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a1
a2
t1
2Tdt = 0
t2
t1
Ldt = 0
t2
L = p k q&k H = 2T H
d L
L
= 0k = 1n
dt q&k q k
H
H
P&k =
q&k =
k = 1n
q k
p k
H
& = H k = 1n
P&k =
Q
K
Q k
Pk
H = H ( Q k P k )
p k dq k Pk dQ k = S
S
S
pk =
Pk =
k = 1n
q k
Q k
( u i v j ) qp
u v
u v
)
p k q k
k p k
( q
S
S
Pk =
Wk =
q k
J k
qpWJ qpW
H
&k = H &
W
Jk =
J k
Wk
J k f k J
Wk = v k t + k
v k =
H
=
J k
dS =
S
q dq k = p k qJdq k
k
S qJ =
qk
p k qJdq k
p k S qJ ) Wk =
J k
2 2 mZ 2 e 4
E=
(J + J + J ) 2
GmM
GmM
F=
( r R) = m r v v =
3
r R
r R
cos + v / c
cos =
v
1 + ( ) cos
c
c
1
u = (1 2 ) v
n
n
1 ( v / c) 2
1771
r
2 V = 01777 2 V = 4 1831
1
I I [( ds1 r ) ds2 + (ds 2 r ) ds1 ( ds1ds 2 ) r ]
r3 1 2
1
= 3 I 1I 2 [( ds1 r ) ds2 + ds1 (ds 2 r ) ]
r
1
B = I 1 3 ds1 r
s1 r
F=
F = I 2 ds 2 B
D
curlH = j +
j = v
t
B
curlE =
t
A
B = curlAE = grad
( mksa )
t
divA +
=0
t
2
2
A = j = = 2
1
v=
1
0 0 = 2 c
c
c /
d
( v) = ( E + v B)
dt
1
Q=
(&
p&) 2
6 0 c 3
e2
=
(&
z&) 2
6 0c 3
2e 2
= 3 (&
z&) 3
3c
( ea ) 2 4
< Q >=
3c 3
A
B = curlAE = grad
t
1
A = A + grad =
c t
1 2
= = 2 2 2
c t
1
divA + 2
=0
c t
1
x =
( x vt ),
2
1
1
y = yz = zct =
( ct x) = v / c
1 2
i
x y z ( x, y, z , ict )
c
i
x y z
c
i
x y z spv x pv y pv z ic
c
A A
0
F v =
= F G
X X
0 f
D
= divD =
t
B
curlE +
=0
t
+ divv = 0
t
curlH
A = 0 =
1
0
G
x
F
x
= s
F
=0
x
=0
tB =
1
(t A + t' A )
2
v
( = )
c
L = L 0 1 2 L0
t =
1 2
1
1+
=
0
0 0
1+
1
cos =
cos ' +v / c
1 + ( v / c) cos '
u' y +v
u' x + v
u y =
1 + u ' x / c
1 + u' x / c
u' z + v
uz =
1 + u' x / c
ux =
c
v
c
1
n
u=
= (1 2 ) v
1 ( v / cn) n
n
1
1
dt =
dzdV = dV0 =
0 = ( v / c ) 2
u(
v
vx
v
ic
y z )
du
d
= F = 1 2 3 4
du
1
f dV
