Researchmethodologyanswers

International Islamic University Chittagong
M.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering

Research Methodology in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE 6291)
ID: MC151014
Submission date: 24/06/2016
Q.1.
The problem definition phase is more challenging in the research methodology than the problem
solution phase. Justify. [5]
Ans.1
.
Defining the problem is more important than its solution. It is a crucial part of the research study.
Researcher needs to carefully choose the problem and research topic. Some sources of identification of
a research topic and problems are the following:
(1) Own interest
(2) Current problems
(3) Technological changes and advancements
(4) Recent trends
(5) Unexplored areas
(6) Discussion with experts and research supervisor
(7) Identifying the business trends.
One should not choose a topic simply because it is fascinating. In choosing a topic one should take care
of the possibility of data collection, quantity of gain, breadth of the topic, depth of the topic and so on. The
topic should not be too narrow. Further, one has to study advanced level text books and latest research
articles to identify problems. But it is not necessary to know all the methods, techniques, concepts in a
research topic before identifying a problem for investigation. After learning some fundamental concepts,
recent developments and current trends of a topic, one can identify a problem for research. Then he can
learn the tools necessary to solve it.
After identifying a problem, in order to solve it, it has to be defined and formulated properly. For this
purpose, one can execute the following.
State the problem in questionnaire form or in an equivalent form
Specify the problem in detail and in precise terms
List the assumptions made
Remove the ambiguities, if any, in the statement of the problem
Examine the feasibility of a particular solution.
A problem in its first definition may not be appealing. It may require redefinition in order to make it a good
problem. That is, by suitably rewording or reformulating the chosen problem, it can be made to meet the
criteria of a good problem. This is also important to solve the problem successfully. To this end a
researcher can ask a series of questions on the problem. Some are:
(1) Is the problem really interesting to him/her and to the scientific community?
(2) Is the problem significant to the present status of the topic?
(3) Is there sufficient supervision/guidance?
(4) Can the problem be solved in the required time frame?
(5) Are the necessary equipment, adequate library and computational facilities, etc. available?
If the answers to these questions are satisfactory, then the researcher can initiate work on the chosen
problem.
The problem definition phase is related to the rest of the research progress. If the sufficient laboratory
setup is not available where the experiments take place may rise the cost and eventually lead to fail to
meet the dateline.
Q.2.
Could you clarify the following terms: i) Research Area ii) Research Topic, and iii) Research Gap.
1|Page
Ans.2
.
According to your observation which one literally easier to find and why? [5]
i) Research Area: It is the domain of knowledge of interest on which one has fundamental understanding
of phenomena and unformulated hypothesis. Some examples of research area are mentioned below
though are not limited:
1. Recent problems combating by the world civilization, i.e. turmoil of financial market, human immigration,
HIV, Islamophobia etc.
2. Technological trend such as miniaturization of computers, super conductivity, thinfilm, quantum
computing, microbiological advancements etc.
3. Unexplored area which seem to have impact on future research.
ii) Research Topic: This is crucial for a researcher to carry out his/her research with in limited facilities
and stipulated time frame. Research topic are mostly either funded by the organizers or guided by the
supervisors and research community. Researchers also may choose research topic out of own
enthusiasm, in this case the problem has to be formulated such a manner that could draw attention of the
research organization and fund as well.
iii) Research Gap: This is as to identifying the opportunities of current researches to be reward. A
research Gap is the missing element in the existing research literature, and one has to fill with research
approach to make manuscript publishable. Systematic literature review is essential to find out the research
gap. Finding research gap can be found in the future work mentioned in the conclusion of the research
publications.
According to my observation finding research gap is literally to easier to find. Because research
gap is critical to determine need and necessity of conducting a research. Hence, a research gap can be
extension or challenge of the existing variable, theories and assumptions etc. One needs not to formulate
new problem from the scratches, rather should have systemic literature review of high impact papers of
related topics to find the gaps. That might have significance attention to the research community.
Research area and the research topic are challenging tasks involves lot of factors ranging support from
supervisors to the funding and laboratory facilities. Though the selecting research area and research topic
is the primary task of research, but crucial for a successful completion. So these are the toughest tasks
and mostly guided by the expert researchers i.e. Ph.D. supervisors.
Q.3.
Ans.3
.
