A Framework of Integrated Agriculture Development

Framework Development Integrated Agriculture

Aida Ulfa Faza
Student of Urban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University
Prof. Soedarto SH St, Campus of DURP of Diponegoro University, Tembalang
Telp/Fax(024)7460054, Hp. +62 85740694758
Email: aida.ulfa17@pwk.undip.ac.id
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to look deeper into development of integrated agricultural
system in Kota Kendal Region, aimed to increase the role of agriculture to Indonesias
economy. As the World Bank Report 2016 showed the economic slowdown in developing
countries that have been the foundation of world economic growth, and basically the national
economy of Indonesia grew only by 4.79% in 2015. The analysis of this paper is based on
primary data in the form of questionnaires and observations and secondary data collection
methods such as scientific literature, statistical data( Department of Statistics) and literature
review. Based on primary data(questionnaires), 55 respondents (71%) said that the dry
irrigation was the problem of paddy cultivation. They also said that although there are
already subsidized fertilizer, farmers are still experiencing financial difficulties in obtaining
good fertilizer to maintain the agricultural cultivation well. The interview resulted that the
livestock production was not optimal and most farmers still have limited capabilities due to
the lack of intensive coaching and mentoring about agriculture. Four steps were identified
after analysis of various scientific literature with the consideration of the existing problems,
potentials and challenges. A framework for the development of an integrated agriculture
system can be done with improve the agricultural infrastructure, especially irrigation;
developing a model of Integration of agricultural sectors; developing the agriculture
technologies; and improve the ability for agriculture by giving training and continous
monitoring.
Keyword: integrated agriculture, development framework, rural revitalization
1. Introduction
Agriculture has an important role on economic development. Over the past 20 years, with
the investment and technology the agriculture had growth rapidly in East and South Asia.
This growth lead to progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals(United
Nations Environment Programme & World Bank, 2007). Another study showed that in
Indonesia, the role of agriculture growth is strong in rural areas although it had declined in
the post-crisis period(Hadiwidjaja & Suryahadi, 2011). One aspect of the Sustainable
Development Goals(SDGs) is 'Zero Hunger', which means to end hunger;achieve food
security;improved nutrition; and promote sustainable agriculture(United Nations, 2015). As
to realize the 'Zero Hunger', a country must have food security. Agriculture has a major role
to food security because agriculture is a source of human food needs(Suparta, 2010).
Indonesia is an agricultural country that has potential to be evolved. As a developing
country, the agricultural sector plays an important role on the overall Indonesia national
economy(Tunjung, 2013). Statistics show that the percentage of the population of Indonesian
who work in the agricultural sector is quite a lot. It reached more than 50% which means 20,6
million inhabitants(Indonesia Statistics Institution, 2013). The large amount of population
who works in agriculture is actually potential to economic development. Moreover , in terms
of human resources Indonesia has a lot of agriculture graduates who can relied upon to
increase the production of agricultural products(Ika, 2014). Furthermore, Indonesia is
internationally significant in its production and export of rice, palm oil, coffee, rubber, cocoa,
2

and spices(Barichello & Patunru, 2009) and also have experienced self-sufficiency in rice in
1984(Anggraeni, 2013), it means that the agriculture can be potential with the a appropiate
handling care.
Recently, the economic in developing country(including Indonesia) tend to decline and it
also happened to the agriculture sectors(Brooks, 2010). As the report of The World Bank
(2016), it showed the economic slowdown in developing countries that have been the
foundation of world economic growth. Basically the national economy of Indonesia grew
only by 4.79% in 2015. The decrease of number agricultural production also lead to the
weakening of Indonesias economic growth. Decreased agricultural production is also caused
by a reduction of agricultural land or agricultural land conversion. Spontaneous urbanization
of rural society is main reason of land fragmentation and inefficient land use(Lang, Chen, &
Li, 2016).
Table 1.1 Statistics of Agricultural Land in Indonesia
Growth
Year
N
(%)
o
Land Type
2013 over
.
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2012
8,068,42 8,002,55 8,094,86 8,132,34 8,112,10
1 Wetland
-0.25
7.00
2.00
2.00
5.91
3.00
Dry
11,782,2 11,877,7 11,626,2 11,947,9 11,876,8
2
-0.59
Field/Garden
32.00
77.00
19.00
56.00
81.00
Shifting
5,428,68 5,334,54 5,697,17 5,262,03 5,272,89
3
0.21
Cultivation
9.00
5.00
1.00
0.00
5.00
Temporarily
14,880,5 14,754,2 14,378,5 14,245,4 14,213,8
4
-0.22
Unused Land
26.00
49.00
86.00
08.00
15.00
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, 2014
Integrated agriculture can be a solution for the development of agriculture which is in
decline. Integrated agricultural systems already implemented in Bali, such as Klungkung,
Tabanan, Buleleng Regency, etc. Basically, the integration of agriculture means to integrate
all of agricultural sectors. Technically agricultural integration is realized by forming an
integrated system of all farming include food crops, crops and horticulture, livestock,
plantation , fishery , and forestry plants in one area(Anugrah, Sarwoprasodjo, Suradisastra, &
Purnaningsih, 2014). One of the regencies in Indonesia, which has the potential of agriculture
is Kendal Regency, Central Java Province. Kendal Regency has 540,99 Km 2 area of
agricultural land with a percentage of 53.98%(The Central Bureau of Statistics Kendal
Regency, 2014) . Kendal Regency is one of the National Service Center Kedungsepur which
has a considerable contribution to the national needs, especially food needs (source of rice,
vegetables, and fruit).
Kota Kendal Region is one of the city service center in Kendal Regency and has a role to
serve the needs of Kendal Regency in both services and service of food needs. As for the
food needs Kendal Regency, integrated agriculture in Kota Kendal Region can be developed
to realize all agricultural aspects so that can be integrated each other. The aim of this paper is
to (1) to analyze the agricultural potentials of Kota Kendal Region;(2) to analyze the
agricultural problems of Kota Kendal Region; and (3) to discuss the development of
integrated agricultural system in Kota Kendal Region.
The rest of sections in this paper are organized as follow: in the second section describes
the materials and methods used in paper. The third section particularly presents discusses the
potentials of agriculture and solving the problems. The potentials of agriculture aspects can
be integrated each other. On the basis of discussions, it draws a concluding remark with a
framework for the development of an integrated agriculture system.
3

