2.

2 Literature Review
2.2.1 Metro Manila
Metro Manila is the total urban area that is composed of different cities and
the surrounding urban fringe. The proper city Manila is only one of the big cities of
this urban agglomeration. Metro Manila, or the 'National Capital Region' as they say
in the Philippines, is a real metropolitan area. On 636 square kilometer live more
than 10 million inhabitants.(Schoolmeester, 2012) Based on the 2010 Census of
Population and Housing (CPH), Quezon City, a highly urbanized city in the National
Capital Region, posted a total population of 2,761,720 persons as of May 1, 2010.
QUEZON CITY
According to the Local Government of Quezon City, With a land area of 161.126 sq.
km. or 16,112.8 hectares,). Quezon City is more than four times the size of Manila,
nearly six times the expanse of Makati, and more than 14 times bigger than
Mandaluyong. Iit is almost one-fourth the expanse of Metro Manila. Quezon City is
located near the center of Metro Manila, towards its northeastern portion. It is
bordered by Manila to the southwest, by Caloocan City and Valenzuela City to the
west and northwest. Towards the south, lies San Juan and Mandaluyong City, while
Marikina City and Pasig City borders Quezon City to the southeast. Towards the
north, across Marilao River, lies San Jose del Monte City in the province of Bulacan,
and towards the east, lies Rodriguez and San Mateo, both in the province of Rizal.
Located at the heart of Metro Manila, Quezon City is also its strategic convergence
point for the metropolitan road and transportation networks, making the City an
ideal distribution hub. It is easily accessible from the major highways,
thoroughfares and mass rail transit systems of the metropolis.
Being the largest city in the Metro Manila, Quezon City has an estimated population
of 3,085,786 in 2014, with a 2.42% annual growth rate. The city holds the 23.3% of
Metro Manilas total population. The city is considered as one of the melting pots of
the region since it has welcomed different cultures, with hundreds of constituents
from other parts of the country travelling to it every year. Population density is
19,151 persons per square kilometer.
TRAFFIC ENFORCERS
A traffic enforcer is someone who enforcers traffic rules and safety standards. At
times they may also be called highway patrol officer. They detailed within
neighborhoods or local police station or any nearby posts. These days, there are
even imaginative and creative traffic enforcers who do different gimmicks to catch
the attention of the people on the road and make them follow rules and traffic
regulations cheerfully as with the dancing traffic police. It may also be a way to

ease the stress and tension while on the road especially during traffic and rush
hours.
Traffic Enforcer Job Responsibilities
Make sure that traffic rules and regulations are followed by all drivers, passengers
and pedestrians
Help pedestrians, especially the aged and children to cross the street (at times)
Help people who might have lost their way
Observe and advice traffic violators
Catch traffic violators and issue appropriate tickets or penalties
Respond and attend to traffic emergencies promptly
Call other departments if cases and situations come to worse
Report to superiors as required
Educate people on traffic safety and health
Keep a record of all traffic violations, traffic incidents and other traffic related
situations
Maintain an approachable personality so people in need would not hesitate to ask
for help or would not be intimidated and shy off
Circulate hand-outs or public information flyers if the station has some new things
or information for all the people out in the streets
MMDA Traffic Enforcers
Scope of MMDA Services http://www.mmda.gov.ph/index.php/10-transparency/6-mmda-s-scopeof-services-its-functions-and-powers
Metro-wide services under the jurisdiction of the MMDA are those services which have metro-wide
impact and transcend local political boundaries or entail huge expenditures such that it would not be
viable for said services to be provided by the individual Local Government Units (LGUs) comprising
Metropolitan Manila.
These services shall include:

a. Development planning which includes the preparation of medium and long-term development

plans; the development evaluation and packaging of projects; investment programming and
coordination
and
monitoring
of
plan,
program
and
project
implementation.

b. Transport and traffic management which includes the formulation, coordination and monitoring of
policies,

standards,

programs

and projects

to

rationalize

the

existing

transport

operations,

infrastructure requirements, the use of thoroughfares, and promotions of safe and convenient
movement of persons and goods; provision for the mass transport system and the institution of a
system to regulate road users; administration and implementation of all traffic enforcement
operations, traffic engineering services and traffic education programs, including the institution of a
single
ticketing
system
in
Metropolitan
Manila.

