“FoprmerEdited by Alison Smithson for TEAM 10 The object of this Primer is to put into one document those article: 's and diagrams which TEAM10 regard as being cen- tral to their individual positions. In a way it is a history of how the ideas of the people involved have grown or changed as a result of contact with the others, and itis hoped that the publication of these root ideas, in their original often naive form, will enable them to continue life. ‘The first part of the original Primer—the ‘Role of the architect’ des which the subsequent material speaks about i The material has been roughly grouped into three sect ban infra-structure’, ‘Grouping of dwellings’, and ‘Doorstep’. Each of these sections tends to be dominated by one person’ or group—he or they, whoever de veloped the root idea—and the complementary or commentary material by others i printed alongside making a kind of counter point, i ‘The ‘carrying text'—that which is intended to cary the main message—is laid out in the largest face on the left hand sid each pair of pages. On the right hand side of the pair face is the supplementary text. Between them, in italics, the ‘verbal illustrations’, and in the smallest faces of all, are the footnotes, and, in italics, the captions. of EXPLICATION EN LANGUE ETRANGERE DU ABECEDAIRE Pobjeciit de 'Abécedaire est cle teunir sous uno seule couverture des textes continu, aches, int les différents Gerite dea individus qul ont forme Sette famille nebuleuse sintitulant ! Equipe 10 ‘Aueun des textos ne ful écrit spacifiquement avec "Equipe 10 en t8t jartie intégraie du processus de construction et de éflexlon surlafagon de wveur des places individuelles choi smble, quelque chose de nouveau pretend dtre un kalél fons, de doutes, juaiité transitol tin film Eames? Un intrus pourrait le faire—et les critiques peuvent Ie faire par! docum ‘cteurs e lratent, baceraient leurs opinions ‘Gesuus, Iaient les textes A tavers ce resumé, exarnineraient les dis Sgalomont ainsi st fonderalent leurs discussions dessus, Un tol support ou clef frahlralt cot Aboeodaire. diidées, d'opinions, de craintes, de re un résumé ne vous Talssoralt rien de changeante, Comment résumerlons-nous un jouet, ou NDE LA CARTILLA EN LENGUA EXTRANJERA fo volimen textos sueltos, corridas preguntas, dudas, examenes: ra zComo podemos Sus oplnionos sogun el resumen, lee intudneia del resumen y Hevaria't cabo, ‘Tal apoyo o ayuda vielara el fin de J.B. Bakema Holland Aldo van Eyck Holland G. Candilis France A&P. Smithson England ‘Shad Woods France Giancarlo de Carlo Italy J. Coderch Spain ©, Pologni Hungary J. Soltan Poland S. Wewerka Germany aller coer neeaR Be O2sd74 ssetsect Sous Contents Preface 4 Team 10 Primer 20 Role of the architect 24 Urban infrastructure 48 Grouping of dwellings 74 Doorstep 96 Bibliography 106 Conyrioht & 1968 Aligon Smithson Erat published in book form In Great Britain by ‘Studio Vista Limited, Blue Star House, Highgete Hil, London Nis Qriainally published in magazine form, Architectral Design, December 1952. Reprinted August 1968 in square aperback format by The Whiteriars ress Distributed in Cenada 8) General Publishing Co, Limited 9 Lesmill Road, Dan nls; Toronto, Ontarie Printed in Great Britain by The Whitafriars Press Ltd, London ane Tanoridg ‘SBN 289705857 The Aim of Team 19 ‘Aim of Team 10 has beon described as follows: ‘Team 10 is @ group of architects who have sought each other out because ach haa found the help of tne others racossary 10 he evelcomant ans understanding of tha'r own Indivisual werk, Bh Wigmore thar thet, {They camo together in the fist place, eatenly beceuso of mut tealzeiion of the inadeauacias of the, processes of arcriteetica) thought which they nad inherited from the modern mover ee, whale, bul more important, each sansed that ine aller Nad etree found'some way towarcs a new beginning This new beoinving, and the tong build-up that followed, has n concerned with inducing, a8 f were, ints the laosetreaan ot the architect en undersianaing ang Yasiing far the patteres ite aopiations the areiacts, the tool, he modes of Vansportaton ane communications of procant-lay eeeiaty, 30 thal he sat as Retna thing build towards that cocity'sraalat on ol tole. inthis sense Team 70 in Utopian, bul Utopian about the present ‘ Is nol ta thoorie but te build, lor only ‘hreugh con tion can'a Utople ofthe present a reall For tham “to build has a special moaning in that the architect's esponsibility lowarcs the incividual or groups re builde fos nd towards the Cohesion ang convaniance of the elleeve seuss hich they belong, is taken as belng an absolute responsibly, No abetract Master Plan stands between him and winal We hes fS oe, {gn the "mumen facts" and the iogsties of the stusl on 70 accent sich responsibilty where none ia trying to direct others tear acts wh eco lchnuay cat encompass, Fequites the invention of a workingtogather technique where eee Bays attention to tha other and tothe whale insolor Ws Ne Ts ae ‘Team 10s of the opinion that anly such a vay may mean dl (roupings of buildings come into being, where each bullaing a live thing an a natural exrension of the othars, Fogether they il ‘make places whore a man can rediza what ho wishes 1 be, Team 10 would lie to develoo their thought provsssea and language Gf building fo @ point where's collective damoratition (pornos ite sot-canecieus) could be made aa scala whieh would ve rosy elective in terms et the modes of Ife and the sruetsre of 8 com must cid thet this point is ome way oF Primer Preface 1968 Here team 10 tras io explain ina similar edited form to the orginal Primer, whet we slend for today, why a republication of the Prime is of int, and why, necause of our continually volving tha Plimer is stile wald dceumont for students of arcaRee whom it was fst directed In December 1950,Urban infra-structure Traditionally some unchanging large-scale thing—the Acropolis, the River, the Canal or some unique configuration of the ground— was the thing that made the whole community structure compre- hensible and assured the identity of the parts within the whole, Today our most obvious failure is the lack of comprehensibility and identity in big cities, and the answer is surely in a clear, large scale, road system—the ‘Urban Motorway’ lifted from an amelio- rative function to a unifying function. In order to perform this unifying function all rozds must be integrated into a system, but the backbone of this system must be the motorways in the built-up areas themselves, where their very size in relationship to other development makes them capable of doing the visual and symbolic Unifying job at the same time as they actually make the whole thing ‘work. From our firet interest in the life-of-the-street we have been obsessed with the concept of ‘mobility’ in all its meanings, and particularly with the implications of the motor car. For the architect, this is not only a matter of traffic system for he is concerned with the invention of building types appropriate to the new urban pattern that motorization demands. "Uppercase. A./P.S. The aim of urbanism is comprehensibility, Le. clarity of organiza- tion, The community is by definition a comprehensible thing. And comprehensibility should also therefore be a characteristic of the parts. The community sub-divisions might be thought of as ‘appreciated units'—an appreciated unit is not a visual group or a ‘neighbourhood’, but an-in-some-way-defined part of a human agglomeration, The apreciated unit must be different for each type of community. ... For each particular community one must i invent the