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Principal characteristics
Exploration implications
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Ottawa, Canada
Tethys Belt
Eastern
Pacific
Belt
.
J.W. Hedenquist
Kochbulak
Epithermal
deposit types
(end-members!)
Arcs
andesite
Shallow
intrusion
source of
NaCl
Kupol
Rifts
bimodal
Basalt
source
of
H2S?
Porphyry systems
High-sulfidation Au-Ag-Cu
Lacustrine beds
Intermediate
sulfidation
Au-Ag
Base of lithocap
Porphyry
Cu-Au
Sillitoe, 2010
Economic Geology
J.W. Hedenquist
pH 0.0
Condensation of acid
magmatic volatiles, SO2, HCl
Photograph:
Pierre Delmelle
Volcan Pos,
Rica
Volcan Costa
Pos,
Costa Rica
J.W. Hedenquist
Chaquicocha
J.W. Hedenquist
Tony Longo
H2SO4, HCl
Lithocap formed by
hypogene condensate
4 SO2 + 4 H2O =>
3 H2SO4 + H2S HCl, SO2, CO2, H2S
hypogene alteration
H2O, NaCl,
SO2, HCl, CO2, H2S, ...
J.W. Hedenquist
CO2, H2S
steam-heated
alteration
J.W. Hedenquist
III
II
I
J.W. Hedenquist
Sl
Ya
RMt
Wa
Vi
To
Arcs
HS
IS
Rifts alkalic
LS
LS(a)
J.W. Hedenquist
Temperature-dependent
alteration mineralogy
Hedenquist et al. (1996) from Henley
and Ellis (1983), Reyes (1990)
musc
LS
IS, HS
>220-230 C)
J.W. Hedenquist
Sulfidation states
J.W. Hedenquist
10
Lithocap,
residual qtz
Lithologycontrolled
lithocap
Mineralization
(enargite + Au)
Structurecontrolled
Horizontal to sub-horizontal
leached horizon over intrusion
Residual silicic core (
subsequent ore), halo of
advanced argillic alteration
J.W. Hedenquist
11
Summitville, Colorado
J.W. Hedenquist
12
Summitville, Colorado
<2
pH
Al hydroxides
soluble
residual
qtz
aluminosilicates
(kandites)
qtzalun
pH ~
>6
residual
qtz (ore)
>2
qtz-alun
qtzalun
10 - 100s m
4-6
2 - 4 <2
Summitville,
Colorado:
Alteration zoning and
ore bodies within
dome; strong
structural control
after Gray and Coolbaugh, 1994
500 m
J.W. Hedenquist
>10 g/t
13
Quartz-alunite, Summitville
~110 C
High-temperature hypogene
vapors, 800 C with HCl, SO2
Steam-heated zone,
~100 C (CO2, H2S)
J.W. Hedenquist
14
20 km
Falda
Esperanza
La Coipa,
to NW
1 km
Puren
La Coipa
J.W. Hedenquist
15
Puren, Chile
H2S + 2 O2 = H2SO4
Steam-heated alunite-kaolinite
Puren Norte: 1.5 Moz
SiO2, Fe+++
chalcedony blanket
Chalcedony horizon at
paleowater table, below
steam-heated blanket
of alunite-kaolinite (now
eroded)
Kaolinite, alunite
J.W. Hedenquist
16
3) Supergene alunite,
Rodalquilar
Massive supergene
alunite,
Rodalquilar;
post-mineral
weathering
oxidation
Supergene alunite,
Riaza
J.W. Hedenquist
17
Rodalquilar,
Spain
Arribas et al., 1995
Drilling beneath
supergene alunite
blanket;
a mistake here....
