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Tercer ao de Ingls
a) Futuro expresado con la forma verbal going to + infinitivo
Esta estructura se emplea:
1) para expresar intenciones, es decir, acciones que se ha decidido realizar en el
futuro:
A: What are you going to do at the weekend? Qu har el fin de semana?
B: Im going to visit some friends. Visitar a algunos amigos.
2) para predecir acontecimientos futuros basndose en una evidencia presente. (Estos
acontecimientos suelen estar situados en un futuro prximo.)
Look at those clouds. Its going to rain.
Mire esas nubes. Llover.
Formacin de la estructura going to + infinitivo
Esta estructura se construye con las formas del tiempo Present Continuous del verbo
go (Im going, Shes going, etc.) ms el infinitivo del verbo que corresponda precedido
de la partcula to (to visit, to answer, etc):
Affirmative
Full forms
I am going to visit some friends this afternoon. (Yo visitar a algunos amigos esta
tarde.)
You are going to paint the kitchen tomorrow.
He is going to watch TV at six oclock.
She is going to play tennis in ten minutes.
It is going to rain soon.
We are going to sleep in front of the television.
You are going to call again later.
They are going to go out this evening.
Cuando el verbo en infinitivo que sigue a la forma going to es el mismo verbo go, la
oracin puede parecer un poco confusa a causa de la repeticin. Este tipo de oraciones
se suelen abreviar de la siguiente manera:
En lugar de:
Were going to go to the cinema on Friday.
Se omite to go y se dice:
Were going to the cinema on Friday.

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Short forms
Im going to visit some friends this afternoon.
Youre going to paint the kitchen tomorrow.
Hes going to watch TV at six oclock.
Shes going to play tennis in ten minutes.
Its going to rain soon.
Were going to sleep in front of the television.
Youre going to call again later.
Theyre going to go out this evening.

Negative
Full forms
I am not going to visit some friends this afternoon. (Yo no visitar a algunos amigos
esta tarde.)
You are not going to paint the kitchen tomorrow.
He is not going to watch TV at six oclock.
She is not going to play tennis in ten minutes.
It is not going to rain soon.
We are not going to sleep in front of the television.
You are not going to call again later.
They are not going to go out this evening.
Short forms
Im going to visit some friends this afternoon.
You arent going to paint the kitchen tomorrow.
He isnt going to watch TV at six oclock.
She isnt going to play tennis in ten minutes.
It isnt going to rain soon.
We arent going to sleep in front of the television.
You arent going to call again later.
They arent going to go out this evening.
Interrogative and short answers
A: Am I going to visit some friends this afternoon?
B: Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
A: Are you going to paint the kitchen tomorrow?
B: Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
A: Is he going to watch TV at six oclock?
B: Yes, he is. / No, he isnt.
A: Is she going to play tennis in ten minutes?
B: Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.

A: Is it going to rain soon?

B: Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.
A+B: Are we going to sleep in front of the television?
C: Yes, you are. / No, you arent.
A: Are you going to call again later?
B+C: Yes, we are. / No, we arent.
A: Are they going to go out this evening?
B: Yes, they are, / No they arent.

Expresiones del futuro

tomorrow: maana
tomorrow morning: maana por la maana
tomorrow afternoon: maana por la tarde
tomorrow evening: maana por la tarde, maana por la noche
tomorrow night: maana por la noche
next week: la prxima semana
next month: el prximo mes
next year: el prximo ao
this evening / tonight: esta tarde / esta noche
this weekend / at the weekend (BrE) / on the weekend (AmE): este fin de semana
soon: pronto
later: ms tarde
in 10 minutes: dentro de 10 minutos
before dinner: antes de la cena
after dinner: despus de la cena
for 10 minutes: durante 10 minutos
for another ten minutes: durante otros 10 minutos
till / until: hasta
b) Futuro expresado con will
La estructura que estudiars en este apartado recibe a veces el nombre de Future
Simple. En esta estructura, el auxiliar will ( pronnciese /wil/) se utiliza para todas las
personas sin variacin, y va seguido del infinitivo del verbo correspondiente.

