Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
: FLOW MEASUREMENT
LAB INSTRUCTOR
SECTION
GROUP NO.
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:
:
GROUP MEMBERS
DATE OF
No Name
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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PREPARATION
DATE OF
NRIC
EXPERIMENT
GRADING SECTION
Criteria
ScoreComment
Total Mark
Cover Sheet
Report Summary
Theory
Experimental Procedures
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Appendix
1.
Introduction
Measuring the flow rate is an important aspect in all industries. There are several ways to
measure the flow of fluids in pipes.
Objectives:
1. Measure the flow of water using different flow meters (Orifice plate flow meter and
measuring nozzle, Pitot tube, Venturi nozzle and rotameter) by applying Bernoullis
principle
2. Investigate the relationship between flow and pressure through different flow meters
3. Determine the corresponding discharge coefficients (Cd) for each flow meters
1.1
The Venturi meter is a device for measuring discharge in a pipe. It consists of a rapidly
converging section (denoted as point 2 in Figure 1) which increases the velocity of flow
and hence reduces the pressure. It then returns to the original dimensions of the pipe by a
gently diverging the diffuser. By measuring the pressure differences, the discharge
coefficient can be calculated. This is a particularly accurate method of flow measurement
as energy loss is very small.
Qth= A V
3 3
2g
A
3
h1
1-
A1
where:
Qth
A1
A3
h1
h3
The discharge coefficient is defined as the ratio of actual volume flow rate to theoretical
volume flow rate:
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = Qactual/Qtheoretical
The discharge coefficient is less than unity due to the losses caused by the wall shear stress,
the losses in contraction and the losses during expansion.
Q
act
C Q
d
th
h3
A 2
3
1
A
2g
= Cd A3
h1
dA 3
2g
A 3 2
1
A
1
h1 h3
2g
3 A 3 2
1
A
1
used.
1.2
An orifice plate is a restriction with an opening smaller than the pipe diameter which is
inserted in the pipe; the typical orifice plate has a concentric, sharp edged opening, as
shown in Figure 2. Because of the smaller area the fluid velocity increases, causing a
corresponding decrease in pressure. The flow rate can be calculated from the measured
pressure drop across the orifice plate, P1-P3. The orifice plate is the most commonly used
flow sensor, but it creates a rather large non-recoverable pressure due to the turbulence
around the plate, leading to high energy consumption.
Q
th
where:
Qth
a
m
=a
2g h
2
1-m
The discharge coefficient is defined as the ratio of actual volume flow rate to theoretical
volume flow rate:
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = Qactual/Qtheoretical
act
C Q
d th
2g h
=C a
and Q
1.3
1-m
act C
aA
2- a 2
d
A
2g
C a
1-
a
A
2g h
..........where
aA
A 2-a 2
meter coefficient
A Pitot tube is a simple device used to measure flow rates. It works for both liquid and
gas flows. The device, in its simplest form, consists of a small diameter hollow tube bent
into the shape of a L. Usually the upstream opening is smaller than the diameter of the
tube. The height, above the center-line, of the fluid in the in the vertical leg of the tube is
related to the velocity of the fluid in the flow. Pitot tubes (also called Pitot probes) and
Pitot-static tubes are widely used for flow speed measurement. A Pitot tube is just a tube
with a pressure tap at the stagnation point that measures stagnation pressure, while a
Pitot-static probe has both a stagnation pressure tap and several circumferential static
pressure taps and it measures both stagnation and static pressures. Figure 3 illustrates the
types of Pitot tubes.
Figure 3: a) A Pitot probe measures stagnation pressure at the nose of the probe, while
(b) a Pitot-static probe measures both stagnation pressure and static pressure, from which
the flow speed is calculated.
2g
Pgd
and P g(d h)
Substituting into the Bernoulli equation, neglecting friction, andsolving for v1 we obtain,
v2
2g
PP
o
g(d h) g d
v2
z P
1
g 2g
g
P P v2
2g
g g
v2 z
2g
P
v 2
The value of v calculated through the above equation is called theoretical value.
However, the actual value is calculated as:
v c 2gh or v c
c : equipment constant (c = 1 if Re > 3000 for pitot- static tube and depends on types of
pitot tubes).
2.0
2.1
Apparatus
The flow measurement experiment apparatus (Figure 5) comprises a Venturi nozzle (9),
an orifice plate, a measuring nozzle and a Pitot tube (8) for flow measurement and a
rotameter (3). The flow rate can be regulated using the gate valve (2). The pressure losses
at the measuring elements can be recorded using pressure connections with rapid action
couplings. The connections are connected to a six-tube manometer (6), which is fitted
with a ventilation valve. The six-tube manometer is used in order to determine the
pressure distribution in the Venturi nozzle or the orifice plate flow meter and measuring
nozzle. The total pressure is measured by a Pitot tube.
Base plate
with frame
Pressure
measurement
connections
Multi-tube
manometer
Rotameter
Water outlet
Venturi nozzle
Figure 5: Flow measurement apparatus set-up (HM 150.13, G.U.N.T Gertebau GmbH)
The tube manometer panel (Figure 6) has 6 glass cylinders (11) with milimeter (mm)
scale for measuring the water column (WC). The unit mmWC is used here (10mmWC
1mbar). The measuring range is 390 mmWC. All the tubes are connected to one another
at the upper end and ventilated by a shared ventilation valve (12). The measuring
connections (10) are at the lower end. Differential pressure measurements are carried out
with the ventilation valve closed (12, 13), while relative gauge pressure measurements
with the ventilation valve open (12). Standard pressure unit is Pascal (Pa), where 1Pa =
2
the flow volume. Because of the operating principle, a reliable measuring range on a
rotameter never begins at zero, but at 5-10% of the final measuring value. The measured
flow rate value is always read at the upper edge of the float. The maximum flow
measured by the rotameter is 1,600 L/h.
Experimental Procedure
1. Make sure all six manometer tubes are attached to the Venturi meter and
manometer panel.
2. Switch on the pump. Turn the gate valve open (slowly) then open the
manometers ventilation valve (12) (Let the water runs for a moment to release air
bubbles from the system).
3. Once bubbles are no more visible (from the manometer columns and connecting
tubes), close the gate valve followed by manometers ventilation valve (12) and
then switch of the pump.
4. Open the manometers air ventilation valve (13) slowly while monitoring the
water level in the manometer tubes drop. Close the valve when the water level in
the manometer column reaches 30-40 mmWC.
5. To begin the experiment, switch on the pump and open the gate valve slowly. The
flow of water is controlled by the gate valve.
6. Set the rotameter at a certain value. Monitor the changes in water column. Make
sure the water levels in all six tubes are within the measuring range (0-390
mmWC).
7. Repeat the measurement of manometer levels with different flows by controlling
the gate valve opening (minimum flow 200 L/h)
8. When the measurement is done, switch off the pump.
9. The experiment is continued with flow measurement by Orifice plate, nozzle and
Pitot tube. Similar procedure is applied.
10
3.0
Discuss the trend of manometer water level respective to different flow meter.
2. Demonstrate the relationship between flow and pressure using Bernoulli principle
(plot graph).
3.
4.
5.
11