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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 147

Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CONCRETE WITH COPPER


SLAG AND WASTE RUBBER TYRES
Ben narendran S
P.G Scholar

Dr. T.Bhagavathi Pushpa,


Asst. Professor,

Dept of Civil Engineering,


Anna University Regional Campus,
Madurai, India.

Dept of Civil Engineering,


University College of Engineering,
Ramanathapuram, India.

Abstract
Growing demand for construction materials necessitated the
usage of alternate materials in the production of
conventional concrete. The present study discusses the
influence of rubber tyre and copper slag in the behaviour of
composite concrete. Copper slag content has been varied
from 35% to 45% as a replacement of fine aggregate and for
coarse aggregate, rubber tyre content is varied from 7.5% to
12.5%. Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grade and M30
grade of concrete is used. The test specimens are cured for a
period of 7, 14 and 28 days and tested for compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The
results are compared with conventional concrete. From the
results, it was observed that the use of copper slag and
rubber tyre in concrete has shown considerable increase in
strength and reduction of cost when compared with normal
concrete.
Keywords - Concrete, copper slag and rubber tyre.

I. INTRODUCTION
Construction concrete is the most adaptable construction
material as it can be designed to withstand tough
environments. Conventional concrete consist of fine
aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate (gravel) and binder
material (cement). Excessive consumption of construction
materials roots for the growth in demand of these materials.
This massive demand compels the usage of alternate
materials in concrete. Copper slag is a by-product material
produced from the process of copper manufacturing. It was
obtained as a result of manufacturing of copper electrodes in
Sterlite industry. Four lakh tons of copper is produced by
Sterlite industries in India. 2.2 tons of copper slag is formed
for every ton of copper production. Now a days rubber is
employed in majority of the products because of its
flexibility and durability. Disposal of these waste tyres that
are generated, pose a major problem. Because tires are bulky
and 75% of the space a tire is void, so that the land filling of
scrap tires especially as whole tyres occupies a large volume
of space. Tires tend to float or rise in a landfill and come to
the surface. The void space in tyres acts as a breeding space
for rodents. Thus an attempt is made to employ the usage of
copper and rubber tyre in concrete to improve its economy
and making it ecofriendly.
Aisien et al (2006)[1] dealt a laboratory scale
evaluation of the feasibility of using ground rubber from
scrap tyres, in dry process hot-mix asphalt concrete used for
road pavement. The rubber to asphalt ratio (by weight) of
the specimens that was initially kept constant at 0.2 was
subsequently varied from 0.1 to 0.5 using different rubber
particle sizes. The Marshall method was used to prepare

both conventional and rubberized asphalt concrete


specimens. The results shows that the rubberized asphalt
concrete mix has much better mechanical properties than the
conventional one. The tensile strength of the specimens for
example, increased from 1.82 x 103 to 2.04 x 103 KPa as the
rubber to asphalt ratio increased from 0.1 to 0.3. Similar
trends were observed in compressive and tensile moduli.
The mechanical properties of rubberized specimens cured in
air and those soaked in water were not significantly
different. However, the conventional concrete especially
those soaked in water showed inferior mechanical
properties. The rubber particle size of 0.60 mm had the best
mechanical properties.
Binaya Patnaik et al (2015)[2] conducted an
experiment to investigate the strength and durability
properties of concrete having copper slag as a partial
replacement of sand. Two different types of concrete grade
(M20 & M30) were used with different proportions of
copper slag replacement (0 to 50%) in the concrete. Strength
& durability properties such as compressive strength, split
tensile strength, flexural strength, acid resistivity and
sulphate resistivity were evaluated for both mixes of
concrete. High toughness of copper slag attributes to
increased compressive strength. Use of copper slag helps in
waste management and dumping industrial wastes. Copper
slag behaves similar to river sand as it contains silica similar
to sand. Addition of copper slag increases the density of
concrete thereby increasing the self-weight. The water
absorption of copper slag was measured to be 0.24% which
is less than that of natural sand (1.2%).
Blessen and Ramesh (2013)[3] conducted an
experimental investigation to study the behaviour of
concrete using various combinations of copper slag and
discarded tyre-rubber for the partial replacements for fine
and coarse aggregates. The concrete mix of grade M30 (i.e.
1: 2.56: 3.25) was adopted with water cement ratio 0.4. The
test specimens were cured and tested for short term and long
term durability tests. It was found that the strength and
durability of concrete is increased due to the presence of
copper slag. The utilization of copper slag as a partial
replacement for sand; imparts strength up to 50%
replacement. As it exhibits good durability characteristics, it
may be applied for all construction activities. Concrete mix
having discarded tyre-rubber up to 15% for coarse
aggregates, can be applied for light weight concrete,
construction of pavements, non-structural works. Test
results showed that the utilization of copper slag as a partial
replacement for sand imparts strength up to 50%
replacement. As it exhibits good durability characteristics, it
can be applied for all construction activities.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 148


Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Blessen Skariah Thomas et al (2012)[4] conducted


an experiment using the discarded rubber tyres for partial
replacement of coarse aggregates and copper slag for the
partial replacement of fine aggregates. 0-50% replacement
of sand with copper slag and 0-20% replacement of coarse
aggregates with discarded rubber tyre pieces of 20 mm size.
One set of cubes, cylinders and beams are prepared with
40% replacement with copper slag and 15% replacement
with discarded rubber tyre pieces. The results from the
ultrasonic pulse velocity tests prove that the copper slag and
rubber tyre admixture concrete have excellent quality. The
results revealed that addition of the copper slag in concrete
increases the self-weight of concrete. The compressive
strength increased by 32.3% in copper slag concrete. And
when the rubber tyre and copper slag is mixed in definite
percentage, the compressive strength increased by 16.3%.
The flexural strength test on beams results shows that the
ultimate load carrying capacity of the beam increases by
30% for 38% replacement of copper slag. The uses of
copper slag as a partial replacement for sand impart strength
up to 50% replacement.
Chavan and Kulkarni (2013)[5] conducted an
experimental program to investigate the effect of using
copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the
strength properties. M25 grade concrete was used and tests
were conducted for various proportions of copper slag
replacement with sand of 0 to 100% in concrete and the
results were compared with those of control concrete made
with ordinary Portland cement and sand. The results shows
that the maximum compressive strength of concrete
increased by 55% at 40% replacement of fine aggregate by
copper slag, and up to 75% replacement, concrete gain more
strength than control mix concrete strength. It is observed
that for all percentage replacement of fine aggregate by
copper slag the flexural strength of concrete is more than
control mix. It is observed that, the flexural strength of
concrete at 28 days is higher than design mix (without
replacement) for 20% replacement of fine aggregate by
copper slag, the flexural strength of concrete is increased by
14%.
Damodhara Reddy et al (2013)[6] conducted this
experimental study to test the properties of concrete when
recycled rubber from automotive tyres is used as a partial
aggregate. Test specimens contains 10%, 15% substitution
of junk tyre rubber as a natural aggregate. The replacement
of coarse aggregate by junk rubber in concrete has resulted
in reduced compressive strengths and densities. Test results
of 28 days rubberized concrete gives low compressive
strength than conventional concrete specimens.
Edwin Fernando et al (2014)[7] conducted the
experiment by preparing normal concrete at first and then
further steps 5% - 25% of sand is partially replaced as
copper slag, self-compact ability test such as slump flow, vfunnel and j-ring tests have been conducted. Also
compressive, split- tensile strength and have been
conducted. In this study viscosity modifying agents may not
be strictly necessary for the material used to obtain SCC.
Use of fly ash resulted in increase of 28 days compressive
strength of concrete. It is found that the economical SCC
with satisfactory properties with 287 days strength of 28
Mpa can be obtained by using 40% fly ash. This selfcompacting concrete can replace a normal concrete with
significantly reduced cost. The mixtures of SCC containing

40 percent fly ash in the total power content showed


adequate strength development at 28 days with a cement
content of 225 kg/m3 developed 38.07 MPa at 28 days.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS


Copper slag
Copper slag is a waste material obtained during
copper production in copper industries. The copper slag is
obtained from the Sterlite industry in Thoothukudi,
Tamilnadu, India. It produces 0.4 million tons of copper
every year. The copper slag used for this experiment is
shown in the Figure 2.1. The tested physical properties of
copper slag are presented in Table 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Copper Slag


Table 2.1 Physical Properties of Copper Slag
S.No

Name

Physical properties

Particle Shape

Irregular

2.