structure of its sub-division, In most cases the grouping of dwellings does not reflect any v reality of social organization; rather they are the result of political, technical and mechanical expediency. Although it is extremely difficult to define the higher levels of association, the street implies ‘a physical contact community, the district an acquaintance com- munity, and the city an intellectual contact community—a hierarchy ‘of human associations. CIAM 9, Aiten-Provence, 1989. APS. In general, those town-building techniques that can make the community more comprehensible are: (1) To develop the road and communication systems as the urban infra-structure. (Motorways as a unifying force.) And to realize the implication of flow and movement in the architecture itself. (2) To accept the dispersal implied in the concept of mobility and to re-think accepted density patterns and location of functions in relation to the new means of communication. pee 3oss rem ‘Thera is no doubt that a decisive moment hes development of the modern meverran... For tose who followed the main road there was one goal... te atimulate independently the development of man’s awaroness of tie phenomenon called Ife. « Teday in many countries mechanitetion commands and we see a devalopment f planning whien could ‘not have beon Brodicted at ihe tart ofthe century: Many ideas ofthe modern ovement hava ound omplaymentin saclay. Sut deappornt. ment is often Tot in tha the originators of sas sometirics se much of their werk used, not on a basis ef love and undersianding ‘But on a basie'of prostitution and oxplotation, iris often apparent that the development of certain principles ef the modarn moves iment fe now faced with barsers which cannot be surmounted without reorganization of working methods, ved In the People are confronted with @ mass-produced way of living. The possibilty of comparing differant ways of living expressed In the eifferent types Te Toet in dally onvironment. Ione cannot compere one wil fargat the rolaiity of cur own way of le ane ‘evelopment will ceuss. Comparison Is essential ta democratic way ofife. But to make this next step, methods of work of the architect must be changad and tho resistance to him wil be strenger than ver Bolave, Because gwarenoss of Inferrelationsnips, demand that he perotrates with his Imagination in those circles where {oday'eqoclalization in overy form le master, The town Blanner can only give ind etiens of the kind of Uso for @ pero! a town, Sut Tete architect who can touch the special Gone sions thal hhavo to bo recognized ter the “tute development of thet pa ‘Tho variety sf ‘ypes, for example, \a an exsenval part of the, ‘expression, and tho relation between the ‘dociave infuence inthe development of ‘can never be done by tha town planner, wha hes to recognize & series of cicurstarces of a quite diferent kind. I tne architact hhea ne feeling for tne relationship betweon types, ne may wel fall back on decorative solutions of space to escape from mono tory. Form is @ visual means of communication between people. The modern movement cannot ignara tas without losing quality "Architects! Year Boo! 8, 1957. Bakema “There are the problems of mass-communication and the prob- lems of the whole change of society towards the midd)o-cless, Society with diferent corts. of driver-diferent sorts of status lrges, and so on; but in addition you have the business of tere omplenity of actual physical communication the ears and the Imoter-way situallon—‘which seems ta mean that we have pot to tvelve 2 dompletaly now sort of eetnetc to begin wane Sort Hiseipline—whieh can respond to growth and change, AD., Movember, 1958. P.D.S. ‘The form and sosthetic of such a community has been presented Inthe article on ‘Cluster City "ARs, November, 1957 The atitude that prevats in architectural education which sug- ests thet architsets should be trained to synth Shou be, coordinators of specialists, dove na & roving efacive, itis, | believe, an attempt to escape the Eheractenstics ofthe present imo. Furthermore, 3o.ratbaieve that itis possible te synthesize or coordinate without some Cloarly slated architoctural ideale, Synthesie. and coordinetion must be te sorne cleariy defined ond, ‘Symposium on Education, 1958, JV. How again can architectural eiseipline function in daly life? ‘And how can regaarch In planning and architecture be done in Such a society where the commane was to build for tve anon rmaus client? rymt hed ie. How can planning-architectute diecipline the different phases in the extension of towns, villages, and buildings, maintaining In every phase relationship and variation? How ean industralization produce bullding elements by means ‘of which the afferent variations in wey of ife can bo expressed? How can the flexible plan serve tho change in the noode of family How in the agglomeration of townships can Holland's natural space be urbanized In order to bo.an element of dally Iie, recog- ‘izing the fact thet Holland recontly Decame the coustry with the highest density in the world? ‘Magazine Bown, No, "Towards a new concentration of feces 1957, Behera ‘ome the charactoristc of our peviod. Social and ling ofa certain sort of freedem, Is one Tegether, and the aymbo! Of med rater car. Mobility V8 the key ‘both socially and organizatanally to town planning, for mobility isnot only ‘concerned with roads, but with the whole concept ef a mobile, ‘community. The gether with ind drain) fort Bhysical int ‘community. The most Important fing about roads ia thet they ace physically big, and hove the same power as any big topographical feature, such as # hil or a fiver, fo creato goographleal, and in consequence sociah civ Siané. To lay down aroad therafere, especially through a bull-up ares, is a very serious matter, for one ie fundamental changing the structure of the eommunty, ‘Uppercase’. APS. ‘As long as cites exclude particular kinds of motion that belon inseparably 20 urban if, thelt human valisity they have no othe will romain partial, The time has come to orchestrete all the motions that make lta city. It is somehow in the ature of cities in general ane of at(8) To understand and use the possibilities offered by a ‘throw- away’ technology, to create anew sort of environment with different cycles of change for different functions, (4) To develop an esthetic appropriate to mechanized building techniques and scales of operation. (8) To overcome the ‘cultural obsolescence! of most mass housing by finding solutions which project a genuinely twentieth-century technological image of the dwelling—comfortable, safe and not feudal (6) To establish conditions not detrimental to mental health and well-being. Past legislation and iayout were geared to increasing ‘standards of hygiene; in countries of higher standards of living this is no longer a problem, Criteria” have to be found to define under- mining environment, These might be: noise level, polluting and Polluted environment, overcrowding. pressing and pushing, no space for the social gesture, all those demands made on the Individual in societies inhabiting accumulated built forms. “Forum (Holland), 7, 1989. A/P.S, Ceara fr Mase Hous The studies of association and identity ied to the development of systems of linked building complexes which were intended to correspond more closely to the network of social relationships, as. they now exist, than the existing patterns of finite spaces and self-contained bulldings. These freer systems are more capable of change, and, particularly in new communities, of mutating in scale and intention as they go along. It was realized that the essential error of the English New Towns was that they were too rigidly conceived, and in 1956 we put forward an alternative system In which the ‘infra-structure’ (roads and Services) was the only fixed thing, The road system was devised to be simple and to give equal ease of access to all parts, This theme of the road system as the basis of the community structure was further explored in the Cluster City idea between 1957 and 1969, in the Haupstadt Borlin Plan 1958, and in the London Roads Study 1959, ‘Uppercase’. A.