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Affirmative
Full forms
I will be here tomorrow. (Yo estar aqu maana.)
You will arrive.
He will call back later.
She will take those shoes.
It will rain everywhere.
We will be 21 next month.
You will never know.
They will see you tomorrow afternoon.
Short forms
En el habla informal cotidiana, el auxiliar will se contrae en ll.
Ill be here tomorrow. (Yo estar aqu maana.)
Youll arrive.
Hell call back later.
Shell take those shoes.
Itll rain everywhere.
Well be 21 next month.
Youll never know.
Theyll see you tomorrow afternoon.
Negative
Full forms
La forma negativa se obtiene colocando la partcula not despus de will: will not.
I will not be here tomorrow. (Yo no estar aqu maana.)
You will not arrive.
He will not call back later.
She will not take those shoes.
It will not rain everywhere.
We will not be 21 next month.
You will not ever know.
They will not see you tomorrow afternoon.
Short forms
La contraccin de will not es wont.
I wont be here tomorrow. (Yo no estar aqu maana.)
You wont arrive.
He wont call back later.
She wont take those shoes.
It wont rain everywhere.

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We wont be 21 next month.
You wont ever know.
They wont see you tomorrow afternoon.
Interrogative and short answers
A: Will I be here tomorrow? (Yo estar aqu maana?)
B: Yes, you will. / No, you wont.
A: Will you arrive?
B: Yes, I will. / No, I wont.
A: Will he call back later?
B: Yes, he will. / No, he wont.
A: Will she take those shoes?
B: Yes, she will. / No, she wont.
A: Will it rain everywhere?
B: Yes, it will. / No, it wont.
A+B: Will we be 21 next month?
C: Yes, we will. / No, we wont.
A: Will you ever know?
B+C: Yes, we will. / No, we wont.
A: Will they see you tomorrow afternoon?
B: Yes, they will. / No, they wont.
Uso del futuro expresado con will
Esta estructura se utiliza en los casos que se relacionan a continuacin:
1) Para expresar el futuro puro, es decir, para hacer referencia a hechos que tendrn
lugar en el futuro.
When will you be 21?
Ill be 21 in March.

Cundo tendr 21 aos?

Tendr 21 aos en marzo.

2) Para hacer predicciones

There will be rain everywhere.

Habr lluvia en todas partes.

3) Cuando se toma una decisin en el mismo momento en que se est hablando, es decir,
cuando no se hace referencia a algo que ha sido decidido previamente.
A: Do you like these shoes?
B: Yes, theyre fine. Ill take them.

Le gustan estos guantes?

S, estn bien. Los llevar.

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Exercises
1) going to (affirmative and negative)
Use the cues to write pairs of sentences with going to.
a) I (not study) medicine / languages.
Im not going to study medicine. Im going to study languages.
b) They (not see) a film / a play
__________________________________________________________________.
c) She (not help) in a hospital / in a school
___________________________________________________________________.
d) We (not see) Eva / Anna
___________________________________________________________________.
e) He (not work) with refugees / homeless children
____________________________________________________________________.
f) I (not teach) in Africa /India
_____________________________________________________________________.
2) Questions and answers with going to
Use the cues to write questions and answers with going to.
a) A: you / use the computer?
A: Are you going to use the computer?
B: Yes, I am.
b) A: you / buy the new Adele CD?
A: ________________________________________________________?
B: No, ___________________.
c) A: Laura / work in India?
A: _________________________________________________________?
B: Yes, __________________.
d) A: they / close the club in Newbridge Road?
A: __________________________________________________________?
B: No, ____________________.
e) A: Thomas and Linda / work in the garden today?
A: ___________________________________________________________?
B: No, ______________________.

