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1. The document discusses magnetic materials including ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic substances. It defines terms like hysteresis, coercivity, permeability, and susceptibility.
2. It explains that ferromagnetism is lost through heating due to the Curie-Weiss law and domain distortion. Ferrites are ferrimagnetic materials with very high resistivity that are used in applications like transformers.
3. The document contains sample questions and answers about magnetic domains, the B-H curve, ferromagnetic applications, and differentiating paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
1. The document discusses magnetic materials including ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic substances. It defines terms like hysteresis, coercivity, permeability, and susceptibility.
2. It explains that ferromagnetism is lost through heating due to the Curie-Weiss law and domain distortion. Ferrites are ferrimagnetic materials with very high resistivity that are used in applications like transformers.
3. The document contains sample questions and answers about magnetic domains, the B-H curve, ferromagnetic applications, and differentiating paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
1. The document discusses magnetic materials including ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic substances. It defines terms like hysteresis, coercivity, permeability, and susceptibility.
2. It explains that ferromagnetism is lost through heating due to the Curie-Weiss law and domain distortion. Ferrites are ferrimagnetic materials with very high resistivity that are used in applications like transformers.
3. The document contains sample questions and answers about magnetic domains, the B-H curve, ferromagnetic applications, and differentiating paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
Hysteresis curves for soft iron and steel. The lagging of magnetisation behind the magnetising field is called hysteresis. The quantities like saturation value, retentivity, coercivity and area of hysteresis loop provide information about the nature of magnetic material. Ans.
Q 2. Why ferrornagnetism is lost on heating?
Ans. The suceptibility (Xm) of the ferromagnetic substance follows the Curie-Wiess Law which show that Xm is Inversely proportional to the temperature. Hence Xm decreases with temperature and when ferromagnetic subtances are heated above certain temperature (curie temperatu?e), their out standing magnetic
properties are lost. Also at high temperature
ferromagnetic domains distored. Q3. Define Coercive force and. hysteresis. Ans. The phenomenon by virtue of which intensity of magnetisation lags behind the magnetising field, when a magnetic substance is taken through a complete cycle of magnetisation, is called hysteresis. Coercive force In order to reduce the residual intensity of magnetisation to zero, a magnetic field (=OC) has to be appiied in the opposite direction. This value of rnagnetising field is called the coercivity or coercive force for the sample.
Q 4. What is ferrites materials?
Ans. Ferrimagnetic materials having very high resistivity are known as ferrites. nemic formula of ferrite is M Fe203 where M can be ciivlent cation from Zn, Cd, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu Mg.
Ferrites are used in transformer cores to much
higher frequencies than iron. Q 5. Classif magnetic materials in terms of magnetic properties. Ans. (i) Diamagnetic substances Diamagnetic substances are those in which individual atoms/molecules/ions do not possess any net magnetic moment on their own Bismuth, Copper, Gold etc. (ii) Paramagnetic substances : Paramagnetic substances are those in whion individual atom! molecule/ion has a net non-zero magnetic moment of its own. E.g: Platinum, Magnesium etc. (iii) Ferromagnetic substances: Ferromagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom/molecule/ion has a non-zero magnetic moment as in a paramagnetic substance. e.g. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc. Q 6. Explain magnetic anisotropy. Ans. According to Domain theory, ferromagnets tend to magnetise along certain directions known as directions of easy magnetisation. This property is known as magnetic anisotropy.
Q 7 Define the magnetic induction and
magnetisation. Ans. Magnetic Induction : When a magnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, material gets magnetized. Such magnetism produced in the material is called induced magnetism and phenomenon is called magnetic induction. The intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of the material.
Q 8. Give some applications of ferrites.
Ans. (i) Ferrites are used as computer elements for logics memory circuits. (ii) Ferrites are used as flyback transformer for television picture tube. (iii) It is used for antenna cores in broadcast radio receiver due to its high permeabilil (iv) It is used in transformer and inductor. Q 9. What are magnetic domans? How do these originate?