c. Solid waste disposal and management which include formulation, and implementation of policies,

standards, programs and projects for proper and sanitary waste disposal. It shall likewise include the
establishment and operation of sanitary landfill and related facilities and the implementation of other
alternative
programs
intended
to
reduce,
reuse
and
recycle
solid
waste.

d. Flood control and sewerage management which includes the formulation and implementation of
policies, standards, programs and projects for an integrated flood control, drainage and sewerage
system.

e. Urban renewal, zoning and land use planning, and shelter services which includes the formulation,
adoption and implementation of policies, standards, rules and regulations, programs and projects to
rationalize and optimize urban land use and provide direction to urban growth and expansion, the
rehabilitation and development of slum and blighted areas, the development of shelter and housing
facilities
and
the
provision
of
necessary
social
services
thereof.

f.

Health and sanitation, urban protection and pollution control which include the formulation and
implementation of policies, rules and regulations, standards, programs and projects for the promotion
and safeguarding of the health and sanitation of the region and for the enhancement of ecological
balance
and
the
prevention,
control
and
abatement
of
environmental
pollution.

g. Public safety which includes the formulation and implementation of programs and policies and

procedures to achieve public safety, especially preparedness for preventive or rescue operations
during times of calamities and disasters such as conflagrations, earthquake, flood and tidal waves; and
coordination and mobilization of resources and the implementation of contingency plans for the
rehabilitation and relief operations in coordination with national agencies concerned.
Functions and powers of the Metro Manila Development Authority
The MMDA shall:

a. Formulate, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium and long-term plans and
programs for the delivery of metro-wide services, land use and physical development within
Metropolitan Manila, consistent with national development objectives and priorities;

b. Prepare, coordinate and regulate the implementation of medium-term investment programs for metrowide services which shall indicate sources and uses of funds for priority programs and projects, and
which shall include the packaging of projects and presentation to funding institutions;

c. Undertake and manage on its own metro-wide programs and projects for the delivery of specific
services under its jurisdiction subject to the approval of the Council. For this purpose, MMDA can
create
appropriate
project
management
offices;

d. Coordinate and monitor the implementation of such plans, programs and projects in Metro Manila,
identity

bottlenecks

and

adopt

solutions

to

problems

of

implementation;

e. The MMDA shall set the policies concerning traffic in Metro Manila, and shall coordinate and regulate

the implementation of all programs and projects concerning traffic management specifically pertaining
to enforcement, engineering and education. Upon request, it shall be extended assistance and
cooperation, including but not limited to assignment of personnel, by all other government agencies
and
offices
concerned.

f.

Install and administer a single ticketing system, fix, impose and collect fines and penalties for all kinds
of violations of traffic rules and regulations, whether moving or non-moving in nature, and confiscate
and suspend or revoke driver's licenses in the enforcement of such traffic laws and regulations, the
provision of RA 4136 and PD 1605 to the contrary notwithstanding. For this purpose, the Authority
shall enforce all traffic laws and regulations in Metro Manila, through its traffic operation center, and
may` deputize members of the PNP, traffic enforcers of local government units, duly licensed security
guards, or members of non-governmental organizations to whom may be delegated certain authority
subject
to
such
conditions
and
requirements
as
the
Authority
may
impose.

g. Perform other related functions required to achieve the objective of the MMDA, including the
undertaking of delivery of basic services to the local government units, when deemed necessary
subject to prior coordination with and consent of the local government unit concerned.