\P.S. Roads can be deliberately routed and the land beside them neutra- lized so that they become obviously fixed things (that is changing on a long cycle), Tha rauting of individual sections over rivers, through parks, or in relation to historic Euildings or zones, provides a series of ‘fixes’ o local identity poirts. The road net itself de- fining the zones identified by these ‘fixes’ 82 Pyersores dovertrafic In particular to suopross certsin kinds of motion which i less insistent are ceriainy no ose fundamental To the Ieee ey Cites today demonstrate an appatingly limited range of move- ment. Theit rhythm is as vehomont asi Is monotongus, A city if it is eealy a ety, has a very compound rhythm based on many kinds ef mavemani, human, mechanical and naturel, The ‘rst’ is paradosically” suppressed, the. second yrannically bmphatized, the third inadequetely expressed, inl be incomplete nd oppressive. The cid cannot eaacover pe canbe banc the city untess the city rediseovare the c eases om Van'exeh i | ee 1 ees?FE | Grouping of dwellings Throughout the years ATBAT* has studied the problems of ‘habitat’ for the greatest number in all its aspects and peculiarities. Ithas not arrived at an all-rcund solution, but one solution for each | case. It has found many solutions and many variants, but the spirit of search remains the same, the spirit of the greatast number with its laws and its disciplines. Statemont of principle: Itis impossible for each men to construct his house for himself. It is for the architect to make it possible for the man to make his house his home. *Bedtansky, Candis, Woods a PRR tia Go amu otthe sedis seria‘THE DOORN MANIFESTO {lis useless to consider the house except as a part of a Community awing ta the Inter-action of these on each other, 2, We should not waste our time coditying the elements of .@hhouse until the other relationship has been crystallized. 2, ‘Habitat’ is concered with the particular house in the particular type of community. 4. Communiti () Betache: & Village: {Towns of varlous sorts (industral/admin./speci ( Cities (multifunctional. are the same everywhs farm. 5, They can be shown in relationship to thelr environment habitat in the Geddes valley section. se ra amy 2! 6. Any community must bo internally conyenient—have ease of elreulalion; in consequence, whatever type of transport a avallable, density must increase ax popwiation inereaees, Le. (1) Is least dense, (@) Is most dense. 1, We must therefore study the dwelling and the groupings that are necersary to produce convenient communities at Various points on the valley section. 8, Tho appropriaten architectural invent Hlltend, 1954 ‘of any solution may lie in the field of m father than social anthropology. Ithad become obvious that town bullding was beyond the scope of purely enalytcel thinking thatthe proBlom et Human relations Salthrough the net of the four functions In an attompl to correct thi, the Doorn Meneste proposed: To comprofiond the pattern ‘df human aseocisvons we must canaldar ovary community In ts parlcular environment. What exactly aro the prinelplos from which a tovn Is to develop? ‘The principles of community's develapmort can be derived from the ecology ef he stuatlon frome study of tio human, the natural tne the constructed, and thelr action on each othe 1 valiity of he form of a community rete in he ater of life then it Follows thal Ihe fet principle should be centinuoUs ‘objective analysis of the human structure and its change, ‘Such an analysis would not only include ‘waat happens’, “the frganiame” habits, modes of life ard relations to their sucround- Ings! auch things as living in certain places, going to school, tiivelling te wor: and vieltng shops, Bul also ‘what motivates! {he raasone for golng (6 palttculat schools, choosing thet type tt work and visiting thoso particular shops, In other wores, trying fo uncover a pattern of reality which Includes human aspirations. “The social structure to which the townsplanner has to give form {snot only difarent but mush mare complex than ever Before, Tho various public gervices make the family more and more Independent of actual physica! contact with the rest of the com mmunfiy and more turned in on ise. ‘Such factors woulé seam to maks incomprehensible the continued acceptance of forme of dwellings aru their means of eccess hieh difer very litle. from those which selisfied the social Telormers’ dream before tna frst world marUp to now the house is bullt down to the smallest detail and man is pressed into this dwelling—in spirit the same from Scotland to Ghana—and adapts himsolf as best he may to the life that the architect furnishes him with, We must prepare the ‘habitat’ only to the point at which man can take over, We aim to provide a framework in which man can again be master of his home, In Morocco, as in all countries which are developing rapidly, the fundamental problem is that of housing ‘le plus grand nombre’, The question is one of housing the Mussulman population who live in the huge ‘bidonvilles' on the outskirts of the great urban centres, According to statistics about 70 per cent, of the population of ‘bidonvilles’ come from south of the Atlas, their original habitat is therefore collective housing (vide the Casbahs end mountain villages). In accordance with the ethical and climatic conditions, the dwelling of a Moroccan family consists of rooms which open on ton interior court, a patio flooded with sunshine. This patio is the true hearth, the meeting place of the family, and is enclosed by high walls to ensure complete privacy. ATBAT AFRIQUE set itself the task of finding a multi-storey solution where the patios would be flooded with sun and at the ‘same time the rooms accessed from it would be protected and the whole completely private, AD, January 1955, Candis The Golden Lane Deck Housing project is similarly concerned with the problem of identity, It proposes that a community should be built up from a hierarchy of associational elements and tries to express theso various levels of association (THE HOUSE, THE STREET, THE DISTRICT, THE city). {tis important to realize that the terms used: Street, District, etc.