The following is the title of a research article. Understanding face recognition with an interactive
activation model-Find the papers (cited) from its publication date to till now which have also more
than 100 citations. Identify its most recent cited paper. [10]
There are 52 Papers which have more than 100 citations from its publication date are listed below:
1. Structural encoding and identification in face processing: ERP evidence for separate mechanisms
S Bentin, LY Deouell - Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2000 - Taylor & Francis
The present study had two aims. The first aim was to explore the possible top-down effect of
face-recognition and/or face-identification processes on the formation of structural
representation of faces, as indexed by the N170 ERP component. The second aim was to ...
Cited by 533 Related articles All 16 versions Cite Save
2. Connectionist models of face processing: A survey
D Valentin, H Abdi, AJ O'Toole, GW Cottrell - Pattern recognition, 1994 - Elsevier
Connectionist models of face recognition, identification, and categorization have appeared
recently in several disciplines, including psychology, computer science, and engineering.
We present a review of these models with the goal of complementing a recent survey by ...
[PDF] from uvic.ca
3. The neural systems sustaining face and proper-name processing.
ML Gorno-Tempini, CJ Price, O Josephs - Brain, 1998 - Oxford Univ Press
Summary This PET study has revealed the neural system involved in implicit face, proper2|Page
name and object name processing during an explicit visual'same'versus' different'matching

task. Within the identified system, some areas were equally active irrespective of modality ...
[HTML] from jneurosci.org
4. Neural systems underlying the recognition of familiar and newly learned faces
CL Leveroni, M Seidenberg, AR Mayer - The Journal of , 2000 - Soc Neuroscience
Abstract Memory for famous faces can be used to examine the neural systems underlying
retrieval from long-term memory. To date, there have been a limited number of functional
neuroimaging investigations examining famous face recognition. In this study, we ...
[PDF] from stir.ac.uk
5. Recognition of unfamiliar faces
PJB Hancock, V Bruce, AM Burton - Trends in cognitive sciences, 2000 - Elsevier
People are excellent at identifying faces familiar to them, even from very low quality images,
but are bad at recognizing, or even matching, unfamiliar faces. In this review we shall
consider some of the factors that affect our abilities to match unfamiliar faces. Major ...
[HTML] from sciencedirect.com
6. [HTML] A principal component analysis of facial expressions
AJ Calder, AM Burton, P Miller, AW Young, S Akamatsu - Vision research, 2001 - Elsevier
Pictures of facial expressions from the Ekman and Friesen set (Ekman, P., Friesen,
WV,(1976). Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press)
were submitted to a principal component analysis (PCA) of their pixel intensities. The ...
[PDF] from nws-sa.com
7. Face recognition in poor-quality video: Evidence from security surveillance
AM Burton, S Wilson, M Cowan, V Bruce - Psychological Science, 1999 - pss.sagepub.com
Abstract Security surveillance systems often produce poor-quality video, and this may be
problematic in gathering forensic evidence. We examined the ability of subjects to identify
target people captured by a commercially available video security device. In Experiment 1, ...
[PDF] from herts.ac.uk
7. Connectionist modelling in psychology: A localist manifesto
M Page - Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2000 - Cambridge Univ Press
Abstract Over the last decade, fully distributed models have become dominant in
connectionist psychological modelling, whereas the virtues of localist models have been
underestimated. This target article illustrates some of the benefits of localist modelling. ...
[PDF] from wiley.com
8. From pixels to people: A model of familiar face recognition
AM Burton, V Bruce, PJB Hancock - Cognitive Science, 1999 - Wiley Online Library
Research in face recognition has largely been divided between those projects concerned
with front-end image processing and those projects concerned with memory for familiar
people. These perceptual and cognitive programmes of research have proceeded in ...
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9. Functional imaging of human crossmodal identification and object recognition
A Amedi, K von Kriegstein, NM van Atteveldt - Experimental Brain , 2005 - Springer
Abstract The perception of objects is a cognitive function of prime importance. In everyday
life, object perception benefits from the coordinated interplay of vision, audition, and touch.
The different sensory modalities provide both complementary and redundant information ...
3|Page

[PDF] from villanova.edu
10. Capgras delusion: a window on face recognition
HD Ellis, MB Lewis - Trends in cognitive sciences, 2001 - Elsevier
Capgras delusion is the belief that significant others have been replaced by impostors,
robots or aliens. Although it usually occurs within a psychiatric illness, it can also be the
result of brain injury or other obviously organic disorder. In contrast to patients with ...