d
m d
m d
( Fu) = 0
( uu) = 0
( c 2 ) = 0
2 d
2 d
m0
= F F =
1
( kv) + F4 u 4 = 0
2
d
m0 c 2
(
) = ( kv )
d 1 2
1
T = m 0c 2 (
1) = ( m m 0 ) c 2
2
1
m0
m =
1 2
d
m 0
u = F
d
v = R 1 ( R / c) 2
2 R
=
2
R
R 1 ( R / c) 2
p =
1 ( ah / c 2 )
0
1 + ( ah / c 2 )
ds 2 = g x dx
1
R g R = kT
2
1
R g R = kT
2
3+1
2
1
V = 4
R g R = kT
2
kM
V=
r
1
R g R g = kT
2
2M 2
(dr )
ds 2 = (1
r )( cdt ) 2
+ r 2 d 2 + ( r sin d) 2
r
3
1 2 M r 2
r
3
(
dr
)
ds 2 = (1
r 2 )( cdt ) 2
+ r 2 d 2 + ( r sin d) 2
3
1 2 M r 2
r
3
x ' a 11 a 12 a 13 x
y ' = a 21 a 22 a 23 y
z ' a a
31 32 a 33 z
ik
a jk = ij
1
1
x' =
( x vt ) t ' =
(t
x)
2
2
c
1
1
1
(t A + t' A )
2
tB =
ds 2 = dx 21 + dx 22 + dx 32 + dx 42 = dx'21 +dx '22 +dx' 23 +dx' 24
ds 2 = g dx dx
ds 2 = dx 2
ds 2 = g dx dx
g
=
g =
k
3 40
lm
g
G
=0
2 = 0
G
3
G
= kT
2 = 4 k
T
g
+ div( v ) = 0
t
d 2r
=
dt 2
T; = 0
T
du 4 k m
+ u' u = 0
ds lm
6
(
= 2 10
1964 02 +
1 x
A ' = A + grad' =
c t
ie
' = exp( x)
hc
Q
dS =
T
Q
S
( n ) ( n1 n 2 n 3 )
s
=N
i =1
n
i
=E
i= s
Nn
N!
n
IIn i !
W( n) =
N! n1 + n2 + n 3
( )
IIni !
1
sn
sn
NK( n ) ( n i + ) ln i n i ln i
2
N
N
i
i
S s/2
W( n) = 2N (
) exp( NK ( n) )
2 N
sn
NK ( n) = (1 + ln i ) n i
N
i
sn
ln i + 1 + + i = 0
N
n i = Ae i A
1
= m ( x&2 + y&2 + z&2 )
2
W(n ) n i = Ae i
3
3
fd rd v = 1
s =
ni
sn
i d 3 rd 3 v d 3 rd 3 vfd 3 rd 3 v
N
N
1
sn
K( n) = n i ln i
N i
N
f ln( f)d
rd 3 v
dH
dH
0
= 0H
dt
dt
pk =
H
H
q&k =
k = 1 3N
q k
p k
1 t +T
f = lim f ( p k q k ) dt
T T t
Pk q k f
pqt
= 0
t
+ H = 0
t
f =< f >
d = 1
ln = lnpd
2 ln d > 0
E 0 EE 0 + E
0 =
0
< f >= fpq 0 d
< E >= Ed
Ae E
1
< /PARA/ > EE = mv 2x + v 2y + v 2z
2
1
kT1845
2
1
kT
2
W = II
G j G j G j N j 1
N j!