2. Materials and Method

2.1 Study Area
Our study area is Kota Kendal Region which consists of five districts/kecamatan: District
Patebon; Ditrict Pegandon; District Kota Kendal; Ditrict Cepiring; and District Ngampel.
Those five districts were located close to each other. The study area has 77
kelurahan/villages. Kota Kendal Region covers 166.87 Km with 235129 population and
47026 households(The Central Bureau of Statistics Kendal Regency, 2014). The study area is
city service center of Kendal Region and has a big role to meet the needs of Kendal Regency.
2.2 Data Collection
The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Primary data collected by
questionnaires and secondary data were collected by reviewing the documents. Primary data
collection through a questionnaire conducted by sampling. Sampling conducted in this study
is a cluster sampling which is part of probability sampling. Technically, on cluster sampling,
the population is divided into regional groups and then choose the representatives of each
group. Geographical areas might first be selected(Doherty, 1994) then dwellings inside these
areas and could be administrative areas. Samples of the study were 77 respondents. It is based
on cluster sampling in the administrative area , ie each one representative of respondents to
77 kelurahan/villages.
2.3 Data Analysis
The data were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative methods or mixed of both
approach.The qualitative analysis approach was conducted to elucidate the integrated
agricultural system frameworks. Quantitative analysis approach described the potential of
agriculture in the region Kendal and the existing problems. The approach of quantitative
analysis was done descriptively.
3. Result and Discussion
Result and discussion talk about agricultural potentials, agricultural problems and
framework integrated agriculture
3.1 Agricultural Potentials
Agricultural potentials owned by the Kota Kendal Region are livestock, paddy, and
fisheries.
A. Livestock
Diagram 3.1 Number of Livestock in Kota Kendal Region in 2014
7000
6000
5000
Pegandon

4000

Ngampel
Cepiring

3000

Patebon
Kota Kendal

2000
1000
0
Cow

Buffalo

Goat

Horse

Rabbit

Source:The Central Bureau of Statistics Kendal Regency, 2014

4

Livestock commodities in Kota Kendal Region are cow, buffalo, goat, horse and rabbit.
The majority of livestock are goat, and cow and mostly located in Kecamatan Kendal,
Ngampel and Patebon. Large differences in numbers between goat, and cow compared to the
number of bufallo, horse and rabbit caused by high market of goat, and cow. The average
commodity existing livestocks are cultivated for their meat , especially cow, goats and which
have very high market, especially in time of qurban1. So far the result of the livestocks
production is only meat (no diversification). Livestock products in Kendal are potential to be
diversified into another products, such as tannery, dairy, sausage, etc.
B. Paddy
Table 3.2 Wet Land Area in Kota Kendal Region
Irrigati Presentati
KECAMATAN/DISTRI
on
on
CTS
(Ha)
(Ha)
(1)
(2)
(5)
Patebon
1,411
31.85%
Pegandon
852
23.67%
Kota Kendal
1,360
40.00%
Cepiring
1,281
42.60%
Ngampel
1,196
35.30%
Source:The Central Bureau of Statistics Kendal Regency, 2014
Kota Kendal Region has large percentage of wetland. Most residents who worked as farmers
can be developed into a community farm(based residential) to develop modern agriculture(Li,
Liu, Long, & Cui, 2014) with the role of technology so that the crops could be superior. It is a
potential to Kota Kendal Region to become a stable supplier of rice for its hinterland .
C. Fishery
Some areas of the Kota Kendal Region are coastal zone. The economy in the coastal
areas supported by the ponds and marine fishery. The fishery activity has been supported by
the facility such as fish auction place . Kendal Regency has 5 place the fish auction, and three
of them are located in the Kota Kendal Region.
Diagram 3.2 Fishery Production Specified according to the Marine Fisheries Fish Auction
Sites in Kota Kendal Region 2011-2014
160000
140000
120000
100000