[HTML] from pnas.org
11. Social concepts are represented in the superior anterior temporal cortex
R Zahn, J Moll, F Krueger, ED Huey - Proceedings of the , 2007 - National Acad Sciences
Abstract Social concepts such as tactless or honorable enable us to describe our own as
well as others' social behaviors. The prevailing view is that this abstract social semantic
knowledge is mainly subserved by the same medial prefrontal regions that are considered ...
12. Face processing: Human perception and principal components analysis
PJB Hancock, AM Burton, V Bruce - Memory & Cognition, 1996 - Springer
Abstract Principal components analysis (PCA) of face images is here related to subjects'
performance on the same images. In two experiments subjects were shown a set of faces
and asked to rate them for distinctiveness. They were subsequently shown a superset of ...
13. Repetition priming and associative priming of face recognition: Evidence from event-related potentials.
SR Schweinberger, EM Pftze - Journal of Experimental , 1995 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Face recognition can be facilitated by previous presentation both of the same
face and of an associated person's face. In Experiment 1, the effects of face repetition and
associative priming on event-related potentials (ERPs) were compared. Repetition ...
[PDF] from researchgate.net
14. Dissociated overt and covert recognition as an emergent property of a lesioned neural network.
MJ Farah, RC O'Reilly, SP Vecera - Psychological review, 1993 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Covert recognition of faces in prosopagnosia, in which patients cannot overtly
recognize faces but nevertheless manifest recognition when tested in certain indirect ways,
has been interpreted as the functioning of an intact visual face recognition system ...
15. Asymmetric relationships among perceptions of facial identity, emotion, and facial speech.
SR Schweinberger, GR Soukup - Journal of Experimental , 1998 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Effects of variation in an irrelevant stimulus dimension on judgments of faces with
respect to a relevant dimension were investigated. Dimensions were identity, emotional
expression, and facial speech. The irrelevant dimension was correlated with, constant, or ...
16. The role of movement in the recognition of famous faces
K Lander, F Christie, V Bruce - Memory & cognition, 1999 - Springer
Abstract The effects of movement on the recognition of famous faces shown in difficult
conditions were investigated. Images were presented as negatives, upside down (inverted),
and thresholded. Results indicate that, under all these conditions, moving faces were ...
[HTML] from plos.org
17. [HTML] Implicit multisensory associations influence voice recognition
K Von Kriegstein, AL Giraud - PLoS Biol, 2006 - journals.plos.org
Abstract Natural objects provide partially redundant information to the brain through different
4|Page
sensory modalities. For example, voices and faces both give information about the speech
content, age, and gender of a person. Thanks to this redundancy, multimodal recognition ...
Cited by 195 Related articles All 18 versions Cite Save More
18. Interaction of face and voice areas during speaker recognition
K Von Kriegstein, A Kleinschmidt, P Sterzer - Journal of Cognitive , 2005 - MIT Press
Abstract & Face and voice processing contribute to person recognition, but it remains
unclear how the segregated specialized cortical modules interact. Using functional
neuroimaging, we observed cross-modal responses to voices of familiar persons in the ...
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19. Age-related slowing in face and name recognition: evidence from event-related brain potentials.
EM Pftze, W Sommer, SR Schweinberger - Psychology and aging, 2002 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Age-related slowing in recognizing famous names and faces was investigated
with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). In a group of young adults, item repetition
induced early (220-340 ms) and late (400-700 ms) ERP modulations, apparently signaling ...
20. Functional and anatomical decomposition of face processing: Evidence from prosopagnosia and PET
study of normal subjects [and discussion]
J Sergent, JL Signoret, V Bruce - of the Royal , 1992 - rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
Abstract Studies of brain-damaged patients have revealed the existence of a selective
impairment of face processing, prosopagnosia, resulting from lesions at different loci in the
occipital and temporal lobes. The lesions are often extensive, and it is unclear what ...
21. Robust representations for face recognition: The power of averages
AM Burton, R Jenkins, PJB Hancock, D White - Cognitive psychology, 2005 - Elsevier
We are able to recognise familiar faces easily across large variations in image quality,
though our ability to match unfamiliar faces is strikingly poor. Here we ask how the
representation of a face changes as we become familiar with it. We use a simple image- ...
22. Covert recognition and the neural system for face processing
SR Schweinberger, AM Burton - Cortex, 2003 - Elsevier
In this viewpoint, we discuss the new evidence on covert face recognition in prosopagnosia
presented by Bobes et al.(2003, this issue) and by Sperber and Spinnler (2003, this issue).