N = N =
N = E =
j
j
Gj
= 1
+ j
e
N j = G j e j = 0
Gj
+ j
= 1
e
+1
1
kT
2
x
hv
kTx =
kT
e 1
kT
8 2 d
kT
c3
8 2 d
a
d =
1
3
c
exp( b / T)
d =
8 2 d x
h
d =
x =
3
x
kT
c
e 1
h h
1917 p =
=
c
E = hp =
x 2e x
h
C v = 3R x
x =
2
( e 1)
kT
p dq
i
= n i hn i = 1 2 3i = r
h = E M E N
h
E = hp =
B ds
= 0u = c / nn
A u
t2
1
2Tdt = 0
( T = mv 2 )
t1
2
u
= 2Tdt = pds
B ds
B
pds = 0
A
A
1
p
c
nxyzu =
n
p
expikr - wtk
iE
iw
r,ict
c
h| k|=
h
E
=
p
h
h
=
p
h
= 1927 GP
p
( S) 2 n 2 ( r ) = 0
(2 + k 2 ) = 0
1
( S) 2 ( E V) = 0
2
h2 2
+ ( E V) = 0
2m
*
Qdxdz =<Q >
h
E = hp =
xp x h
q 0mn exp( 2 i mn t )
q 0mn = q 0mn*
( xx) mn = x mj x jn
j
1
E n = ( n + ) h
2
= pdq
pq qp =
h
I
2i
H &
H
q&=
P =
P
q
h
h
h
pz
i x
i y
i z
h
pq qp = E
i
h
x x
=
x
x
j
Fmn *m F n dq
( F + G ) mn = Fmn + G mn
( FG ) mn = Fmi G in
i
h
E = hp =
h
pq qp =
I
2i
h
xp x
4
< aq
k
pq qp =
h
2i
QaQa < aq k > 2 dq k
k
h
xp x
2
a , t >= Ha , t >
2i t
h
= H
2it t
h
E = hp =
h
qp =
2i q
h
pq qp =
2i
h
E = hp =
1927
h
p q =
1927
4
(q ,
h
1926 3
2i q
h
p
2i q
h
pp
2i q
h
h
p
k =
2
h2 2
h
(
+ V) =
2m
i t
h
e
(
A ) imc = 0
(1)
i x
c
h
(
imc) 0 = 0
( 2)
i x
ie
= 0 exp( A dx )
(3)
hc
ie
A dx x (2 ) x
(1) x ( 1)
hc
x
(2)
A' = A + ' =
t
h
e
= (
A' ) = imc '
i x
c
( 3)
ie
)
hc
x
(2) x (1) x ( 2 ) x (1)
' = exp(
dx 4 = 0 A dx (Adx )Adx
Ads Ads (Adx) = Hd 0
c1
c2
i
A
c
A A
F =
x x
5
1
2
3
4
1
A1 A2 A 3 A4
1
R g R = kT
2
dx
T = mu u u =
d
p k dq k = n k h
pq qp =
h
I
2i
h
E = hp =
1 2
h
2 2 2 c =
mc
c t
2
e
=
hc
1
Z
= 137
h
+ im 0 c = 0
2i x
dd + ud dd
A' = A +
x
ie
' = exp( )
hc
np + + e + v
1
Q = I 3 + Y I 3 I z
2
+
0
puudnudd ud uud d
du
h
Et tE =
2i
17
17
1846
1930
17
19
19
19
19
1825
1831
19
H 1884
19
-
1881 1887
1842
19
90 1896
19
90
19 90
19 90
-
1851
1902
1903
1729
1871
1916
1923
19 90 1960 -
1900
1905
1924
1902-1903
1905
1905
1905
1907
1911
1885
-
1914
-
1921
H
1920
-
1947
20 10
1913
J.J.
1914
1913
1913
1946
20 10
1905
1914
B-C-S 1957
1890
1961
1919
19
1960
1930
J. 20
60
1915-1916
20 60
1954
1960
20
1915-1916
1967
1907
1915-1916
1915-1916
1915-1916
1917
1922 1923
1925
20 20
- 1927
G.P. 1928
1925
1925
1924
1926
1926
1927
1927
20 20
-40
1927
1928
20
1932
20 30 -
1931
20 30
1932
1959
- -
20
30
1946
1947
1928
1930
1928
1930
1931
-
20
30 40
1935
100
20 40 50
20 30
1938
20 40
1937
1939
1939
40 50
50
50
1941 1944
40
40
1947
g 1947
50
50
K 50
1956
1956
-
-e 1956
PC T
1964
1962
1957
50
R.G.
