20th Telecommunications forum TELFOR 2012

Serbia, Belgrade, November 20-22, 2012.

SAR of the Human's Head Due to Electromagnetic

Radiation of a Mobile Antenna
1

Reza Hosseinzadeh , Bijan Zakeri

Babol University of Technology Babol, Iran
hosseinzadeh@gmail.com, zakeri@nit.ac.ir
AbstractIn this paper, the influence rate of mobile phone
radiation on the human head near the mobile antenna that is in
various angles relating to the human head will be presented. To
compare the results, we use SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) that
is the indicator of the amount of absorbed RF waves energy by
human's tissues. In order to observe the effect of changing the
angle of mobile antenna relating to the human head, we
continued the simulation, at first being parallel the antenna with
the neck that indicate 0 and after that by increasing 10 the
angle of antenna relating to human head in each step, to 90
angle that the antenna is along the neck.
Keywords- mobile antenna; Specific Absorption Rate; human
head.

I. INTRODUCTION
Recently the growing process of mobile phones has been
increased. The beginning of these anxieties was in the middle
of 1990 that they were seriously studied [1-3]. In general, the
problems that mobile phones cause for the human being are
divided into two groups: Thermal effects which are obvious
effects of EM waves are the dielectric heating. We know that
water has formed a large part of our body; the polar molecules
of water are responsible for the accessibility of EM fields [4].
In each electrical substance such as live tissues, the heat is
created by turning the polar molecules that are rotated by EM
fields. Another is non-thermal effects which are a normal
response of cellular tissues to an increasing temperature [5-6].
Other temporary effects of EM waves on the body produce by
mobile phones are headache, fuzziness, fatigue and nausea [7].
Its necessary to mention that if the frequency of mobile
phones is near to the scope of the resonance frequency, more
heat will transmit to the humans body. The resonance
frequency for adults is 400MHz and for children is 700MHz
[8].
There are various quantities for stating the rate of EM
waves on the live tissues. One of the commonest quantities is
SAR that is expressed in 1gr and 10gr from tissue. SAR is
used for the frequency between 100 KHz to 10GHz which
depends on the geometry parts of the body exposed to the EM
waves and depends on the location and the source of the
energy. Its unit is w/kg that is indicator of RF the amount of
energy absorbed by each kilogram of live tissue as presented
in the form of [9]:
SAR =

by International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation

Protection (ICNIRP) is 2W/kg for human's head [7].
In this paper, we will evaluate the various amounts of SAR
in 1gr and 10gr of tissue by changing the angle of mobile
antenna. For this, we needed a mobile antenna and a human's
head model.
II. METHODOLOGY
By the study presented here which has done on 20 users, it
was clarified that about 35% of individuals, keep their mobiles
in the range of 70 to 90. So, they increase the amount of EM
waves influence. Almost all people, their mobile angle in
comparison to their head are over 40. Fig. 1 shows these
angles for users.

Fig.1 The mobile angle in comparison to head for users

III. SIMULATIONS
In reference [9] the mobile antenna, has two bands in
frequencies 926MHz and 2515MHz with the amount of return
loss -24dB. But in this study, we will try to develop the
antenna mentioned above. For this purpose, by various
changes in different parts of the antenna, we attained a mobile
antenna that had two bands in 852MHz and 1643MHz
frequency with return loss -43.5dB, -38.6dB and presented
radiation pattern.

(1)

Where , E and are the tissue conductivity, electrical

field density within tissue and the tissue mass density
respectively. The limitation rate of SAR that was announced

978-1-4673-2984-2/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

Fig.2 S11 for designed antenna in 850MHz

1159

the human's head did not exist. In fig. 5, the samples of

radiation patterns were illustrated in two stages (=0, =90,
the first and the last stages) for the mobile antenna that was in
the presence of human's head.

Fig.3 Radiation pattern in 850MHz frequency

In simulations, we have used only the human's head

instead of using the whole body. The reason is clear, because
based on the previous researches, the maximum part of the
body that is affected by the radiations of EM waves is the ear
and even forehead, neck, cheeks and temple are affected less
than the ear area or perhaps very partial [4]. We can observe it
in the performed simulation in this paper.
To study the effect of changing the antenna angle related
to human's head, we place the designed mobile antenna and
the head model so that in first stage, the antenna is placed
along the neck. We consider =0 and put the mobile antenna
at the right side of the body. The simulations are performed in
ten stages. In each stage, the angle of the antenna mobile
related to human's head is increased to 10 until the antenna is
placed in the angle of 90 in comparison to the neck. Thus, the
last stage is the one that the antenna is placed vertical along
the neck (=90) We have chosen the range of angle between
0 to 90 since the changing of the mobile phone angle by the
user is usually in this area. In fig. 4, we can observe the
various situations of antenna in comparison to the head. Then,
to present the figures, we consider enough about the figures of
the first stage (=0) and the last stage (=90).

(a)

(b)
Fig.5 Radiation pattern for: (a) =0; (b) =90 with presence of head

According to radiation patterns we had some changes for

various angles in the presence of human's head, we have
changes in S11 parameters, too. The reason is that, in
calculating S11, human's head is considered a part of the
transmission line that we see these parameters in fig. 6 for
=0, =90 and the antenna itself. Our main aim in this paper
is to study the value of SAR in various angles of antenna in
comparison to the head. In this section, we express SAR in 1gr
and 10gr from tissue for different angles of antenna in
comparison to the human's head. Fig. 7 states the amount of
SAR in 1gr of the tissue and fig. 8 states the amount of SAR in
10gr of the tissue for =0 and =90.

(a)

Fig. 4 Ten various stages of the mobile antenna related to the human's head
(=90 for each stage).

Due to emitting the energy of EM filed over human's head,

radiation pattern changes in comparison to the situation that

(b)
Fig. 6 parameter s11 for antenna with the presence of human's head in: (a)
=0; (b) =90

1160

50

1.47000

1.061430

60

1.60863

1.167230

80

1.74256

1.742560

90

1.79444

1.338210

IV. CONCLUSION
The SAR assessment due to the changing of the mobile
angle has been studied in this paper. It was resulted, by the
simulation in order to decrease SAR, that with regards to
values of SAR in =0 and =90 orderly, for example, for 1gr
of the tissue 1.4771w/kg and 1.79444w/kg has been obtained.
The angle that the mobile phone should have, had related to
the human's head and it is better to be near 0.

(a)

REFERENCES

(b)
Fig.7 SAR in 1gr of the tissue for: (a) =0; (b) =90

[1]

[2]

[3]

(a)
[4]

[5]

[6]
(b)
Fig. 8 SAR in 10gr of the tissue for: (a) =0; (b) =90

The result of table 1 shows that increasing the mobile

angle from =0to =90 cause considerable developing in the
value of SAR both in 1gr of the tissue and in 10gr of that.
However, for 1gr of the tissue, in =10, we see reduction in
the value of SAR, and in 10gr of the tissue in =90, too. In
1gr of the tissue for =0 is, SAR=1.04771w/kg that by
increasing 0-90, the value of SAR with 0.74673 increase, has
reached to 1.79444w/kg. In 10gr criterion for =0 to =0
the value of SAR has increased to 1.010006w/kg.
In regard to the permissible values of SAR for human's
head, that is 2w/kg, this designed mobile antenna has the SAR
less than 2w/kg.

[7]

[8]

[9]

TABLE I
value of SAR for =0 to =90

Position

SAR(1gr)

SAR(10gr)

1.04771

0.732554

10

1.02720

0.750971

20

1.05881

0.802649

40

1.37795

0.996351

1161

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