Contrary to earlier hypotheses, both papers agree that covert and overt face recognition ...
[PDF] from indiana.edu
23. Human brain potential correlates of repetition priming in face and name recognition
SR Schweinberger, EC Pickering, AM Burton - Neuropsychologia, 2002 - Elsevier
We investigated repetition priming in the recognition of famous people by recording eventrelated brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs). Participants performed speeded
two-choice responses depending on whether or not a stimulus showed a famous person. ...
24. Understanding covert recognition
AM Burton, AW Young, V Bruce, RA Johnston, AW Ellis - Cognition, 1991 - Elsevier
Abstract An implementation of Bruce and Young's (1986) functional model of face
recognition is used to examine patterns of covert face recognition previously reported in a
prosopagnosic patient, PH. Although PH is unable to recognize overtly the faces of people ...
5|Page
25. Identification of famous faces and famous names in early Alzheimer's disease
JDW Greene, JR Hodges - Brain, 1996 - Oxford Univ Press
Summary We assessed remote memory in 33 patients with dementia of Alzheimer's type
(DAT) with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores between 17 and 30, and 30
matched controls using a Famous Faces Test and Famous Names Test designed to ...
[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org
26. Slowly progressive defect in recognition of familiar people in a patient with right anterior temporal
atrophy
G Gainotti, A Barbier, C Marra - Brain, 2003 - Oxford Univ Press
Summary We report the case of a patient (CO) who showed a selective defect in the
recognition of familiar people, with very mild disease progression during a period of 30
months resulting from focal atrophy of the right temporal lobe. On formal ...
27. Modeling visual recognition from neurobiological constraints
MW Oram, DI Perrett - Neural Networks, 1994 - Elsevier
Abstract Neurobiological data from the cerebral cortex of the macaque monkey suggest a
model of object recognition that is a series of four computational stages. These are executed
in seven major hierarchically arranged areas of processing, each area with an input and ...
[PDF] from psu.edu
28. A dynamic interactive theory of person construal.
JB Freeman, N Ambady - Psychological review, 2011 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. A dynamic interactive theory of person construal is proposed. It assumes that the
perception of other people is accomplished by a dynamical system involving continuous
interaction between social categories, stereotypes, high-level cognitive states, and the low ...
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29. An interactive activation approach to object processing: Effects of structural similarity, name frequency,
and task in normality and pathology
GW Humphreys, C Lamote, TJ Lloyd-Jones - Memory, 1995 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract We present a computational model of the processes involved in retrieving stored
semantic and name information from objects, using a simple interactive activation and
competition architecture. We simulate evidence showing a cross-over in normal reaction ...
30. Recognizing objects and faces
V Bruce, GW Humphreys - Visual cognition, 1994 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract We review evidence and theories concerning the processing mechanisms leading
to the visual recognition of objects and faces. A good deal of work suggests that
identification of objects at a basic level depends on edge-coding, whereas face ...
31. Different patterns of famous people recognition disorders in patients with right and left anterior
temporal lesions: a systematic review
G Gainotti - Neuropsychologia, 2007 - Elsevier
Selective disorders in recognition of familiar people have been described in patients with
right and left anterior temporal lesions, but the exact nature of these cognitive impairments
remains controversial. A clarification of this issue could have theoretical implications, ...
[PDF] from academia.edu
32. When the smile is a cue to familiarity
6|Page
JY Baudouin, D Gilibert, S Sansone, G Tiberghien - Memory, 2000 - Taylor & Francis

The question discussed in the two following experiments concerns the effect of facial
expressions on face recognition. Famous and unknown faces with neutral or smiling
expression were presented for different inspection durations (15 ms vs 1000 ms). Subjects ...
33. Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: the parallelroute hypothesis revisited.
T Ganel, Y Goshen-Gottstein - Journal of Experimental Psychology: , 2004 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. The effects of familiarity on selective attention for the identity and expression of
faces were tested using Garner's speeded-classification task. In 2 experiments, participants
classified expression (or identity) of familiar and unfamiliar faces while the irrelevant ...
34. [CITATION] Disorders of face perception and recognition
JJS Barton - Neurologic clinics, 2003 - Elsevier
35. View-independent coding of face identity in frontal and temporal cortices is modulated by familiarity:
an event-related fMRI study
G Pourtois, S Schwartz, ML Seghier, F Lazeyras - Neuroimage, 2005 - Elsevier
Face recognition is a unique visual skill enabling us to recognize a large number of person
identities, despite many differences in the visual image from one exposure to another due to
changes in viewpoint, illumination, or simply passage of time. Previous familiarity with a ...