1960
3K
1964 1965
50
1964
Y. D.
1959
60
J/ 1974
W Z0
1983 1984
SU 3 60
SU 3 60
1964
-
1964
1954
SU 2 U 1
1967
1 H
curlE =
(1)
c t
4
1 E
curlH =
v +
( 3)
c
c t
1 E
c t
E
d i v ( ) +
( 5)
t
1 A
E=
grad
( 7)
c t
1 A
E+
= grad
(a )
c t
4
A =
(a )
c
2
2
2
1 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 2 2
x
y
z
c t
1
divA +
=0
c t
1
f = E + H
(f )
c
x' = a x x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 = x, y, z , ict
(8)
1
0
a =
0
i
v
= =
c
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
i
0
0
1
1
1 2
1
= 0
1 2
4
I
c
A
= 0 = 1 2 3 4 (e)
x
A =
A A
F =
= F
x
x
Hz
0
H
0
= z
Hx
H y
iE x
iE y
( 9)
Hy
Hx
0
iE z
iE x
iE y
iE z
0
F
F F
+
+
(a + b)
x x x
F 4
=
I
( b + c)
x
c
F
= 1 2 3 4
x
1
f = F I = 1 2 3 4
c
F
1
=
F
4
x
(f + 10 )
1
1
2
T =
( F F + F
4
4
Txx =
1
( E 2x E 2y E 2z + H 2x H 2y H 2z )
8
1
Txy =
(E x E y + H x H y )
4
i
i
Tx 4 =
( E H) x = S x
4
c
1
T44 =
(E 2 + H 2 ) u
8
T
f =
( f + 10)'
c
f 4 = 0
i
T4
u
= divS +
=0
x
t
1
v
dt = rdr =
=
c
1 2
dx 4 icdt
=
= ir
ds
ds
u =
dx
ds
c
f(f 1f 2 f 3 = f 4 =
i
R 0 c 2 u u
T R + S
S
= f
x
R
x
= c2 u
( 0 u ) + 0c 2 u
x
x
3
x j x 4
R
x
( 0 u ) =
( 0
)+
( 0 4 )
x
x 4 s
x 4
s
j= 1 x j
1
= div( v ) +
c
t
T
= 0
x
T
x
=0
0 c2 u
u
x
f = 0
du
= f = 1 2 34
ds
1
d 3 x 0 =
d 3 x 0 V0 = m 0
2
1
1
V0 =
V
1 2
du
m0c 2
= r f d 3 x F
ds
0 c2
dx 1
dx
dx
dx
2 3 4
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
= r
d
du s
1 d dx dt
1 dV
= 2
(
= 2
)
ds
c d dt d c d
d
( m 0 V ) = F
d
r 2 ( fv ) +
d
( m 0 icr ) icr = 0
d
d
m0 c
= ( fv)
dt 1 2
m0 c 2
fm 0
1 2
m0 c 2
T
1 2
1
T = m 0c 2
1 ( m m 0 )c 2
2
1
1
R g R = kT
(1)
2
ds 2 = g 11dr 2 + g 22 d 2 + g 33d 2 + g 44 dt 2
(2 )
g 11 = e g 44 = e
g 22 = r 2 g 33 = r 2 sin2
g = 0
(3)
g
g g
+
)
{} = 12 g ( x
x
x
R =
} {} + {}{} {}{} (5)
{
T
T; = 0
( 6)
T = 0
( 7)
dT11
2 1 d 1 1 2
1 d 4
+( +
) T1 (T2 + T33 )
T =0
dr
r 2 dr
r
2 dr 4
dT22
+ cot ( T22 T33 ) = 0
( 8)
d
dT33 T44
=
=0
d
dt
R = 0
(9 )
1
R ii g ii R = kTii = kg iiTii i = 1 2 3 4
(10)
2
2
1
1 d d 1 d 2
1 d
R = e
+ (