* are not to be taken as the reality, but as the Idea, and that itis our task to find new equivalents for these forms of association for our new, non-demonstrative, society, The problem of re-identifying man with his environment (contenu ‘et contenant) cannot be achieved by using historical forms of house- Groupings, streets, squares, greens, etc., as the social reality they Presented no longer exists, In the complex of association that is a community, social cohesion can only be achieved if ease of movement is possible, and this provides us with our second law, that helght (density) should Increase as the total population Increases, and vice versa. In the context of a large city with high buildings, in order to keep ease of Movement, we propose a multi-level city with residential 'streets- % Smeaton teair ee degra, AOS Hy Loe. This is particulary s0 when one considers tho increasing use of the car. t mustbe assumed thet we will aparoach the Ameriess standard of mobility. A Tootpath of a widy licéetined village goer lea poo ink between a heated cur and s healed Hause, ‘or the design of buildings and inyout of towns in tropical sreasy, ig an accepted method to establish the goriral principles ¢f design by considering the ways in which tio bad effects of te climate can be ameliorated and Its bonefical effects exp/cites ln England itis rainy and cold for about sight mnths every ‘Tale would nar to cal for nougos that wat bath give ara leek, a8 they gave, all-round protection. Gouble wells, Goubie roots, ‘double windone, coverod appreaches, covered drying yerds and possiblj covered means of access,In-the-air’. These are linked together in @ multi-level continuous ‘complex, connected where necessary to work places and to those ground elements that are necessary at each level of association. Our hierarchy of associations is woven ‘nto a modulated continuum representing the true complexity of human associations. This conception is in direct opposition to the arbitrary isolation of the so-called communities of the ‘Unité! and the ‘neighbourhood’. We are of the opinion that such a hierarchy of human associations should replace the functional hierarchy of the 'Charto d’Athénes', CIANM 8, Als-en-Provence, July 24, 1953. Ay The assumption that a community can be created by geographic Isolation is invali Real social groups cut across geographical barriers end the principal aid to social cohesion is looseness of grouping and ease of communications rather than the rigid isolation of arbitrary sections of the total community with impossibly difficult communi- cations, which characterize both English neighbourhood planning nd the ‘Unité’ concopt of Le Corbusler. Tho creation of non-erbitrery group spaces is the primary function of the planner, The basic group is obviously the family, traditionally the next social grouping the street(or square or greon, any word that by definition implies enclosure or belonging, thus “in our street’ but ‘on the road’), the next, district, and finally the city, It is the job of the planner to make apparent these groupings as finite plastic realities, In the suburbs and slums the vital relationship between the house and the street survives, children run about, (the street [s com- paratively quist), people stop and talk, dismantled vehicles are parked; in the back gardens are pigeons and ferrets, and the shops are round the corner; you know the milkman, you are outside your house in your street. Tho house, the shell which fits man’s back, looks Inward to family and outward to society and its organizetion should reflect this duality of orientation, and the looseness of organization and ease of communication essential to the largest community should be present in this the smallest, The house is the first finite city element. Houses can be arranged in such a way, with only such additional things that prove necessary to sustain physical and spiritual life, thata new finite thing, the plastic expression of primary community is croated. The street is our second finite city element. The street Is an extension of the house, in it children learn for the first time of the world outside the family, a microcosmic world in Which the street games change with the seasons and the hours are reflected in the cycle of street activity 2Sh Steen saver of" Sree wate Bieta tac eet em fae ete Sanit cndieets poe a? Bechet Pee a rd Cit er peice tanttagt Re oa elon The English climate is not characterized by intonsty, but by changeabity, The house, therefore, should se eapatie. Of grasping what fine weather can get. grasping soiarheet fwsugh cuts windows niall roomaandg ving eos) aeeese abel Fatie, rool-gatdene or teraces whieh con be aronges teed Pomel fo catch the pleasures of our climate andten lesed us in'a moment so that we can ignore i Such an atfuce tonsage fepislion and chengeably could guide the form ef the whe Bout Any now development existe n a comples of old ones. it must ‘etaldat, by modliying them, the forme ot the eld communiees, Tre cay oft bance sal-consied community i bot ion of The theoretcaly untenable and pracicaly wastolul The 7 this concestion necessitates a complete change ot Blanner is no Tonger tho social refarmer but fecha field of form, who cannat rely on community cones, laundries, eommurity rooms, ete, t0 eamoufla settlement as a whole is Incomprehenaile. Cert fly in olanning Shum devloiant ie eof ta nen sormuaty in maf Fopulation would have ta be estimated trom the beginning te ie {te present procedure, to enatie a sutatle site tot cnose the linkoronds, drariage, power, ei tebe planned. ut municipal se-planing connat crete the farm of 2 new community. Foon ia genercted, In pert. by resporsy to oiled form, and in part by fesponse to tHe Zetgmist-"wnich eannet 6S pre-planned. Evary addfion fo a community, every change of Ereumstence wil generaten new response. ‘An aspect of this response is scale—the way in which the new part lg organized plastically to give meaning winin the whale Eampiex. As the comolex changes withthe addtion of new part, S0'the scale of the parts must change In order that they ard te ‘hole remain a dynamie respanse t each other Seale has something todo with size but more to de wih the fest BD. bly, 1956, APS. ‘The lack of love of architects for the problems of ‘the greater number’ makes it $0 we dor’t kiow how to de "housing’- We must now how Indivieusls and groups live with sun + wind + troos + horizon ‘The labour movements are out of date now we approach the period of "yousand-m No more a society with speculative so-called labour market, But ‘more a society n which gotting-awaro-of Ie. right af everybody. Its better to touch daly in overal-cloh-reelity than fo develop Kind of Sunday-cloth-artsiyio nat based on what has to bo done for thoso now called the grester number, ‘The ert of discovering that‘ ama great nuthiber. The process of getting familar with the wonder called space. npButin suburb and slum as street succeeds street itis soon evident that although district names survive, as physical entities they no longer exist, but we all know that once upon a time those streets were arranged in such a way and with such additional things that proved necessary to sustain physical and spiritual life to form the third finite city element, the district, the plastic exprassion of secondary community. The difference between towns and cities is only one of size for both are finite arrangements of districts, with only such additional things that prove necessary to sustain physical and spiritual life. The city is the ultimate community, ‘the tangible expression of an economic region’. To maintain looseness of grouping and ease of communication, the density must increase as the population increases, and with ies if we are to retain the essential Joys of sun, space we must build high. In the past acceptance of the latter part of this thesis has led to a form of vertical living in which the family is deprived of its essential outdoor life, and contact with other families is difficult if notimpossible on the narrow balconies and landings that are their sole means of communion and communication. Furthermore, outside one's immediate neighbours (often limited to three in point blocks) the possibilities of forming the friendships which constitute the ‘extended family’ are made difficult by complete absence of horizontal communication at the same level and the ineffectiveness of vertical communication. The