[BOOK] The mind possessed: The cognition of spirit possession in an Afro-Brazilian religious tradition
E Cohen - 2007 - books.google.com
36. The cognitive science of religion has made a persuasive case for the view that a number of
different psychological systems are involved in the construction and transmission of notions
of extranatural agency such as deities and spirits. Until now this work has been based ...
37. Repetition priming for familiar and unfamiliar faces in a sex-judgment task: evidence for a common
route for the processing of sex and identity.
Y Goshen-Gottstein, T Ganel - Journal of Experimental Psychology: , 2000 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Repetition priming for faces was examined in a sex-judgment task given at test.
Priming was found for edited, hair-removed photos of unfamiliar and familiar faces after a
single presentation at study. Priming was also observed for the edited photos when study ...
[PDF] from neurolab.ca
38. Disconnection in prosopagnosia and face processing
CJ Fox, G Iaria, JJS Barton - Cortex, 2008 - Elsevier
Face perception is a function with significant complexity, reflected in cognitive models that
propose a hierarchy of parallel and serial processing stages. Current neuroimaging data
also show that face perception involves a core processing network of cortical modules, ...
Create alert
39. Familiar and unfamiliar face recognition: A review
RA Johnston, AJ Edmonds - Memory, 2009 - Taylor & Francis
Since the 1970s there has been a continuing interest in how people recognise familiar faces
(Bruce, 1979; Ellis, 1975). This work has complemented investigations of how unfamiliar
faces are processed and the findings from these two strands of research have given rise to ...
7|Page

40. Naming faces and naming names: Exploring an interactive activation model of person recognition
AM Burton, V Bruce - Memory, 1993 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract In this paper we present an interactive activation and competition (LAC) model of
name recognition. This is an extension of a previous account of name retrieval (Burton &
Bruce, 1992) and is based on a functional model due to Valentine, Bredart, Lawson, and ...
41. Expression influences the recognition of familiar faces
JM Kaufmann, SR Schweinberger - Perception, 2004 - pec.sagepub.com
Abstract Face recognition has been assumed to be independent of facial expression. We
used familiar and unfamiliar faces that were morphed from a happy to an angry expression
within a given identity. Participants performed speeded two-choice decisions according to ...
[PDF] from academia.edu
42. Is the N170 for faces cognitively penetrable? Evidence from repetition priming of Mooney faces of
familiar and unfamiliar persons
B Jemel, M Pisani, M Calabria, M Crommelinck - Cognitive Brain , 2003 - Elsevier
Impoverished images of faces, two-tone Mooney faces, severely impair the ability to
recognize to whom the face pertains. However, previously seeing the corresponding face in
a clear format helps fame-judgments to Mooney faces. In the present experiment, we ...
[HTML] from oxfordjournals.org
43. Semantic dementia: relevance to connectionist models of long-term memory
JMJ Murre, KS Graham, JR Hodges - Brain, 2001 - Oxford Univ Press
Summary Semantic dementia is a recently documented syndrome associated with nonAlzheimer degenerative pathology of the polar and inferolateral temporal neocortex, with
relative sparing (at least in the early stages) of the hippocampal complex. Patients ...
45. Learning new faces in an interactive activation and competition model
AM Burton - Visual Cognition, 1994 - Taylor & Francis
Abstract Certain contemporary accounts of object and face recognition use connectionist
networks with local representations. This paper describes and extends one such account: an
interactive activation and competition (IAC) model of face recognition. In contrast to many ...
46. The age of the beholder: ERP evidence of an own-age bias in face memory
H Wiese, SR Schweinberger, K Hansen - Neuropsychologia, 2008 - Elsevier
Unfamiliar faces from the viewer's own ethnic group are more accurately recognized than
other-race faces. The present study examined whether similar effects occur for own-age
versus other-age faces, analyzing both behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) ...
47. What's distinctive about a distinctive face?
V Bruce, MA Burton, N Dench - The Quarterly Journal of , 1994 - Taylor & Francis
In this study we examine the relationship between objective aspects of facial appearance
and facial distinctiveness. Specifically, we examine whether the extent to which a face
deviates from average correlates with rated distinctiveness and measures of ...
