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11/6/2014
FRICTION:
INTRODUCTION
The surfaces of the bodies are never perfectly smooth. Under a microscope,
even a smooth surface have roughness and irregularities, which may not be
detected by an ordinary touch.
If a block of one substance is placed over the other, a certain degree of
interlocking of the minutely projecting particles takes place.
This does not involve any force, so long as the block does not move or tends
to move.
But whenever one block moves or tends to move tangentially with respect
to the surface, on which it rests, the interlocking property of the projecting
particles opposes the motion.
This opposing force, which acts in the opposite direction of the movement
of the upper block, is called the force of friction or simply friction.
Force of friction arises due to the relative motion between two parts and
hence some energy is wasted in overcoming the friction.
Though the friction is considered undesirable, yet it plays an important role
both in nature and in engineering e.g. walking on a road, motion of
locomotive on rails, transmission of power by belts, gears etc.
The friction between the wheels and the road is essential for the car to
move forward.
Hareesha N G, Dept of Aero Engg, DSCE,
11/6/2014
Blore
Consider a block of weight W resting on a plane rough surface, as shown in fig. The
normal reaction due to the weight of the block is R. Let a force P be applied to the
block towards the right.
A frictional Force F will be set up between the block and the rough surface. The
direction of F will be towards the left. The coefficient of friction () is the ratio of the
force of friction (F) to the normal reaction (R).
Thus
Let S be the resultant of F and R making an angle of with R. Then is called the
angle of friction.
Such that
Therefore
= tan
Therefore, in the case of limiting friction, the coefficient of friction is equal to the
tangent of the angle of friction.
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Types of Friction
In general, the friction is of the following two types :
1. Static friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body,
when at rest.
2. Dynamic friction. It is the friction, experienced by a body,
when in motion.
Blore
Blore
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Collar Bearing
A collar bearing or simply a collar is provided at any
position along the shaft and bears the axial load on a
mating surface.
The surface of the collar may be plane (flat) normal to the
shaft (Fig.1) or of conical shape (Fig. 2).
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Pivot Bearing
When the axial load is taken by the end of the shaft
which is inserted in a recess to bear the thrust, it is
called a pivot bearing or simply a pivot.
It is also known as footstep hearing.
The surface of the pivot can also be flat or of conical
shape [Figs. (a) and (b)].
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