Type

Air Cooled

3.

Appearance

Black and glassy

4.

Specific Gravity

3.91

5.

Water Absorption %

0.15 - 0.20

6.

Bulk Density

2.08

Rubber tyre
The Rubber tyres may be classified into two
major groups as tyres from light vehicle and heavy vehicle.
This project is based on usage of waste rubber tyres from
light vehicles such as bikes and cars. Waste tyres were
collected from the available local resources. The waste
rubber tyres from local godown are shown in Fig. 2.2.
The tyres were manually chopped into small
pieces of required shape and size. The maximum size of
aggregate was 20 mm. Chopped rubber pieces were
thoroughly cleansed with pure water and are sun dried. The
chopper rubber tyre pieces were shown in Fig. 2.3.
All the faces of the rubber tyre pieces were
roughened manually. Coarse aggregates were replaced with
various percentage of discarded tyre rubber. The specific
gravity of rubber tyre waste was found to be 1.123.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 149


Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Compressive strength
Compressive strength is most important
property of the hardened concrete. The concrete cubes were
casted, cured and tested accordance with IS standard and 7,
14, & 28 days. Compressive strength result of concrete are
listed in Table 3.1. The highest compressive strength value
is 35.7 Mpa which is obtained at 28 days by replacement of
40% of fine aggregate by copper slag and 10% of coarse
aggregate by rubber tyre by weight of concrete. Fig 3.1 and
Table 3.1 shows that the compressive strength of concrete
for various mixes. Figure was drawn between compressive
strength and curing periods for the various mixes. From the
result, the optimum strength is obtained at replacement of
40% of fine aggregate by copper slag and 10% of coarse
aggregate by rubber tyre by weight of concrete.

Figure 2.2 Waste Rubber Tyres In Local Godown

Table 3.1 Compressive Strength of Rubberised Concrete

Methods
In this project, M30 grade concrete was taken
in which 40% fine aggregate was replaced by copper slag
and 10% coarse aggregate was replaced by rubber tyre and
cured for 7, 14 and 28 days and tested for compressive
strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The
results obtained from those test were noted.

Mix

%
Copper
slag

%
Rubber
Tyre

M0

M1

7days
2

14days
2

28days

(N/mm )

(N/mm )

(N/mm2)

22.1

26.4

31.4

35

26.3

30.7

33.2

M2

40

31.7

35.5

39.5

M3

45

29.4

33.3

35.6

M4

40

7.5

23.9

26..7

30.2

M5

40

10

27.6

32.2

35.7

M6

40

12.5

25.3

28.1

31.1

The compressive strength is gradually


increased up to adding 40% of copper slag, further increase
results in decrease in compressive strength. When rubber
tyre is added the maximum compressive strength is achieved
at 10% replacement .further increase in rubber tyre results in
decrease in strength of concrete. The mix 5 shows the
optimum percentage of replacement and the compressive
strength is increased by 13.6%.

Figure 2.3 Chopped Rubber Tyres

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION


General
Castings of the specimens were done as per
IS: 10086-1982. The mixing, compacting and curing of
concrete are done according to IS 516: 1959. The plain
samples of cubes, and cylinders were cured for 28 days in
water at room temperature. The specimens were taken for
testing such as compression test, split tensile strength test
and flexural strength test. The specimens were tested in the
universal testing machine. Three numbers of specimens in
each were tested and the average value is calculated. The
results were compared and analysed with that of control
mix.
The following tables and graphs give the
details of the experimental results of concrete in which the
fine aggregate is replaced with copper slag and coarse
aggregate with rubber tyre at varying percentages by weight
of the concrete.