) +
2
2
4 dr dr 4 dr
2 dr
1 d d
1
e (
) + 2 (1 e )
r
dr
dr
r
1 d e 1
+
= + ke T11
2
r dr
r
2
1 d
1 d 1 d d
e
+(
+ )(
) = kT22
2
4 dr 2 r dr
dr
2 dr
1 d 2
1 d 1 d d
e
+(
+ )(
) = kT33
2
4 dr
2 r dr
dr
2 dr
1 d e 1
4
e
+
= ke T4
2
r
r dr
(11)
(12 a)
(12b )
(12c)
(12 d)
T22 = T33
d 1
( e 1) = ke rT11
(14)
dr
r
d 1
+ ( e ) = ke rT44
(15)
dr
r
d 2 1 d 1 d d
+(
+ )(
) = 2 ke T22
dr 2
2 dr
r dr
dr
rr = q18
e = 1
2M
r
(19 )
lim e = lim e = 1
r
1
2M
g 44 = e = 1
( 20)
2M
r
1
r
g 11 = e =
1
2M 2
ds 2 =
dr 2 r 2 d 2 r 2 sin 2 d 2 + (1
) dt
( 21)
2M
r
1
r
1
2M 2
dr 2 + (1
) dt = 0
2M
r
1
r
r rs
t = r r 0 + rs ln
( 23)
r0 rs
k
e = T44 ( r ) r 2 dr
( 24)
r 0
+ = k (T44 T11 ) re dr
0
(25)
T11T44 r 24 17
k
1 T44 ( r ) r 2 dr = 0
rB 0
aX
aT
(1 + 2 ) 2 = 1 + ( ) 2
c
c
aX
aX
aT
(1 + 2 ) 2 = (1 + 2 ) 2 + ( ) 2
c
c
c
2at
aX aT
aX aT
= ln(1 + 2 + ) ln(1 + 2 )
c
c
c
c
c
ax
ds 2 = dX2 + c 2 dT 2 = dx 2 + c 2 (1 + 2 ) 2 dt 2
c
Ts '
v
1 ( 0 )2
Ts
c
4c
v
Ts ' =
tanh 1 ( 0 ) + 2 2
a
c
Ts '
1
Ts
Ts '
c
v
1 ( 0 )2
Ts v 0
c
Ts '
v
v
c
1 v
=
1 ( 0 ) 2 tanh 1 ( 0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 2
Ts
v0
c
c
12 c
v
( 0 ) 2 << 1
c
f
+ frt =
t
t
f
c = dw 2 fr ' t fr 2 ' t
t
frt fr 2 t
f (rvtd = nrt
f
c fr vt frv 2 t
t
Ht = fr tInfr tdrdv
dH
< 0
dt
n
+ div( nu) = 0
t
Pxj
+ uu x +
= 0 = mnr t
t
r j
3
n
nk
+ uT + divJ + Pij D ij = 0
2
t
ij
2 D xy =
u x u y
+
D ij = divu
y
x
nr t = fd
ur t = fd
p xy rt = mU x U y fd
m
2 f rt dv
3nk
1
J rt = mU 2 U x f r td
2
Urt = urt
Trt =
f
c
t
m 2 kT 21
=
(
)
2 0 m
15k
k=
4m
f
c
t
f
c
t
Wk ( t) = 1 Wi ( t + t) = 1
k
A
k
jk
= 1 A ik = 1
k
Wi tt A ik Wk ( t ) = a ik Wk ( t ) t
k
Wi tt Wi ( t ) A ik Wk ( t ) ( A ik )A i ( t )
k
dWi ( t )
= ( a ik Wk a ki Wi )
dt
k
(a ik Wk a kiWi ) = 0
k
y /x
ln z dz = y (ln y ln x ) + x y0
Wi ( t + t ) ln Wi ( t + t ) Wi ( t ) ln Wi ( t )
i
Wk ( t ) = A ki1 ( t + t ) ln Wi ( t + t )
i
Wi ( t ) ln Wi ( t ) Wi ( t + t ) ln Wi ( t + t )
i
Wi ( t ) ln Wi ( t ) = Wi ( t + t ) ln Wi ( t + t )
i
A 1
ki
0A 1
ki 1