To make sure that its traffic enforcers would still be on the streets of Metro Manila even at night to direct
traffic especially during this rainy season, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) will be
deploying 200 of them on shifts.
MMDA chairman Francis Tolentino said the deployment of the traffic enforcers on a nighttime shifting
basis is the agencys response to the traffic jams on EDSA and along the C-5 Road on Thursday night at
the height of a heavy downpour.
Tolentino said at least 200 traffic enforcers would be deployed per night on three shifts from 5 p.m. to 12
a.m.
Tolentino said the step would assure the public that traffic enforcers would be on the roads at night. The
deployment started Friday night, the MMDA said.
"'Pag inabot ng ulan sa gabi, 'yung third shift na lang po ay manipis, eto po 'yung nasa C-5 at kaunti sa
Commonwealth, wala na po 'yung ibang lugar," said Tolentino.
Tolentino clarified that Thursday nights traffic jams were triggered by the ongoing roadworks such as the
Skyway 3 project and the repair of the Magallanes interchange.
http://www.philstar.com/nation/2014/06/27/1339747/mmda-deploys-traffic-enforcers-night-duty

traffic enforcers deployed by the Metro Manila Development Authority seemed "cool" in going about
their jobs: they wore the adult diapers given out by the MMDA. They said they didn't mind complying
with Tolentino's order, knowing that it was for their good health. Doctors warn that trying to hold off
from urinating can have very serious effects on adults, especially those suffering from hypertension
and other cardiovascular ailments. In response to the heckling from commentators, and the criticism
from state worker unions who said MMDA enforcers should be allowed bathroom breaks, Tolentino
said the use of adult diapers is resorted to in several countries where state forces must render field
work on extended hours to keep law and order. http://www.interaksyon.com/article/102719/video-mmda-enforcers-cool-with-adult-diapers-during-nightmarish-nazarene-duty

Cris Saruca, MMDA Traffic Disciple Office head, said the agency is again giving the 30-minute break
a policy that was first implemented during the time of former MMDA Chairman Francis Tolentino
as a relief for the MMDA traffic enforcers and street sweepers who are often exposed to the
scorching heat of the sun.
Maricar Brizuela of Philippine Daily Inquirersaid Saruca announced that the 30-minute break
will be observed between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., the period considered the hottest part of the day
during the summer.
MMDA personnel can drink water and seek shelter to avoid the sun and rest during the 30-minute
break. A 15-minute additional break would be given to them if the temperature reaches 40 degrees
Celsius.
The traffic enforcers will be allowed to take the break on shifts so there will be no interruption in the
agencys traffic management operations.
MMDA Chairman Emerson Carlos said the traffic enforcers and street sweepers will undergo regular
medical check-up to make sure they are physically fit to perform their duties.
The traffic enforcers will also be allowed to don their summer uniform consisting of black short pants,
blue polo shirt and head gear.
The agency also started distributing bottled water to their on-street personnel.
To avoid loitering during the break, the MMDA personnel will only be allowed to take their breaks in
an area that is of reasonable distance from their designated area of duty.
The heat stroke break will be observed until end of May. http://kickerdaily.com/mmda-implementheat-stroke-break-for-traffic-aides-street-sweepers/

Air pollution
Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from
factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major
part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it's also called smog.
Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you'll have health
problems. People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air
pollution.https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/airpollution.html

DENR-EMB assistant director Eva Ocfemia said that the air pollutant concentration in the
National Capital Region reached 130 micrograms per normal cubic meter (g/Ncm) in
terms of total suspended particulates (TSP), up from 106 g/Ncm at year's end in 2014.
The maximum safe level of air pollutant concentration is 90 g/Ncm. http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/509142/lifestyle/healthandwellness/metromanila-s-air-quality-even-worse-this-year-data#sthash.0CthhHaq.dpuf
The Philippine Medical Association (PMA) is threatening to sue owners of vehicles who
will fail smoke emission tests.
The reason? Petroleum-fueled vehicles are the top contributors to air pollution in Metro
Manila.
Air pollution is among the leading causes of respiratory diseases in the country.
According to a study by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Environmental Environment Bureau, pollution at Metro Manila stands at 166 suspended
particulates, which is almost double the 80-particulate threshold set by Republic Act
8749, or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, as Good.
Dr. Fernando Ayuyao, a pulmonologist, told GMA News State of the Nation Wednesday
polluted air can severely harm ones health, as the lungs directly receive the particles in
the air around us. Inhaling polluted air can result to colds, cough, and asthma, which, if
become unchecked, can develop into serious respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia
and lung cancer.
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/255633/lifestyle/healthandwellness/pollutedair-among-leading-causes-of-respiratory-diseases-in-phl#sthash.TwFWzYCs.dpuf