Ans. Magnetic Domains : .SmaI regions of
spontaneous magnetization, formed temperature below Curie temperature are known as domains. Domains originate in ordei to lower magnetic energy. The domains will reduce the external magnetic field. The altanme of dipoles or formation of domains lower the magnetic energy but increases the energy. So, a stage reaches where no of domains becomes maximum and enery becomes minimum. Q 10. Differentiate between cliamagntic and paramagnetic materials. Ans. Difference betwen paramegnetic and diamagnetic substances
Q 11.Define Magnetostriction. Ans. Magnetostriction: It refers to changes in dimensions of a ferromagnetic material when it is subjected to a magnetising field.
Q 12. Define magnetic susceptibility.
Ans. It is defined a ratio of intensity of magnetisation produced in the materia[ to the magnetic intensith H.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q 1. Explain the terms magnetostriction
effect, hard magnetic materials, hysteresis loss. Ans. Magnetostriction : It refers to change in the dimension of a ferromagnetic material when it is subjected to a magnetising field. Magnetostriction consists of two main effects (a) Mechanical strains produced in a material when placed in a magnetic field.. (b) Magnetic changes produced in the specimen when mechanically stressed. The effect (a) consists of four subdivisions (i) Longitudinal and transverse effects.
(ii) The magnetic specimen exhibits a bending
effect when influenced by a magnetising field, (iii) The ferromagnetic material is twisted when subjected to a circular and longitudinal magnetising fields. The effect (b) is concerned with the changes in magnetic induction due to change in longitudinal and transverse mechanical stresses. The changes in magnetic induction are also due to bending and twisting of a materialwhen placed in magnetic field. Hard Magnetic Materials : If the domaui walls are difficult to move/rotate (i.e. difficult to magnetize) the material is known as hard magnetic material. e.g. CuNiFe alloy, AlNiCo Alloy etc. These materials have the following characteristics: 1. They possess high value of energy product. 2. They have high retentivity and coercivity, 3. They have strong magnetic reluctance. 4. They have hystersis loop rectangular in shape. 5. They have low initial permeability and high hystersis energy losses. Hysteresis Loss : When a ferromagnetic substance is set into a cycle of magnetisation, it involves a lots of energy. This is because, work has to be done to increase, the induction by a given amount. Hence during a magnetisation cycle, when we start magnetising the substance a greater magnetising force has to be used to obtain a given
induction. The same induction can be achieved
with less magnetising force when we start demagnetising. The energy required to magnetise a substance a specimen is not recovered on removing the magnetising field because magnetisation (I) does not become zero. If I (or B) has to become zero, a field in reverse direction has to be applied. Thus there is a loss of energy in taking a magnet through a cycle and it appears as heat in specimen. This loss is known as hysteresis loss.
Q 2. Explain the terms permeability and
susceptibility and drive the relation between them. Ans. Permeability : The measure of degree to which the magnetic lines of force can penetrate into a substance is called permeability of substance. Numerically, itis defined as ratio of magnetic induction B to the magetising field H
Susceptibility : The magnetic susceptibility of a
specimeft measures the cease with which the specimen can be magnetised. It is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation to the magnetising field. Relation between permeability and susceptibility :When a magnetic substance having cross-sectional area A and relative permeability hr is placed in a uniform field H, two types of lines of induction are present in it, one due to magnetising field H and other due to material itself being magnetised by induction. Thus, the total flux density B will be given by B = .t0 H + h0M. Now, permeability of medium is given by
Q 3. Discuss the domain theory of
ferromagnetism. OR
What are ferromagnetic domains? Explain
their existence in terms of atomic dipole moments. . Ans. Ferromagnetic domains : The small region in which few atoms of ferromagnetic materials are coupled together is called domain. A piece of unmagnetised Q 4. Explain what are Ferrites? Mention some applications of Ferrite materials. OR What are ferrites? Give their applications. Ans. Ferrites are the class of ferromagnetic materials and are given by chemical formula Me2, Fe23, 04, where Me represents divalent ion such as C02+, Mn2, Ni2, Fe2, Mg2 etc. The electrical resistance of ferrites is 1 O to 1015 times the resistance of ferromagnetic materials, hence ferrites are goodinsulators. They have high permeability and low hystersis. Properties of Ferrites 1.Ferrites are distinguished for their appreciable ferromagnetic properties and are poor conductors of electricity.