A 1A = 1 A ki1A ij = kj
i
1
ki
A A ki1
1961Wi ( t t) = A ik Wk (t)
FN
F H N FN H N
+ ( N
)=0
t
ri p i
p i ri
i
xr0 rt 0 tvu 0 =
1
kT 2
( ) u
m
r
t
u
r
x = = v =
t 0 = 0
r0
t0
u0
u
r03 N
( ) FN ( dxdv) N = 1
V 3
r
Fs ( 0 ) N S FN ( dxdv ) N S S = 1,2, , N 1
V
r03 N
F1 ( x 1V) = ( ) F2 ( x1 , x 2 , V1 , V2 , ) dx 2 dV2
V
S = iWij ( v i v j ) 1 = 0
1< i < j
Vi v i
FN
+ ( Vi i 0 N ) FN = 0
kT
i
FS
N s 0
+ ( Vi i 0 S ) FS =
( nr 03 ) L s Fs + 1
kT
N kT
i
n =
Ls = dx jdv j (Wij
i =1
j = s + 1
Vi
N 1
1
N
kT
x 1
V1
F2 ( x 1V1 x 2 V2 )
F1
L
L
t 0 = 0 t 1 =
t 2 =
u0
u0
us u0
1
= 2 10-4 cmLu s
nr0
r
t
nr03 = 0 = 0 10 4
t1
1n
kT
B dQ
S B SA =
A T
dQ
AIR C
u
Fx = - x
z
( + u) u x = X
+ 2 u x
t
x
T
J x = k
k
t
T
2
C v
= k T
t
= Dn D
n
= D 2 nn
t
j = V
2
= V V
t
J = n
J = -kT + n
N = T
N = -Dn + T
+ divJ = 0
t
s
T + divJ = 0
t
s
J
1
+ div = 2 J T
t
T
T
J
/
T
J
S =
T
J = kT
s
k
+ divS = 2 (T) 2
t
T
1
T
(J X ) 0X =
T
T
J = KTk
T
J i = k ij
i j = xyz
x j
j
1
T
1
T T
= 2 J i
= 2 k ij
T i
x i T i, j
x i x j
0 k ij x i x j
J = kT + n
NT Dn
1
1
J( )X = L X X
T
T ,
L X X
,
L
L 0 L
L
L 0
1
S = Sija i a j 0
2 ij
S ija i a j
ij
( S)
= S ij a j
a i
j
da i
Ji =
= ai
dt
Xi =
d
S = Sija&i a j =
dt
i, j
J X
i
a&i
a (t + ) a i (t )
i
J i = L ik X k
k
i t + i t = Lij X j ( t )
j
1
J j = a j ( t + ) a j ( t ) = L jm X m ( t )
1
a i tJ jt = a i t a j t + a jt
L jm a i t X m t
= k L jm im
m
1
a jt J i t = a j t a j t + a i t
+ divJ + I = 0
t
J = kT ( + 0 )
e
E = I T ( 0 )
E = 0 = / NN
S
= divJ + EI 0 divI
t
e
D
1
T
1
T
+ divS = J
+ I E + T 0
t
T
T
T
eT
1
S J + 0 I
T
e
1
T
T
X2 = E + T ( 0 ) = + T 0
eT
eT
0
0
L11 = kT + +
T +
e
e
L21 = T + 0
e
0
L12 = +
L22 = 0
e
s
1
1 2
2
+ divS = 2 k (T) + ( T)( IT) + TI
t
T
X1 =
1
= L ij X i X j
T i
1
1
= 2 k( T) 2 + TI 2 > 0
T
T = 0 TI T
J i = a ij x j
j
d
( ) 2 ( ) 2 =
= 1 / kT
(1)
d
( ) 2 = 2
( 2)
= n 0
( ) 2 = 20 ( ) 2
( n ) 2 = n
( 3)
dn
0
= ( n 2 + n ) 20
d
n=
1
+ 0
e
1
aT 0 = n 0 = nh
n= 0
2 int
1
q n = a n ib n q n = q *n nq n
2
q&qq&q 2 2 3
2 i t