idea of ‘street’ has been forgotten. Itis the idea of street, not the reality of street, that is important—the creation of effective group-spaces fulfilling the vital function of identification and enclosure making the socially vital life-of-the- streets possible, Atall densities such streets are possible by the creation of a true street mesh in the air, each street having a large number of people dependent on It for access and in addition some streets should be thoroughfares—that Is leading to places—so that they will each acquire especial characteristics. Be dentified in fact, teary AMS.2 Fi teen ‘Game, hoe Pe 3 Deck hei agra of ede Ras Balding sa functon inthis process. Architectural form 's developed by snnning in whieh architects p¢ foun planners eve to work setutaneguah ng senate (Ate ope yea in the concecration camp) During a canfeenee of Lrehilecls td town plenners it tho Kono Pheasant dam, 1944. Bahema " {believe that, ina alven matoral situation, the present ‘selling! Society has an arsenal of means, That unlortorsas erste ‘quanti, unsolved up io now, lies Inthe naturaleticnneneer oy Which the herltage of the clawed form Is faker over i anne in Solve cthor substances tne faige quent. The sooner wees off the shackles ofthe closed form (the form on the basis f weit we have been brought up and eonsequonty gtton devnet serency Its deleterious effec, the sooner wil we solve the owls teeta architecture. | Consider that the problem of quantity ean be resolved without lowering the standards by taking the oper form ea basis The acai of reducing arcitecture to one decision, has made it—and by the same token also the tenents--Derren of tee potential energy of cel determination, The open form, unlike the closed form, doas not exclude the energy of the tenant's intative, but on tre contuary reste fa Basie organic and Insaparable component cements Fhe atic of a funcamenta signiteanes to the tonant's asyehlegs cng hhonce to the work output. The rhythm of our limes"the sists of which ero atainments in Poltcal changes, which appears ign of ius i shave of dll individuality to become lost inthe rot pce POS Tbs2Each part of each street to have sufficient people accessed from itto become a social entity and be within reach of a much larger humberat the same level, Streets would be places and not corridors or balconies, Thoroughfares where there are shops, post boxes, telephone kiosks, Where a strest is purely residential the individual house and yard- garden will provide a viable life pattern as a true street or square, nothing is lost and elevation is gained. The flat block disappears and vertical living becomes a reality. “Arctects Year Book 8, Golden Lane Project AP.S. Each goneration feels @ new dissatisfaction, and conceives of a new idea of ordei This is architectur Young architects today feel a monumental dissatisfaction with the buildings they see going up around them. For them, the housing estates, the social centres and the blocks of flats are meaningless and Irrelevant, They feel that the majority of architects have lost, contact with reality and are building yesterday's draams when the rest of us have woken up in today, They are dissatisfied with the Ideas these buildings represent, the ideas of the Garden City Movement and tie Rational Architecture Movement. ia mew ew iP lee at 6 stay ae > = cS act Latah or esRtas oie fs sg devs nants, Diflerentation and unity through shythm and sub-rhythm—an ld story little forgotten. As | have sale before, fe are to overs ‘of quantity faesd mith the terns protien oF habitat for the greatest number, we shall have to eniond our tic sonsibilly: uncover te stil hieden laws of what | Asse Harmony in Motion=the asinoties of nurber, Quanity eennet bo humanized without sensitive articulation el Samer, This by tho way cant be done as ong a8 ws dant hnow whale large number ef people rely ie, or for et mation what a staae parson realy is Wal. wind of planing based on ie shyslead Foaliy'of place and cceaslon Space and time! a kind fo wareness and subaequont real Sie ie ee comer ound wre Sr pln ct ned again become twinphenomona. Tis sanfes's kind et cine Sonceived as the bull countertorm st a mara compless ae complex human realy than tne whe (at fom & fee See examples) finds « questionaole hareout in helow seacee Ge modern habla provides. A kind of Banning abowe eh anes ther than on the absirzetion of this Toad, whieh is based on a the git In-betveen, Not merely the expression of human valuesy but which actuely constiiuee thelr very counterform, a countertarm in which they ean exlst—survive so thet man can be where he wante to ber st home ng matter where he Ise ‘Nagele Schools, 1860. Van EyckDoorstep There's one more thing that has been growing in my mind ever since the Smithsons uttered the word doorstep at Aix. It hasn't {sft me aver since. I've been mulling over it, expanding the meaning as far as | could stretch it. I've even gone so far as to identity it with what architecture as such should accomplish. To establish the in-between is to reconcile conflicting polarities. Provide the place where they can interchange and you ra-astablish the original twinphenomena. | called this ‘la plus grande réalité du seuil’ in Dubrovnic, Take an example: the world of the house with me inside and you outside, or vice versa. There's also the world of the street—the city—with you inside and me outside or vice versa. Get what | mean? Two worlds clashing, no transition. The individuel on one side, the collective on the other. it's terrifying. Between the two, society in general throws up lots of barriers, whilst architects in articular are so poor in spirit that they provide doors 2in. thick and Gft, high; Set surtaces in a flat surface—of glass as often as not. dust think of it: 2in—or tin, if it is glass—between such fantastic phenomena—hair-raising, brutal—like a guillotine, Every time we Pass through a door like that we're split in two—but we don't take notice any more, and simply walk on, halved, Is that the reality of a door? What thon, | ask, is the greater reality of a door? Well, perhaps the greater reelity of a door is the localized setting for a wonderful human gesture: conscious entry and departure. That's what a door is, something that frames your ‘coming and going, for it's a vital experience not only for those that do so, but also for those encountered or left behind, A door is a place made for an occasion. A doorisa place made for an act that is repeated millions of times in a lifetime between the first entry ‘and the last exit. I think that's symbolical. And what is the greater reality of a window? | leave that to you. “Quterlo Meeting’ ven Eyck Hearth and doorstep are symbols which used together present to most men’s minds the image of a house, Forty orfifty houses make @ good street. Streets, with many small local and some larger local facilities in the intersticos and round about make up a falrly recognizable district. Districts interspersed with many more and more complex facilities than they would individually support, make up a city. House, street, district are ‘elements of city’. Housing groups being built when this breakdown of Elements of City was first proposed (in 1952), were to high standards of construction and met the needs of pnw AG YQ oe 4 Ba 120 Lesa forth yond: : 2 asociety as outlined by official sociologists, but they lacked some very vital quality; a quality which was undoubtedly necessary in order to achieve active and creative grouping of houses. This missing quality—essential to man's sense of well-being—was iden- Much