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3) Complete the sentences with will, wont, (am /are / is) going to or , (am /are / is)
not going to.
a) I am going to study hard for the exams.
b) In the future, people ________________ do all their shopping on the Internet.
c) I think a lot of shops ____________________ disappear in the future.
d) My sister ___________________ start dancing classes next month.
e) Short trousers ________________________ in fashion next year.
f) I ________________________ tidy my room tonight.
g) There _______________________ be a woman president of the USA in the next ten
years.
h) I _________________________ do a lot of homework this weekend.
i) ___________________ shopping malls disappear?

c) El comparativo de los adjetivos

Si Richard mide 1, 80 m., decimos que Richard es alto.
Si comparamos a Richard con Thomas, que mide 1, 85 m., decimos que Thomas es ms
alto que Richard.
En ingls:
Richard is tall. (Richard es alto.)
Thomas is taller than Richard. (Thomas es ms alto que Richard.)
1) Adjetivos de una slaba
En la mayora de los adjetivos de una slaba, el comparativo se obtiene aadiendo la
terminacin er a la forma inicial (base form).
cold (fro)
new (nuevo)
slow (lento)
small (pequeo)

colder (ms fro)

newer (ms nuevo)
slower (ms lento)
smaller (ms pequeo)

Si el adjetivo de una slaba termina en una consonante precedida de una vocal, se

duplica la consonante final antes de aadir la terminacin er.
big (grande)
hot (caliente, caluroso)
fat (gordo)
thin (delgado-objeto)
slim (delgado-person)

bigger (ms grande)

hotter (ms caliente, ms caluroso)
fatter (ms gordo)
thinner (ms delgado)
slimmer (ms delgado)

En los adjetivos de una slaba terminados con la letra y precedida por una consonante,
se sustituye aquella por una i y se aade la terminacin er.
dry (seco)

drier (ms seco)

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En aquellos adjetivos de una slaba que terminan con la letra e, se aade simplemente
la letra r.
nice (lindo)
wide (ancho)

nicer (ms lindo)

wider (ms ancho)

2) Adjetivos de dos slabas

En los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan con la letra y, se sustituye esta por la
letra i y se aade la terminacin er.
early (anticipado)
sunny (soleado)
easy (fcil)

earlier (ms anticipado)

sunnier (ms soleado)
easier (ms fcil)

En los restantes casos se antepone la palabra more (ms) al adjetivo, que permanece
invariable.
careful (cuidadoso)
famous (famoso)
surprised (sorprendido)

more careful (ms cuidadoso)

more famous (ms famoso)
more surprised (ms sorprendido)

Algunos adjetivos de dos slabas admiten dos comparatives, es decir, se puede usar
indistintamente la forma terminada en er o la forma construida con la palabra more.
simple (simple)
healthy (saludable)
pleasant (placentero)
clever (inteligente)
common (comn)
gentle (moderdo)
handsome (guapo)
happy (feliz)
narrow (estrecho)
quiet (silencioso)
shallow (poco profundo)
tired (cansado)

simpler / more simple

healthier / more healthy
pleasanter /more pleasant
cleverer / more Clber
commoner / more common
gentler / more gentle
handsomer / more handsome
happier / more happy
narrower / more narrow
quieter / more quiet
shallower / more shallow
tireder / more tired

3) Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas

El comparativo de los adjetivos de tres o ms slabas se obtiene anteponiendo a stos la
palabra more.
beautiful (lindo, bello, hermoso)
difficult (difcil)
expensive (caro)

more beautiful (ms lindo)

more difficult (ms difcil)
more expensive (ms caro)

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4) Adjetivos con comparativos irregulares
good (bueno)
bad (malo)
far (lejano)

better (mejor)
worse (peor)
further (ms lejano)

d) El superlativo de los adjetivos

Si Richard mide 1, 80 m., decimos que Richard es alto.
Si comparamos a Richard con Thomas, que mide 1, 85 m., decimos que Thomas es ms
alto que Richard.
Si decimos que Benjamin mide 1, 90 m., entonces Benjamin es el ms alto de los tres.
En ingls:
Benjamin is the tallest. (Benjamin es el ms alto.)