Sonomi
volcano
1 km
J.W. Hedenquist
18
Tuff breccia
Nansatsu Group
J.W. Hedenquist
19
Iwato,
Arabira rebody:
Structural control
to alteration and
ore (in feeders)
30 m
Mulatos, Mexico:
Residual quartz is steep,
and must be sampled
J.W. Hedenquist
Sauzal, Mexico
20
Paleozoic-Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks
Co. Corona
Perol-Cocanes
Cerro
Yanacocha
16-21 Ma
Galeno
8-12 Ma
CretaceousTertiary
intrusive rocks
Tertiary volcanic
rocks
Kupfertal
Michiquillay
40 km
Yanacocha
Kupfertal
oblique aerial to NE
J.W. Hedenquist
21
Perol, Cocaez: 8 km
Kupfertal
5 km
Longo and
Teal, 2005
Maqui Maqui; 3
Cerro Yanacocha; 25
Norte, Oeste, Sur, Encajon
(Verde - sulfide)
Cerro Negro; 1
TapadoCorimayo; 4
La Quinua; 9
Kupfertal
porphyry:
KUP-3
J.W. Hedenquist
CarachugoCarachugoChaquicocha;10
6
Chaquicocha;
San Jose; 4
2 km
22
Yanacocha Norte
pH ~
>6
4-6
2-4
<2
220-ton
haul truck
J.W. Hedenquist
23
2010
1999
Yanacocha Norte
J.W. Hedenquist
24
El Indio 8 Moz
J.W. Hedenquist
25
El Indio: Chile
100 m
surface at 4100-4200 m
J.W. Hedenquist
26
Rodalquilar, Spain
340 Vein
J.W. Hedenquist
27
Colloidal silica,
gels + gold
Boiling &
vapor loss
Oncang IS veins
Barren lithocap
J.W. Hedenquist
28
Buaki
porphyry
Victoria veins, 11 Mt
@ 7.3 g/t Au + AgCu-Pb-Zn
Guinaoang
porphyry, 500
Mt @ 0.4% Cu
& 0.4 g/t Au
1 km
Mankayan
district,
Luzon:
geologic
map
Mohong Hill
porphyry + HS
Chang et al., 2011
J.W. Hedenquist
29
Lepanto
FSE
lithocap
Surface projections of
Victoria-Teresa IS vein &
Lepanto HS enargite,
over Far Southeast
porphyry
Arribas et al. (1995);
Claveria (2001);
Hedenquist et al. (2001)
Alunite
1.40-1.45 Ma
Enargite-Au
Porphyry Cu
Hydro Bt
1.40-1.45 Ma
Ser ~1.35 Ma
X Horn
1.45 Ma
IS Au-Ag veins
X Bt
1.18 Ma
Teresa
veins
J.W. Hedenquist
Bt 2.2-1.8 Ma
Bulalacao ?
X Illite
porphyry
Wallrock, ~1.4 Ma
Vein, ~1.3-1.15 Ma
30
Targeting IS veins
Present surface above Victoria veins, to south
Victoria-Teresa veins
Surface alteration
(projection of veins)
Weak montmorillonite+pyrite;
illite-montmorillonite+pyrite at
lower elevation
J.W. Hedenquist
31
Mankayan:
Linked porphyry
and epithermal
deposits (1.4 to
1.2 Ma), both
lithocap-hosted
high- sulfidation
deposit, and
intermediatesulfidation veins
Lepanto
FSE porphyry
Victoria veins
Lepanto
500 m
FSE
J.W. Hedenquist
32
Y. Watanabe (2004)
Gold provinces
in Kyushu
Kushikino IS
veins 2 km west
J.W. Hedenquist
33
55 t Au production
100200 m
500 m
0m
J.W. Hedenquist
34
Arcata, Per:
IS Ag vein: qtzrhodochrosite
Dietrich et
al., 2007
1 km
Barren
14.714.1 Ma
13.7 Ma
13.5 Ma
J.W. Hedenquist
35
Porphyry systems
enargite, Au (HS)
Quartz-alunite
IS veins
Base of lithocap
Sillitoe, 2010
Porphyry
Cu (Au)
Miocene volcanic
arc, Peru:
Intermediate: Lower T
magmatic, <10 wt% NaCl
White mica (up to
pyrophyllite) (350oC)
Straight qtz veins, halo
Metals (shallow HS ore,
marginal IS veins)
1996 (1998)
1997, 2000
(2002, 2004)
ARUNTANI
discovery (production)
2008: CHUCAPACA
J.W. Hedenquist
36
J.W. Hedenquist
37
Lago
Titicaca
Chucapaca
Aruntani
J.W. Hedenquist
38
1.3 km
350 m
100E
300W
g/t Au
700W
Looking North
IS
Think
J.W. Hedenquist
39
Erosion level?
Beware generalizations
Observations:
Lithology: effect on permeability
Structure: relation to lithology; feeders, veins
Alteration mineralogy, and zonation
Paleosurface, erosion level: topography, paleohydrology
J.W. Hedenquist
40