of the social pattern as observed by the sociologist in the Bye-law Street is # survivel—modified by the particular built environment—of even earlier pattorns. There is no point in per= petuating this way of fife, but it might be worth locking further back to its roots, to gain a picture of the development of a partl- cular society. In a tight-knit society ichabiting a tight-knit development such as the Bye-law Streets, there is an inherent feeling of safety and social bond which has much to do with the obviousness and simple ‘order of the form of the street: about forty houses facing a common open space. The street is not only a means of access, but also an arena for social expression. In these ‘slum’ streets is found a simple relationship between house and street. How would people use ‘good’ environment? How many of the traditional acts of expression (of joy, time passing, faith, play- teaching) are likely to continue to want to find expression? “Uppercase, AIP.S. If you imagine what is going to happen in the next five years—that, for example, the shape of man's car, the shape of his refrigerator, the shape of his kitchen equipment, how he works in the kitchen, the shape of his living room, will be dictated not by architects or the cultural instigators of previous epochs—the ‘avant garde’ artist and his friends or clients, the upper class—but by an industry which will itself produce a new pattern of culture simply by having to get rid ofits products. Discussion, AD, June 1967, P.D.S. Today we tond to be crowded out by household appliances. The architect has little control over rooms whose walls are lined with appliances which can, even if chosen by him, be over the years 50 fundamentally changed as to leave none of the original space or idea. The apoliance industry fixes the dimensions and the styling. Today, twenty-five years after Lillian Gilbzeth's motion studies on ‘well-functioning work spaces’, appliances can do away altogether with the need of ‘work space’ in this old sense. We can also assume that the large-sized appliance will soon be a thing of the past, The change in concept is away from adjusting the pieces inside the ‘room’, to a re-distribution over the whole house, taking advantage of the flexibility or actual mobility the new appliances allow. So that we do not have mote efficient ‘rooms’, but a freeing from the ‘room’ fixation. This should be the basis of the ‘Appliance House’ Future of Furiure, AD, Ap 858. ABS. Every culture produces type objects, indeed it is through them that @ culture can be defined. From prehistory to contemporary peasant society, each culture has thrown up a limited number of house forms. The culture expresses itself through these forms. Tear) 10. Mare Group, 1958 The lettres and house-city entieations were srought forword by me atthe Ten WRoyecumont meeting in {962 Chrstopher Alecander ves present 2 he meting B53 guest, aif remorber ne decusson, iy publsned Uasetial sy fol roe beta somite fin my phon, nether a vals pth oa abe Fmation of the tut in Imathematic frm: id fo tepee re cer rgn tre anaiogy,becase Is based onthe sentimental, {ough well means asaump- tion Ghat, idery the mar made ety should Behar, End hanes also be planned’, according fo.2similer od efecto of ascending Shrension and srcending Segre of complet th el oe rach farce Sanuence rom smal fo isipormaty fos foward {ram port 18 whole) a8 he fa noe he Stag) fe flee feat tfgies Saber Aiferent categories ar also— Sra ungostey because t relate the ren! meaning eftree and ey, I replace rrefore, by lo separte Suleromous, tous Inteupgestive iene: tins: eat is roomie leaf and house softly (haiti incuare ambrgtly they preclude « bg a Stace, sco ‘marsover, 08 Shanespeare 8 of man, are ‘of such stuf? as dreums are made on” The! tream, of course, implies Infinite ceferenc’ and s0 does the city for both are as marr fs. This te why cites nadher Should ner can ever reflect tne kind of order a roe wrongly suggests: wrongly, because a tees nota tee Fi io Ph I bed ni SH eae ‘ite tan ca (ell had Sinatra CEE oma‘The seme house can be a sium or a pelace, not justin spit but to look et by virtue of the moge of ining ofits inpab lane ‘And whore one tives sina place, not only ina house the outside and the inside, objects and behaviour are indiibie’ PDS. Take of your shoes and walk slong a beach through the ocean's Jast thin Sheet of watar gliding landwarda and seawares, You fe iy you wouldn't feel H there were a forced sialogue betweon you and elther one or the ether ot groat phenomer In between land ans ocean—in i Incbetween rear happens to youthatiaquite diferent {rom the sailors’ reciprocal nostalgle. No landward yearning trent the sea, no seaward yearning from the land. No yesrnieg for Gre altenetve-no eccape from one into tha oti Architocture must extend tho natrow borderline’, persuade it ‘oloop into a realm—an articulated in-between resin. te bis te Brovido this in-between realm by means of construction, Les & Provide, from house te city scale, a bunch of real places fe reed oople and real things (places that sustain ined of countrtet the fdentty ef ther spesite mesning) van Eyck Whichovor techniaue the architect chooses, bis function is to ‘ropose a way af life, and tho “appliancs-way-oflfe' suggests an Entirely now sort of house. ‘The appliance house offers a way of life in which the aoplianes ge, ee emacivas would nat ke pert of th dacor ay alvaciveloaning ris Possessions subject to siyle cbsalescence, Thelt sole alls : ea ‘Would be in their abiity to periorm their functions efelenty and tnobserved, PDS. 124 vam eek, SeLoue 1959 ‘The caravan is the necrest to an ‘Applianes House! thet the ‘arkat has to afer end people are prepared to put up with coms conditions as primitive as their great grancmethet hnew rose Sanitary arrangements, refuse dispoeal, mud outsi¢e door, children in a fleld affected by the English ‘limatesto. achieve ‘eater gains, Like the car, the caravan represents ¢ new oedoms Ithas become a sort of symbol as wall aca sign of pepuleton es flux’ It might have something of the sowerlu, eate, transient {roe-rom-responsibiiy feeling one gets driving ina eat, AMS. However in any house the arobloms are vastly different {cam those ot a car, where only a few things can be eliminates without destroying its performance. Im'a house there ara trany varabios and tho removal of some er the changing of vihers wouls net fundamentally alter the perfermance. Therefore, ahouse Gesignee ko a car's at some disadvantage, forthe appliances would oe 80) closely Integrated ‘nto’ the atrueture, {nat fo" ch i {elrigerator would be lke getting «larger glove com partvent in Volkswagen dashboard would bersinler to gers reece Bos. ‘The present concept of wit a house should be Is being sold by advertisers on the basis of cars and domestic appliances, Ure { fortunately, this ideal stops short of the tunctiondl aspect of tho fhouse itsall. The appliances exist in @ sort of neversnever lane fot really déctaring thomselves as they realy are. ees thnigg that can modify of even revolutionize the way of its of thor Possessors, Instead they are prosonied a3 conveniont agjunecs 04 previous way a ite. Nobody hae thought what diffrcsee oa house appliances were making. ‘The houses, baing pat pat Brosent, on the whole, saem obsolete: that is; they bo looget Tepresont an acceptable social Ideal The meel importont ching 9In England we are in a state of change towards a middle-class society which will correspond roughly to the sort of set-up which exists in Sweden or the United States, and in such a society the value