( qq ) mn = q mk e 2imn t q kn e kn = q mk q kn e 2 i( mk + kn ) t
k
= ( q mk q kn ) e 2 i mn t
k
( q&) mn = 2i mn q mn e 2imn t
J = pdq =
1
v
pqdt
&
J=
1
v
0
p e
2 int
1
v
0
2 imq
e 2 imt dt
= 2 i p n q n k ( k n) e 2 ikt dt = 2 i p q
n, k
1=
= 2 i ( p q )
J
J
J
A( q q )
F F
=
q q
J
h
J
h
F
( p q )
( p n , n q n , n )
h
h
1
=
( p n, n q n ,n q n, n+ p n + , n )
h
J
1
J
2 i
1=
(p n,n q n ,n q n ,n + p n+ ,n )
h
h
( pq pq ) nn =
2 i
h
pq pq =
EE
2 i
h
pq pq =
E
2 i
h F
h F
Fq qF =
Fp pF =
2 i p
2i q
( Hq qH) mn ( H mn H mn )( q) mn = h mn ( q) mn
2 i t
q&mn = 2 i mn q mn e mn = 2i mn ( q) mn
H 2 i
q&=
=
Hq qH
p
h
H 2 i
p=
=
Hq qH
q
h
B ds
B ds
=
=0
A u
A
2 Tdt =
h
=
p
S
S
Hqp =
t =
q
t
S
p i
p i
Hqp =
S
t = E
q
1 2
u 2 t 2
h
E = hp =
E
u = v =
p
2 =
u=
E
2 m( E V)
h2
(
2 + V ) = E
2
8 m
2
h
h
(
2 + V) =
2
8 m
2 i t
h
p
2 i q
2
h
H J (
) (
)
q n
2 i q n
1
2 = 2 2
u t
CS nj 2
=
*
v n v jd Cc jv j c j C
dN N
=
dt
t
N1 N 2 E 1 E 2 nE = E 2 E 1
nN 1
N 2 = N1e = 1 / kT
AN 2 2 1b 21N 2 n 2 1
b12 N 1n1 2
AN 2 + b 21 N 2 n = b 12 N 1n
N 2 = N 1e
ne 1 1
N 2 = nN 2 = nN 1
dN 2
= AN 2
dt
un =
nj
v j S nj 2 = 1
j
h
pqpqqp =
2 i
A A +
x
ie
exp( )
hc
A A +
x
exp(
ie
)
hc
ie
exP( )
hc
ie
exp( ) U1
hc
ie
( ) e
hc
1
I 3 =
2
u 1 ' = a b u 1
u 2 ' c d u 2
a b = a
c d b *
b
a *
a
aa * + bb * = 1 *
b
a *
u
SU2 R 3 1
u 2
u 1 ' = exp i( n) u1
u 2 '
2 u 2
0 1
o
x =
y =
1 0
i
u 1 ' =
u 2 '
i
1 0
z =
o
0 1
u1
1 0
0 1 i( n) 2 u 2
= 1 + x x uu1
2 x
2
SU 2I =
1
Q = I3 + Y
2
1
8 ( J = ) 10J
2
B=0
493
K+
K*
891
K0 498
K*0 891
+ 140
0 135
548
140
K 0 498
+ 769
0 769
769
769
K*0 891
K 491
K* 891
958
D(8) D(1)
1019
D(8) D(1)
1
2
J =
I3
I3
1
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
2
0
B=1
3
S
J =
(1236)
(1236)
(1189)
(1236)
0 (1192)
(1236)
0
0
1
1
1
1
*+ (1382)
*0 (1382)
* (1382)
* (1530)
(939)
(1115) 0
(1197) 1
0 (1314) 1
D(8)
1
2
1
2
1
(938)
S
1
I3
3
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
Y
1
(1321)
2
1
(1530)
(1675)
D(10)
u dsud s
u c t
d s b
e
v e
2
u( )
3
2
c( )
3
1
d( )
3
2
t( )
3