Karang Sari

80000

Tanggul Malang

60000

Bandengan

40000
20000
0
2011

2012

2013

2014

Source: The Central Bureau of Statistics Kendal Regency, 2014

1 Muslims activity to slaughter sacrificial animals ( cows , buffaloes , & goats) at a predetermined time

Fisheries production in Kota Kendal Region was fluctuated and tend not to have an
increasing trend. Although the production was fluctuated, with the support of the fishery
activity and adequate facilities, fishery in the Kota Kendal Region can be a potential source
of fulfillment fish for its hinterland. Furthermore, fish production can also be diversified and
can be a fishery tourism destination.
3.2 Agricultural Problems
Almost 80% all of the fields in Kota Kendal Region are irrigated fields. Source of water
irriagated fields depends on river water. The fields that experiencing the lack of irrigation
water from the source will suffer from drought. The drought happened to make crop failure.
Based on the results of questionnaires, as many as 55 respondents (71%) said that the drought
irrigation is a major cause of crop failure. Study before have shown that drought can cause
decline in crop yields resulting in reduction in income for farmers which will cause increase
in market prices of products(Dercon, Hoddinot, & Woldehana, 2005).
They also said that although there are already subsidized fertilizer, farmers are still
experiencing financial difficulties in obtaining good fertilizer to maintain the agricultural
cultivation well. Beside them, the interview resulted that the livestock production was not
optimal and most farmers still have limited capabilities due to the lack of intensive coaching
and mentoring about agriculture. Sewage plants that can be used as animal feed have not
managed/processed well into feed quality and shelf life to the needs of the dry season. It aslo
showed that the agricultural technology is not yet optimized.
Those problems above were common problems in rural areas(Shiru, 2008) and obviously
indicated the need of solutions which can be done by rural development. As known that the
agricultural activities were located in rural area. Study of (Oladipo, 2004) showed that a
higher level of success has been achieved through the planning of rural projects conceived
and implemented in an integrated manner. In this case, we can know that integrated
manner has a big role on rural development, including agricultural. Furthermore, research of
(Dash et al., 2015) also empirically demonstrated that the integrated agricultural was
profitable. Integrated rural development approach is a multidimensional strategy for
improving the quality of the life of the rural people. It concludes that rural development is
imperative for improved of agricultural growth and development(Nchuchuwe, Francis, &
Adejuwon, 2012).
3.3 Integrated Agricultural Framework
Integrated farming is the core of their agricultural activities, either from the process of
planning, policy formulation to implementation of the plan. In addition, all aspects of
agriculture in the Kota Kendal Region must be integrated each other(Anugrah et al., 2014).
The integration which is quiestioned is integration between paddy, fisheries, and livestock.
The integration was realized by the principle of 'zero waste'(Ali, Yusuf, & Syamsu, 2010).
Agricultural model of zero waste is an agricultural model that does not allow a byproduct
becomes waste/useless(Sunanto, 2012).
Figure 1. The Integration of Agriculture Sectors