of a social anthropological study seems to me to be protty low as far as being able to use it creatively. Social anthropology will never be able to tell you what to do. It will be able to say what pattern in the past was such and such because they had certain motivations and so on, but what the pattern is to be now seems to me more a matter of men than social anthropology. Diseveslon, AD, dune 1957, A/P.S, Planning on whatever scale level should provide @ framework—to set the stage as it were—for the twinphenomenon of the individual and the collective without resorting to arbitrary accentuation of sither one at the expense of the other, je. without warping the meaning of either, since no basic twinphenomenon can be split Into incompatible polerities without the halves forfeiting whatever they stand for. This points towards the necessity of reconciling the idee unity with theidea diversityin architectural torms or, more precisely, to achieve the one by means of the other, I's an old forgotten truth that diver sity is only attainable through unity, unity only attainable through diversity, There are of course many ways of approaching this objective. The architectural reciprocity, unity-dlversity and part-whole (Closely linked twinphenomenon) must cover the human recipro- _ sity indlvidual-collective, Still there are two more twinphenomena likewise closaly linked to those just mentioned, which still elude adequate translation into planning—a twin set: largo-small and many-few. The irreconcilable polarities—false alternatives—Iinto which they are split cut no less brutally across the gaunt panorama of urbanism today. Failure to govern multiplicity creatively, to humanize number by means of articulation and configuration (the verb to multiply should coincide with the verb to configurats) has led to the curse of most new towns. Tha mare fact that habitat planning is arbitrarily split into two disciplines—architecture and urbanism—demonstrates that the principle of reciprocity has not yet opened the determinist mind to the necessity of transforming the mechanism of the design process. As it is, architecture and urbanism have failed fo come to terms with the essence of con- temporary thinking, inseparably linked as all basic twinphenomena are, a few wore extracted from the rest mal-digested (those al- ready mentioned) par:-whole, unity-diversity, large-simall, many- few, as wall as others equally significant—inside-outside, open- closed, mass-space, change-constancy, motion-rest, individual- collective, etc. etc.See In order to ineude' bir — ‘at bo altered note ‘mua a tmoming® dan etre subiect Snel ast Erehiectire} Wiatover space and tine ‘mean, place and secasion For space ine mage of man ‘mage of man fs occasion. Today space and what it should corned mith inorder fo become space man brome with hlmsel—are fst Both search forthe ame place, but earn nd Provide that space, articulate the inbetween. 4s man able fo penetrate the ‘material ne organizes into hard shape bebreen one man and another, between whats feet hao ree tween this anda following Ioment® fs he abe fo fitd Ie right place forthe ight cccasien? ‘No—So start with this: make welcome of each door and a ‘Countonance of etch window. Mate of ach place, 2 bunch Ofpleces of eath house on tach city for ahouse Is 3 tiny iy, & ely a huge house. Get oer to tne shitiog human realy snd bus ourterform=for each men Sind all mem, since they no longer dot themselves Whoever atterols to sore the ‘eke of space inthe abstract twill construct the outine of mpliness ard call it space. Whoever attempts ta meet man Inthe abstract ll pak with this echo and eal! this ada- Togu ‘Man sit breathes both {nd out. When ts arcitetore trang todo the same? object of {or the architect isto prosant a naw concept ofthe house} @ new Image with symbole valve nhich In bat technological and cosy. Romliancas have accented symbolic values end submit thet ey ae oth technalagea! and cosy. Wo already have houses which mako provision for appliances a8 gh ening way We. They prog ape extent het rete te often no hove nique adepted inthe design te appance houses nthe sit fund wae intended sane: Row'to bring appliances under conral. Why cannot the appliances be changed technologically and Imptorad every five joare so thet people have the opportunity of toplacig om netad i nuyin an and taping ensue which sueme fo me fo be esoromicaly mporsibie| myset have Practically no appliances for economic ressons, and { suspect Frost people have not Therefor! want io beable gti best {tthe moment Let us somehow ari a coneapi of appliances {hat aszmes that they ara going fo be changes father an that {hey bad some commonality m characte. | prefer the things that cannot be moved, the absolutly xed ining lite sinks and heavy unite foe put ino.a bow. The tings {hatcan be moved you ean solect ane group togetnor or stylate or symbolic reasane, o tht they scoara with your present way Sf ile Under ceiin condone, no meter how wal intent oned Sinting there wl inevtebly be Seon Undor these conditions ‘tls boterto have © box to'put thom sway in and take them out fe dap thom together, ost houses today ae toby unéer-slorage-spaced and having mora space to mare inf pay wrapped up with storage, You Musto able fo put furniture away when you do net want tend four Shoatt bo red ep wth spines you do nt appen to be using at the mement The intention was to free the ting space of epplionees by con artraing trom, Then you would selec appliances 1 be brought into the ving space nich as te felavision, the movable cooKst and eo-on, They would need to be well designed because they would become A tort of sock fesvs. This way You get an Une Tutte iiving ‘space tram which you can remave the mobile Soplances and concentrate the fixed applances out of sight so {hat you nat gt this waring of tachrology and sing. The Eoncept of having a nassof unuated object with¢cforent Syle found you sons to me ulimatsly to destoy the spa ‘Obviously this not meant tobe # universal solution, no houses fier tna The armoust of Houses thet cen e bultin one generee fon isreay 8 percent ol Ihe otal number of houses susting. ‘Dos, May, 1966. A/P.S. Bienes = 101Disregarding the inherent ambivalence in each one of them, one- half of each was warped into a meaningless absolute—pert, diversity, small, outside, open, space, change, motion, collective— and twisted in such a way as to become a ‘new city’, Hence spatial continuity, constructive flexibility, structural interpenetration, human scale, and more of that kind of music! The time has come to conceive of architecture urbanistically and urbanism architecturally (this makes sensible nonsense of both words) ie. to arrive at the singular through plurality and vice versa. Split apart by the schizophrenic mechanism of deterministic thinking, time and space romain frozen abstrections (the same goes for all the halves mentioned). Place and occasion constitute each other's realization in human terms: since man i both the subject and object of architecture, it follows that its primary Job is to provide the former (place) for the sake of the latter (occasion) Since, furthermore, place and occasion imply participation in what exists, lack of place—and thus of occasion—will cause loss of identity, isolation and frustration. A house, therefore, should be a bunch of places—a city a bunch of places no less. Make a configuration of places at each stage of multiplication, i, provide the right kind of places for each configurative stage and urban environment will again become liveable. Cities should again become