[PDF] from kimberlyquinn.net
48. Categorizing others: the dynamics of person construal.
KA Quinn, CN Macrae - Journal of personality and social psychology, 2005 - doi.apa.org
Abstract 1. A fundamental question in social cognition is whether people categorize others
8|Page
on the basis of the social groups to which they belong. Integrating ideas from related work
on face processing, the current research explored the emergence and boundary ...
[PDF] from uni-bonn.de
49. Automatic evaluation of self and significant others: Affective priming in close relationships
R Banse - Journal of social and personal relationships, 1999 - spr.sagepub.com
Abstract The affective priming paradigm developed by Murphy and Zajonc (1993) was
adapted to assess an automatic evaluative response to friends (n= 100) or romantic partners
(n= 101). It was investigated how a brief presentation of the first names and faces of ...
50. Cre The perceptual determinants of person construal: reopening the social-cognitive toolbox.
J Cloutier, MF Mason, CN Macrae - Journal of personality and , 2005 - psycnet.apa.org
Abstract 1. Guided by a heuristic account of social-cognitive functioning, researchers have
attempted to identify the cognitive benefits that derive from a categorical approach to person
construal. While revealing, this work has overlooked the fact that, prior to the application of ...
51. The development of face processing skills [and discussion]
HD Ellis, V Bruce - of the Royal , 1992 - rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
Abstract An early orientation to faces is followed by a gradual development of face
processing skills. During the course of maturation, children acquire the ability to learn new
faces and to deal with facial transformations. Some skills are achieved more quickly than ...
52. Intraand intermodal repetition priming of familiar faces and voices
HD Ellis, DM Jones, N Mosdell - British Journal of Psychology, 1997 - Wiley Online Library
Two experiments explored repetition priming for familiar voices and faces. Expt 1 revealed
that, like faces, prior exposure to a voice in a gender judgment task speeds its subsequent
classification as familiar or unfamiliar, some minutes later. Faces and voices do not prime ...
Most recent cited papers(5 papers from date 24/06/2016) are given below:
1. [HTML] Solving the border control problem: evidence of enhanced face matching in individuals with
extraordinary face recognition skills
AK Bobak, AJ Dowsett, S Bate - PloS one, 2016 - journals.plos.org
141 days ago - Abstract Photographic identity documents (IDs) are commonly used despite
clear evidence that unfamiliar face matching is a difficult and error-prone task. The current
study set out to examine the performance of seven individuals with extraordinary face ...
2. The effect of pre-existing memory representations on repetition-related N250r and N400
A Nie, J Ye, M Li - Science Bulletin, 2016 - Springer
142 days ago - Abstract Studies of repetition priming have found two face-sensitive eventrelated potential (ERP) components: the N250r showing positive deflection at frontal region
and negative deflection at temporal region, and the N400 showing positive deflection at ...
3. Recognizing and identifying people: a neuropsychological review
JJS Barton, SL Corrow - Cortex, 2016 - Elsevier
181 days ago - Abstract Recognizing people is a classic example of a cognitive function that
involves multiple processing stages and parallel routes of information. Neuropsychological
data have provided important evidence for models of this process, particularly from case ...
Create alert
4. Repetition effects in human ERPs to faces
SR Schweinberger, MF Neumann - Cortex, 2016 - Elsevier
9|Page
216 days ago - Abstract In the present paper, we review research conducted over the past 25
years addressing the effects of repeating various kinds of information in faces (eg, pictorial,
spatial configural, identity, semantic) on different components in human event-related ...
5. The multiple neural networks of familiarity: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies
M Horn, R Jardri, F D'Hondt, G Vaiva, P Thomas - Cognitive, Affective, & , 2016 - Springer
219 days ago - Abstract Recent research has demonstrated the critical role of the feeling of
familiarity in recognition memory. Various neuroimaging paradigms have been developed to
identify the brain regions that sustain the processing of familiarity; however, there is still ...
Q.4.
Ans.4
.
Write the examples of problem areas of the following research types: [10]
1.Applied research
2. Basic research
3. Correlation research
4. Descriptive research
5. Ethnographic research
6. Experimental research
7. Exploratory research
8. Grounded theory research
9. Historical research
10. Phenomenological research
11. Qualitative research
12. Quantitative research
1. Problem Areas of Applied Research: This kind of research refers to scientific study and research to find
solution of practical problem of daily life. Most of the experimental research, case studies and interdisciplinary research are essentially applied research. Air pollution of an urban area has been increased
to an alarming level due to emission from increased number of motor vehicles. In order to solve the
problem applied research would scientifically study for alternative fuels and enhanced motor architecture
for reduced emission. Applied research may address social problems too, i.e. finding the political solution
to for turmoil country or Introducing new curriculum to school for combating racism problem. Thus applied
research always has immediate effect. It deals individuals and specific cases without objective to
generalize, thus it reports in common language. Applied research always answer to problematic variable,
how to change, fix or replace that variable or correcting in a word.
