceptibilityof
heterogeneousmarlyformations.Implicationsfortorrenthazardcontrolinthe
Barcelonnettebasin(AlpesdeHauteProvence,France).Proceedingsofthe3rd
InternationalConferenceonDebrisFlowHazardM itigation,M echanics,Prediction
andAssessment,Davos,M illpress,1,pp.351362.
OlmosSantiago(2001)VulnerabilityandAdaptationtoClimateChange:Concepts,
Issues,AssessmentM ethods.ClimateChangeKnowledgeNetworkFoundationPaper,
www.cckn.net,CentreforInternationalClimateandEnvironmentalResearchOslo
ParliamentaryOfficeforScience&Technology(2006)AdaptingtoClimateChangein
DevelopingCountries.London.www.parliament.uk/post
Smit,B.,Burton,I.,Klein,R.J.T.,andStreet,R.(1999)TheScienceofAdaptation:a
FrameworkforAssessment.M itigationandAdaptationStrategiesforGlobalChange,
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TsakirisG.(2006)PracticalApplicationofRisksandHazardConceptsinProactive
Planning.ReportintheframeworkofNOEInterregIIIC(DISM Asubproject).DISM A
CoordinationM eeting,1415Dec.2006,Athens.
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ChangeUNEPsperspective.UNEP/DEWAscopingpaper.UNSD/StatisticsNorway
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AbouttheAuthors
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10/1/2016
Dr.AnilK.GuptaiscurrentlyworkingasAssociateProfessoratNational
InstituteofDisasterManagement,MinistryofHomeAffairs,NewDelhi.
PreviouslyhewasReader&Head,Departmentof.Environmental
Sciences&NaturalResources,BundelkhandUniversity.Scientist(CSIR)
atBBACentralUniversity,Lucknow,AssistantDirector,Disaster
ManagementInstitute,Bhopal,NationalMineralDevelopment
Corporation,NationalEnvironmentalEngineeringResearchInstitute,
Nagpur,Hiscurrentareasofworkaredisastermanagementplanning,
multihazardriskassessment,mapping,landwatersector,chemical
disasters,mining,UrbanFloodManagement,andClimateResilient
Development&Adaptationstrategies.
Ms.SreejaS.Nair,iscurrentlyworkingasAssistantProfessorat
NationalInstituteofDisasterManagement,MinistryofHomeAffairs,New
Delhi.BeforejoiningNIDMshewasworkingwithUNDPGOIDisaster
RiskManagementProgrammeandRegionalTsunamiRecovery
ProgrammeasInformationManagementOfficer,ConsultantGIS
SpecialistwithPhelpsDodgeMetdistExploration,GISEngineerwiththe
CatastrophicRiskModelingdivisionofRMSIandasEditorial
CorrespondentforGIS@DevelopmentMagazine.Herareasofwork
includeapplicationsofGeoinformaticsinMultiHazardVulnerabilityand
RiskAssessment,DevelopingCatastrophicRiskModels,Developing
DisasterInventories,SpatialDecisionSupportSystemsandInformation/
KnowledgeManagementforDisasterRiskReduction.
Prof.VinayKSehgaliscurrentlyworkingasSeniorScientist,Division
ofAgriculturalPhysics,IndianAgriculturalReserachInstitute,NewDelhi.
HestartedhisprofessionalcarreeratSpaceApplicationsCentre(ISRO)
Ahmedabadworkingonuseofremotesensingdatafornaturalresources
managementandmodelling.HealsoworkedasProfessor&founderHead
atNationalInstituteofDisasterManagementleadingateamoffacultyon
trainingandresearchonmeteorological,hydrologicalandagricultural
disastersanduseofgeoinformation(RS&GIS)andcommunication
technologyinearlywarningsystems.Hiscurrentareasofspecialization
areSatelliteagrometeorology,modelingclimatechangeimpacts,
Vulnerability&Riskmapping.
132
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