13.

Antidierentiation: The Indefinite Integral

Tony U
University of Macau

Outline

1 The General Antidierentiation of a Function

2 Basic Integration Formulas

3 Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

The General Antidierentiation of a Function

The General Antidierentiation of a Function

Antiderivative or indefinite integral: A function F (x) for which

F (x) = f (x) for every x in the domain of f .
The dierence between two antiderivatives of a given function
is a constant. e.g. F (x) and G (x) are the antiderivative of
f (x) then F (x) G (x) = C .
Antidierentiation: The process of finding the antiderivative
of a given function.

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The General Antidierentiation of a Function

!
Integral Notation: f (x)dx is used to denote the most
general antiderivative of f . Since any function f has an
infinite number of antiderivatives and all of them dier only
by a constant, if F is any antiderivative of f , then
"
f (x)dx = F (x) + C ,
where C is a constant.
f (x): integrand.
!

: integral sign.

dx: indicates that x is the variable with respect to which the

integration is to be performed.
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Basic Integration Formulas

Basic Integration Formulas

For any constant k,
Indefinite integral of a constant:
"
kdx = kx + C .
The power rule for integrals:
"
x n+1
+ C,
x n dx =
n+1

n = 1.

The constant multiple rule for integrals:

"
"
kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx.
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Basic Integration Formulas

The sum (or dierence) rule for integrals:

"
"
"
[f (x) g (x)]dx = f (x)dx g (x)dx.
Indefinite integrals of exponential functions:
"
1
e kx dx = e kx + C , k = 0.
k
Indefinite integrals of logarithmic functions:
"
1
dx = ln |x| + C .
x

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Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals

1.

2dx

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Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals

1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,

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2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals

1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,

2.

xdx

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2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

Examples: Find the following indefinite integrals

1.

2dx

Sol.: By using indefinite integral of a constant,

2.

xdx

Sol.: By using The power rule for integrals,

"
"

1
xdx =
x 2 dx
1

x 2 +1
+C
1
2 +1

2 3
x 2 + C.
3
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2dx = 2x + C .

Basic Integration Formulas

3.

1
dx
x2

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Basic Integration Formulas

3.

1
dx
x2

Sol.: By using The power rule for integrals,

"
"
1
dx
=
x 2 dx
x2
x 2+1
+C
2 + 1

1
= + C.
x

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Basic Integration Formulas

4.

1
dx
6x 3

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Basic Integration Formulas

4.

1
dx
6x 3

Sol.: By using The power rule and constant multiple rule for
integrals,
"
"
1
1
dx =
x 3 dx
6x 3
6
1
x 3+1

+C
6 3 + 1
1
=
+ C.
12x 2
=

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Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

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Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

Sol.: By using constant rule, sum rule, and the power rule,
!

6.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

x3
+ x2 + C.
3

x 3 1
dx
x2

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x 2 dx + 2

xdx

Basic Integration Formulas

5.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

Sol.: By using constant rule, sum rule, and the power rule,
!

6.

(x 2 + 2x)dx

x3
+ x2 + C.
3

x 2 dx + 2

xdx

x 3 1
dx
x2

Sol.: By using dierence rule and power rule,

!

x3 1
dx
x2

(x x 2 )dx

1
x2
+ + C.
2
x
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xdx

x 2 dx

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

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Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential

functions,
!

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

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5 6x
e5 +C
6

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential

functions,
!

8.

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

5
x dx

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5 6x
e5 +C
6

Basic Integration Formulas

7.

4e 5 x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of exponential

functions,
!

8.

4e 5 x dx

e 5 x dx

10 6 x
e 5 + C.
3

5 6x
e5 +C
6

5
x dx

Sol.: By using constant rule and indefinite integral of logarithmic

functions,
!

5
dx
x

1
dx
x

5 ln |x| + C .

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Basic Integration Formulas

9.

"

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2e x

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Basic Integration Formulas

9.

"

Sol.:
"

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2e x

e x 2x 2 xe x
dx
x 2ex

"

"
"
1
1
x
=
dx 2 e dx
dx
x2
x
1
= + 2e x ln |x| + C .
x

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 10.

A companys marginal cost function is 0.015x 2 2x + 80 (dollars

per unit), where x denotes the number of units produced in one
day. The company has fixed costs of $1000 per day.
a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.

Sol.: Since the marginal cost function is the first derivative of cost
function C (x),
C (x)

0.015

0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + K ,

(0.015x 2 2x + 80)dx
!

x 2 dx 2

xdx +

80dx

the fixed cost is $1,000 per day, so C (0) = K = 1000. The cost
function is 0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + 1000.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

a. Find the cost of producing x units per day.

Sol.: Since the marginal cost function is the first derivative of cost
function C (x),
C (x)

0.015

0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + K ,

(0.015x 2 2x + 80)dx
!

x 2 dx 2

xdx +

80dx

the fixed cost is $1,000 per day, so C (0) = K = 1000. The cost
function is 0.005x 3 x 2 + 80x + 1000.
b. Find the cost of producing 60 units per day.
C (60) = 0.005(60)3 (60)2 + 80(60) + 1000 = $3, 280.
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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 11.
It is estimated that t months from now, the population of a certain
2
town will be changing at the rate of 4 + 5t 3 people per month. If
the current population is 10,000, what will the population be 8
months from now?

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 11.
It is estimated that t months from now, the population of a certain
2
town will be changing at the rate of 4 + 5t 3 people per month. If
the current population is 10,000, what will the population be 8
months from now?
Sol.: The population function P(t) is the indefinite integral of
2
4 + 5t 3 with initial value 10, 000,
P(t)

4t + 3t 3 + C ,

(4 + 5t 3 )dx
5

with P(0) = C = 10, 000. The population function is

5
P(t) = 4t + 3t 3 + 10, 000, then P(8) = 10, 128 people.
Ans: The population is 10,128 people after 8 months.
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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 12.
Find the function f (x) whose tangent has slope 3x 2 + 1 for each
value of x and whose graph passes through the point (2,6).

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Practical Applications: Integration with Initial Conditions

Example 12.
Find the function f (x) whose tangent has slope 3x 2 + 1 for each
value of x and whose graph passes through the point (2,6).
Sol.: The tangent function is the first derivative of function f (x),
"
f (x) =
(3x 2 + 1)dx
= x3 + x + C ,
solve C with initial condition 6 = f (2) = 23 + 2 + C , C = 4.
Ans: The function f (x) = x 3 + x 4.
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