2. Problem Areas of Basic Research: Finding the hidden truth of nature is an outcome of basic research.
Unlike applied research it is not concerned with solving any practical problems of immediate interest.
Rather it opens new frontiers of the knowledge kingdom. Discovering properties of materials, new planet
in outer space, studying the structure of various living things etc. are the area of basic research. Through
basic research particular discipline of knowledge advances. The Higgs boson, or God particle, is believed
to be the particle which gives mass to matter. The standard model of particle physics is a system that
attempts to describe the forces, components, and reactions of the basic particles that make up matter. So
tremendous advancement in physics has been achieved through basic research. Basic research is the
basis of applied research.
3. Correlation research: Studying and investigating the relation among two or more variables using
statistical analysis. It may not determine cause and effects of the variables. Some hypothesis such as
Children having siblings are quick learner than without having sibling or Listening to music lowers blood
pressure levels are examples of correlation research. This types of research can be done in two ways,
either experimentally or through survey.
10 | P a g e
4. Descriptive research: A research study that neither point out any cause behind a phenomenon nor it
gives any conclusion. Its a time consuming research and require skills. Study of health situation of school
going children or study of maternity health condition are the examples of descriptive research. Readers
can know the facts and take his own precautions by reading this kind of research articles.
5. Ethnographic research: The investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the
culture; it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories
of cultural behavior. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society
from the point of view of the subject of the study. An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and
in writing the culture of a group. Ethnography is suitable if the needs are to describe how a cultural group
works and to explore their beliefs, language, behaviors and also issues faced by the group, such as power,
resistance and dominance.
6. Experimental research: It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled
testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine
their effect on a dependent variable. The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to
research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any
change in other variables. Experimental Research is often used where:
There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect)
There is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same effect)
The magnitude of the correlation is great.
7. Exploratory research: Exploratory research is defined as the initial research into a hypothetical or
theoretical idea. This is where a researcher has an idea or has observed something and seeks to
understand more about it. An exploratory research project is an attempt to lay the groundwork that will
lead to future studies, or to determine if what is being observed might be explained by a currently existing
theory. In explorative research the problem is not clearly defined. The result of the research is not often
generalized.
8. Grounded theory research: It is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the
construction of theory through the analysis of data. A study using grounded theory is likely to begin with a
question, or even just with the collection of qualitative data. As researchers review the data collected,
repeated ideas, concepts or elements become apparent, and are tagged with codes, which have been
extracted from the data. As more data are collected, and as data are re-reviewed, codes can be grouped
into concepts, and then into categories. These categories may become the basis for new theory. Thus,
grounded theory is quite different from the traditional model of research, where the researcher chooses
an existing theoretical framework, and only then collects data to show how the theory does or does not
apply to the phenomenon under study.
9. Historical research: It involves investigating the remote and recent past evidences. With the historical
research researchers are able to find the falling and rising of civilization, the cycle of economic turmoil etc.
Historical research is the process of systematically examining past events to give an account of what has
happened in the past. It is not a mere accumulation of facts and dates or even a description of past events.
10. Phenomenological research: The goal of qualitative phenomenological research is to describe a "lived
experience" of a phenomenon. As this is a qualitative analysis of narrative data, methods to analyze its
data must be quite different from more traditional or quantitative methods of research. Epistemologically,
phenomenological approaches are based in a paradigm of personal knowledge and subjectivity, and
emphasize the importance of personal perspective and interpretation.
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11. Qualitative research: Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or
helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. It is an interpretive naturalistic
approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings,
attempting to make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
12. Quantitative research: In natural sciences and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic
empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical or computational
techniques. The objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models,
theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena. The process of measurement is central to
quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and
mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical
form such as statistics, percentages, etc. The researcher analyzes the data with the help of statistics. The
researcher is hoping the numbers will yield an unbiased result that can be generalized to some larger
population.
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International Islamic University Chittagong

M.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering

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