the counterform of society's recipro- cally Individual end collective urban reality. It is because we have lost touch with this reality—the form—that we cannot come to grips with its counter form. Still it is better to acknowledge the sameness of architecture and urbanism—of house and city—than to continue defining thelr arbitrary difference, since this leads us nowhere—ie. to the new city of today! Whilst constituent con- temporary art, science and philosophy, etc., have joined hands wonderfully for half a century reconciling split polarities through reciprocal thinking—teering down the stifling barriers between them, architecture, and urbanism especially, have drifted away, Indulging paradoxically in arbitrary application of what after all is essentially based on relativity and thus misunderstood. In the light of what the others have managed to evolve—a relaxed relative concept of reality—what architects and urbanists have failed to do amounts to treason. All the more so since whatis done is done and cannot be torn down again (nobody is forced to lock at a bad painting, read a bad poem or listen to bad music). To go in or out, to enter, leave or stay, are often harassing alter- natives. Though architecture cannot do away with this truth, it can still counteract it by appeasing instead of aggravating Its effects. It is human to tarry. Architecture should, | think, take more account of this, The job of the planner Is to provide built home- 102 siento4s long a5 we hee ‘early been fs Sia von dancer shifting sideways Slang aut ihn we a @ ede shalfcotnueto miss pe ark But tink the loraep symbot fs ich Stough tourna tind of srobectire= panning i Seneralutich i cert fre ald than the hind we ave got zed to during the fast yoo, The doorstep idea, of course, does nol over the ee of tho inbetween realm, The fatter hae further connotations. Avareness ofthis inbetween inbetween swargnece) i Sesential. The ably fo detect fssociative mearlags eimul- fanecusly dows nol yet Gelong {our meatal equipment. Since, however, tbe meaning ‘ Gf every reo articulated Ine between place is essentialy ‘multiple ene, we shall heve fo'ses fo that Ideas, ur target Is multioe meaning fn eguot. ones . ‘tho epirel of realty Considering the aspect of {seending dimension Inthe a howe for want ‘he tntorior of extetence fghelecotep of se and uantly nurtured oy roo ae see Foc, te artcued nb a hose! for past and future, ho Anterior of the presont wee ren may ao concde uth inbetireen dimension os eate Thinge of ever erent a. nome, for gathering experience: the interior of fo mind tte al eared, tsomedevce. he same goes ‘tno interior of vision for things of diferent size. 2 hone fer avaroness sa Gite patie ae of at fn the postive efecto yesonenas ‘the tmotwoon realm ona ul nr canst = (pone! for twinphen treans 29 many tinge ed / nd sometimes good) a hone ‘for tea: japlde sangtnetion YW Anaraness ofthe inbetween re a baook of places ‘Groep ito the technology of a, pega) for aimless Contiuction. il rasferm e asiowhawe (Gyre wow cowie; 4 snoeTEROTORD also 08 (0 » Including out technologies! ‘approach. dt wil bo there in the Body, the momoers and the joints of whatover we male. 19 ago, an Soe 4 "% Sooner or lator, you'll have to risk H, That's the moment of fealizstion—he jump, the rsky jump I's really tragic when you {Rint of fy L moan the way architects and urbenists ati fail to Zreop out of thelr determinst straitiackets, stl fall to really Risate in the contemporary world of art: stil cling to mathar Bature'as erable fo walk without her. Naw in erder to be natural Imarehitectare wo must depart from nature. Ite (nthe nature of fa that ft should bo diferent from nature, Of this | am sure. Were not eongerod ‘with the way nature does the tick. Art his ts own Wine of logic. t looks logical beside nature's logics Bat so does nature's logic look llogical beside that of at—besice that of man. Hence the confit and the feer to risk the jump. ‘You cannot reach the other side without jumping—no arbitrary Yoh Gap wiecteain work ar anti-prima donna nonsense—is olngvs bridge the gap. The artisin the jumping, how you take BRriPhen ard whore, Without the jump {nate be no architecture eon prvee good unt buidings ant cited or wor van Eyck Wwe + Y » ee a * at130 Big v coming for all, to sustain a fecling of belonging—hence to Thinking about such win- evolve an architecture of place—setting for each subsequent — Biengména.as inside ion ntaneous. faroneer alone—together; ‘occasion—determined or spontaneous. fa pea ene fae Architecture should be conceived of as a configuration of Inter __fallowing images corn fo my mediary places clearly defined. us : People sated concentica This does not imply continual transition or endless postponement fab sued concenrcay with respect to place and occasion. On the contrary, i fewards the centre; and break away from the contemporary concept (call it sickness) of epi tiled concent ily spatial continuity and the tendency to orase every articulation fowads the hrzon, ro, botween spaces, I.e. between outside and Inside, between one Hes, canta, two ways space and another (betweon one reality and another). The sil may revel what the Instead the transition must be articulated by means of defined In- some sony conceal; hat an: between places which induce simultaneous awareness of what is _harzonshoufids Both Aland Significant on either side. An in-between place In this sense pro- "alm, aizn and cote vides the common ground where conflicting polarities can again oncenteteally alter way become twinphenomena. For thirty yoars, architacture—not to ioe mention urbanism—has been providing outside for man inside centre, the centre and the (aggravating the conflict through attempting to eliminate the ‘salting herteon). essential difference). Architecture (sic urbanism) implies the crea- Neither centralized nor tion of interior both outside and inside, For oxtevior is that which Semilted ied precedes man-made environment; that which is counteracted by oj mulifplication, with the it; that which is persuaded to become commensurate by being ante interiorized, ‘Dutch Forum on Children's Home. van Eyck Surly, Ye our ran! home I Js 2180 what Labyrinthian clarity en bring about-house end And that's where Ill end-at the beginning. kya pinch of places both 104‘Town planning and architectureare parts ofa continuous process. Planning ta the cerrolating of humo nctlies: arzhitacture t's fhe housing of these activites, Toven planning establishes the tulle in which architecture can happen. Bott ere conditioned Bythe economic, octal, paitical, technical end physical climate, Ia giver environment thorough planning will lend to architecture. Planing remains snstract anti generates erchitecture. Only 114 lara of hy, von Enrough ts resute (oullding®, ways, places) can ibe. Is function Fre Spam 7B [Pie cstabiish optimum conciions in which the present becomes Future, To co this ft must Seok out, oxplore and explain the relax enshigs between human activtigs. It must then bring these tctiviles together so that the whole of it In the cily becomes Fieher than the sum ofits parts ‘The important question ig not ‘how?! but ‘why? er ‘what for ‘Town planning, like architecture, has to help seciey to achie Tends, to mate fe ina communty as ich ap possible, to aspire to a present Utople. ‘We have no quarrel with the past except In 30 far Compromlse the future. The pest can guide us but pa {Composition are of lle aval, Present techniques and present means must be used 10 open ae man) coors to the future as possible Sarvs Bie’, 3, 1981. Candis, sic, Woods