Ferrites with a variety of properties than can be
obtained depending on the composition and treatment. 3. The hysteresis ioop of ferrites is nearly rectangular. The rectangular shape of B-H curve faciltates in switching over from state of magnetisation to other. 4. Magnetic induction of ferrites is much less than that of ferromagnetic substances. 5. Because of their poor electrical conductivity, ferrities are used as the core of devices operating with high frequency currents, where it is impossible to use steel cores. This ensures small eddy current losses in them. . 6. Ferrites have high permeability. 7. Ferrites have low hysteresis. 8. Ferrites have high resistivity. 9. Ferrites are used in transistor receives. Applications of Ferrites 1. The property of low eddy current losses enables their used in microwave sysetms and computers. 2. They are used as ferromagnetic insulators in electrical circuitry. 3. Soft magnetic ferrites are used in transducer application, making compact aerials for radiosets and in making recording tapes.
4. Hard magnetic ferrites are used in focussing
magnets for TV picture tube, information storage and switching devices in computers. 5. Some ferrites like MnO ; ZnO ; Fe 03 are used in low frequency transformers and filters. 6. Ferrites like NiO ZnO. Fe203 find low frequency application in timers and are also used as switches in refrigerators, air conditioners etc. due to their thermal sensing characteristics. 7. Ferrites having high frequency characteristics and hardness are used for magnetic head transducer in recording. Q 5. Prove that-the area of the B-H curve is -i--it times the energy dissipated per cc of metal during each magnetic cycle.
Q6 Classify the magnetism and write their
properties Also explain hard and
soft magnetic materials.
OR What are magnetic materials Distinguish between hard and soft magnetic materials Name the factors on which shape of B-H curve for different types of magnetic materials depend. Ans Materials which possess magnetic properties are termed as magnetit materials On the basis of their magnetic properties different materials have been classified by Faraday in three categories: (i) Diamagnetic substances : Diamagnetic substances are those in which the individual atoms/molecules/ions do not possess any net magnetic moment on their own e.g. Bismuth, Copper, Gold etc. (ii) Paramagnetic substances : Paramagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom! molecule/ion has a net non-zero magnetic moment of its own. E.g : Aluminium, Platinum, Magnesium etc. (iii) Ferromagnetic substances : Ferromagnetic substances are those in which each individual atom/molecule/ion has a non-zero magnetic moment as in a paramagnetic substance. E.g Iron, Cobalt, Nickel etc.
Soft materials exhibit high permeability. They
cannot store large amount of magnetic energy. They have negligible coercive force. They have low hysteresis loss and low electrical resistivity. Hard magnetic materials possess high value of energy product i.e. BH value. They have high retentivity and.high coercivity. They exhibit low initial permeability and high hysteresis loss. The shape of B-H curve depends on (i) Retentivity (ii) Coercivity (iii) Saturation value of magnetism. Q 7. What are soft and hard magnetic materials? Also write their applications. OR What is the difference between soft and hard magnetic materials? Ans. Soft materials exhibit high permeability. They cannot store large amountpf magnetic energy. They have negligible coercive force. They have low hysteresis loss and low electrical resistivity. Hard magnetic materials possess high value of energy product i.e. BH value They have high retentivity and high coercivity. They exhibit low initial permeability and high hysteresis loss.
Q 8. Explain the terms:
(i) Magnetic Domain (ii) Magnetic anisotropy (iii) Magnetostriction. Ans. (i) A ferromagnetic material consists of a large number of small domains which are spontaneously magnetized. In demagnetized state, the magnetization vectors of these domains are oriented in such a way that the resultant magnetic moment is zero. When external M.F. is applied all magnetization vectors align themselves in the direction of applied field and as a result there is a net magnetic moment. (ii) According to Domain theory, ferromagnets tend to magnetise along certain directions known as directions of easy magnetisation. This property is known as magnetic anisotropy. (iii) When a ferromagnetic material is subjected to a magnetising field its dimensions changes and this property is known as magnetostriction.