The application of zero waste in integrated farming is to utilize the rice product consisting
of straw, husk and rice. Straw is used to feed the goat and cow . Husk used as a mixture of
fertilizer so that the results can be better fertilizer and the rice would be used for humans
feed. Cow utilized meat, leather and blood ( got when the cow was slaughtered). Cowhide
can be tanned and used as basic materials leather and cow blood can be used as ingredients
for basic material feed for pond commodities. Goats used for meat, milk, blood and leather.
Waste from both of goat and cow processed into fertilizer for paddy field.
After formulating the integration of various sectors with developing the existing
potentials, the next step is to solve the problems that hinder the development of agriculture in
Kota Kendal Region. Drought irrigation is one of the main problems that hamper agriculture.
Drought is one of the most common disasters which can undermine livelihoods and wellbeing despite the use of various mitigation strategies(Mogotsi, Nyangito, & Nyariki, 2012).
Previous study recommended solutions to drought, they are;(1)the construction of more
dams and necessary infrastructure for irrigation; (2)adoption of local knowledge into
mitigation strategies; (3)improving access to agricultural inputs; (4)and enhanced provision
of technical assistance to farmers in the area as solutions to the drought(Mogotsi et al., 2012).
The next step to resolve another agricultures issue is developing the role of technology
and diversify the agricultural production. Diversification involves processes of adding value
to the production of agricultural cooperatives, the development of new products or new
business matrices in order to penetrate further into or develop the markets(Ritossa &
Bulgacov, 2009). Diversification agricultural products can be deriven by the development of
technology, both are continuous with one another. Development of technology to produce the
diversification of agricultural products must also be followed by an increase in the quality of
knowledge and their capacity as executors of agricultural activities. Innovation strategy to
increasing the farmers capability can be done through strengthening of farmer institutional
role, innovative behavior characteristic, quality of information and external institutional
support(Sumardjo, Lubis, & Harijati, 2015). An adapted form of the framework is presented
in the table below.
Table 3.3 Logical Framework of Integrated Agricultural System Kota Kendal Region
Indicator
Narrative
Measure of
Assumption
Initial
Final
Summary
Verification
conditions
condition
Realizing
Farmers are
Agriculture in Integrated
Data of
integrated
willing to
the Kota
development of agricultural
agriculture in develop
Kendal region paddy field,
development in
G Kota Kendal agriculture in are not yet
cow, goat and
Kota Kendal
O Region the
an integrated integrated
fish in the pond Region
A next 10 years and
(Source :
L
supported by
observation next 9
the
years )
government
P
U
R
P
O
S
E

Creating
stability of
paddy field
production
with
provision
infrastructure
of agriculture

There are
capability of
the
government
in providing
agricultural
infrastructure

Agriculture has
not been stable
over the
problem of
drought
irrigation

Drought
problems can
be solved and
agricultural
production is
stable

Harvest data of
Kota Kendal
Region (Kendal
Statistics Institution
)

Narrative
Summary

Indicator
Assumption

Creating
diversified
agricultural
products

There are
supports for
realizing the
role of
technology to
help diversify
agricultural
and livestock
raising
Improve the The
agricultural
economy is
infrastructure stable
(irrigation)
Agricultural
Developing a products are
model
of stable
O
Integration
U
agricultural
T
sectors
P
U
Improve the Farmers are
T
agricultural
willing to
ability by
follow the
giving
training and
training and
apply the
continous
trainings
monitoring
materials
Procurement
of the
development
budget

Procurement
development
budget made
if the project
is feasible
based on a
feasibility
I
analysis
N
Cooperation Cooperation
P
between
can occur in
U
stakeholders the presence
T
of an
agreement
and
commitment
among
stakeholders

Initial
conditions
There has been
no product
diversification
from paddy
farming , goats ,
cattle and
fishing pond

Final
condition
there are
diversified
products from
paddy farming
, goats , cow
and fishing
pond

Lack support of
adequate
agriculture
infrastructure
There is are
model of
integrated
agriculture
system

Fulfillment
agricultural
infrastructure
There is
integrated
agriculture
system

Farmers do not
have the ability
to process the
role of
agriculture with
technology
enhancements

Farmers have
ability to
process the
role of
agriculture
with
technology
enhancements
Low investment Available
from the private budget
sector or
development
government
funds from
funding through public and
the budget
private
Not yet
established
cooperation
between
government,
private , and
community

The formation
of partnerships
involving
government,
private , and
community

Measure of
Verification
Agriculture and
livestock
production data
( source data from
the Department of
Livestock and
Agriculture) ;
Department of
Industry and Trade)
Data of agricultural
infrastructure
(source:observation
each 2 years)
Agriculture and
livestock
production data
( source data from
the Department of
Livestock and
Agriculture
Training efficiency
data and monitoring
data ( source :
observastion each 2
years after the
training have done )
Data realization of
budget revenues
and expenditures
Kendal
Regency( Source :
Budgets Year
2016-2026)
The data in the
field of
development
cooperation
( Source :
Interview with
thehead of
village / head of
district year 2026

4. Conclusions
The analysis of scientific literature leads to the conclusion, that establishment of
integrated agricultural in Kota Kendal Region can be realized in whithin next 10
years(considered to the Indonesias economy condition). Basically, integrated agricultural
system creates benefits of economic-sosio and ecological. The main steps to create the
integrated agricultural sytem are solving the problems and development the potentials.
Challenges also considered on making process of the integrated agricultural system
framework. The scientific literature analysis showed that a framework for the development
of an integrated agriculture system can be done with improve the agricultural infrastructure,
especially irrigation, developing a model of Integration of agricultural sectors, developing the
agriculture technologies so that can diversify the agricultural products and improve the ability
for agriculture by giving training and continous monitoring.
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