1) Adjetivos de una slaba

En la mayora de los adjetivos de una slaba, el superlativo se obtiene aadiendo la
terminacin est a la forma inicial (base form).
cold (fro)
new (nuevo)
slow (lento)
small (pequeo)

the coldest (el ms fro / la ms fra)

the newest (el ms nuevo / la ms nueva)
the slowest (el ms lento / la ms lenta)
the smallest (el ms pequeo / la ms pequea)

Si el adjetivo de una slaba termina en una consonante precedida de una vocal, se

duplica la consonante final antes de aadir la terminacin est.
big (grande)
hot (caliente, caluroso)
fat (gordo)
thin (delgado-objeto)
slim (delgado-person)

the biggest (el ms grande)

the hottest (el ms caliente, el ms caluroso)
the fattest (el ms gordo)
the thinnest (el ms delgado)
the slimmest (el ms delgado)

En los adjetivos de una slaba terminados con la letra y precedida por una consonante,
se sustituye aquella por una i y se aade la terminacin est.
dry (seco)

the driest (el ms seco)

En aquellos adjetivos de una slaba que terminan con la letra e, se aade simplemente
la letra r.
nice (lindo)
wide (ancho)

the nicest (el ms lindo)

the widest (el ms ancho)

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2) Adjetivos de dos slabas
En los adjetivos de dos slabas que terminan con la letra y, se sustituye esta por la
letra i y se aade la terminacin est.
early (anticipado)
sunny (soleado)
easy (fcil)

the earliest (el ms anticipado)

the sunniest (el ms soleado)
the easiest (el ms fcil)

En los restantes casos se antepone las palabras the most (el ms) al adjetivo, que
permanece invariable.
careful (cuidadoso)
famous (famoso)
surprised (sorprendido)

the most careful (el ms cuidadoso)

the most famous (el ms famoso)
the most surprised (el ms sorprendido)

Algunos adjetivos de dos slabas admiten dos comparatives, es decir, se puede usar
indistintamente la forma terminada en est o la forma construida con the most.
simple (simple)
healthy (saludable)
pleasant (placentero)
clever (inteligente)
common (comn)
gentle (moderdo)
handsome (guapo)
happy (feliz)
narrow (estrecho)
quiet (silencioso)
shallow (poco profundo)
tired (cansado)

the simplest / the most simple

the healthiest / the most healthy
the pleasantest /the most pleasant
the cleverest / the most clever
the commonest / the most common
the gentlest / the most gentle
the handsomest / the most handsome
the happiest / the most happy
the narrowest / the most narrow
the quietest / the most quiet
the shallowest / the most shallow
the tiredest / the most tired

3) Adjetivos de tres o ms slabas

El comparativo de los adjetivos de tres o ms slabas se obtiene anteponiendo a stos
the most.
beautiful (lindo, bello, hermoso)
difficult (difcil)
expensive (caro)

the most beautiful (el ms lindo)

the most difficult (el ms difcil)
the most expensive (el ms caro)

4) Adjetivos con comparativos irregulares

good (bueno)
bad (malo)
far (lejano)

the best (el mejor)

the worst (el peor)
the furthest (el ms lejano)

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Exercises
1) Forms
Write each adjective with its comparative and superlative forms in the correct part of the
table:
attractive, bad, big, dark, easy, expensive, funny, good, intelligent, light, nice, pretty,
safe, short, slim, thin, wide

Add er, -est

Add r, -st

Double the final

consonant and add er, -est

Drop y and add ier, -iest

Put the words more, the most

in front

Irregular comparatives and

superlatives

Adjective
dark

Comparative
darker

Superlative
the darkest

_________

___________

____________

_________

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_____________

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_____________

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2) Comparative or superlative?
Choose the correct form of the adjective to complete the sentences.
a) Your shoes are ___________________ (dirty) than mine.
b) Wear your _______________________ (comfortable) clothes for the long train trip.
c) She bought _______________________ (cheap) CD player in the shop.
d) My brother is ______________________ (tall) than me but my father is
____________________ (tall) in the family.
e) You made a lot of mistakes in Exercise 1. Please be ______________________
(careful) in Exercise 2.
f) I cant read Tims letter. His writing is ________________ (bad) than Joes.
g) The __________________ (good) nightclub in Richmond is called Plastic Fantastic.
h) These shoes are ____________________ (smart) than those trainers, but they are
____________________________ (expensive).
Bibliografa
Alexander, L.G. , 1996, Longman English Grammar, Longman, Inglaterra
BBC English, 1986, Salvat, Barcelona
Harry, Michael ; David Mower, Anna Sikorzyska, 2001, Opportunities Elementary,
workbook, Pearson-Longman, Inglaterra.
Whitney, N., 2006, Dream Team 1, Oxford, Inglaterra.