Split tensile strength


After curing of cylinders for respective days it
was placed in testing machine having a maximum capacity
of 1000 KN. The load is applied on the cylinder specimens.
The cylinder specimen was failed at ultimate load which
was noted from dial gauge reading. Split tensile strength is
most important property of the hardened concrete. The
concrete cylinders were casted, cured and tested accordance
with the IS standard and 7, 14, & 28 days split tensile
strength result of concrete are listed in table 3.2 Based on
the result, the highest split tensile strength value is 3.9
N/mm2 which is obtained at 28 days by replacement of 40%
of fine aggregate by copper slag and 10% of coarse
aggregate by rubber tyre by weight of concrete. The split
tensile strength is gradually increased up to adding 40% of
copper slag, further increase results in decrease in split
tensile strength. When rubber tyre is added the maximum
compressive strength is achieved at 10% replacement,
further increase in rubber tyre results in decrease in strength

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 150


Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

Spl it tensile strength Mpa

Comptressive strength Mpa

of concrete. The mix 5 shows the optimum percentage of


replacement and the split tensile strength is increased by
13.6%. Fig 3.3 and Table 3.2 shows the split tensile strength
of concrete for various mixes.
50

40
30

39
3533
33 35 3531
32
3129
30
30
27
26
26 28
23 25

4.2
3.9
3.8 3.9 3.9
3.6 3.7 3.4
3.5
3.4
3.2
3 3.1 2.8
2.9 3
2.4 2.5

4
3
2
1

0
7 days

14 days

28 days

Curi ng periods

20
10
0
7 days

14 days

28 days

35%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 0% RT

45%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 7.5% RT

40%CS & 10% RT

40%CS & 12.5% RT

Curing periods

35%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 0% RT

45%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 7.5% RT

40%CS & 10% RT

40%CS & 12.5% RT

Figure 3.3 Effect of Rubberised Concrete in Split Tensile


Strength
Flexural strength
After curing of concrete prism specimens,
they were placed in testing machine having a maximum
capacity of 100 KN. The load is applied on the prism
specimens. The specimen is failed at ultimate load which is
noted from dial gauge reading Flexural strength is the
property of the hardened concrete. Based on the results
shown in Table 3.3, the highest flexural strength value is
39.8 N/mm2 which was obtained at 28 days by replacement
of 40% of fine aggregate by copper slag and 10% of coarse
aggregate by rubber tyre by weight of concrete when
compared to the conventional mix. The mix 5 shows the
optimum percentage of replacement and the flexural
strength is increased by 12.4%.

Figure 3.1 Effect of Rubberised Concrete in


Compressive Strength

Figure 3.2 Specimen after tested for Compressive


Strength
Table 3.2 Split Tensile Strength of Concrete
%

Copper

Rubber

slag

tyre

M0

M1

7days

14days

28 days

(N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

2.6

3.0

3.2

35

3.0

3.6

3.8

M2

40

3.4

3.9

4.2

M3

45

3.1

3.7

3.9

M4

40

7.5

2.4

2.9

3.2

M5

40

10

2.8

3.4

M6

40

12.5

2.5

3.0

Mix

Figure 3.4 Specimen after Tested for Split Tensile


Strength
Table 3.3 Flexural Strength of Concrete

Mix

% Copper
Slag

% Rubber
Tyre

28 days
(N/mm2)

3.9

M0

35.4

3.5

M1

35

48.4

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Technology (IJAERT) 151


Volume 4 Issue 4, April 2016, ISSN No.: 2348 8190

M2

40

50.9

M3

45

47.6

M4

40

7.5

37.2

M5

40

10

39.8

M6

40

12.5

38.4

flexural strength Mpa

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

48.4

50.9

47.6
37.2

39.8

38.4

28 days
Curing periods
35%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 0% RT

45%CS & 0% RT

40%CS & 7.5% RT

40%CS & 10% RT

40%CS & 12.5% RT

Figure 3.5 Effect of Rubberized Concrete in Flexural


Strength

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]
Figure 3.6 Specimen after Tested for Flexural Strength
[5]

IV. CONCLUSION
The experimental study was performed to determine the
Characteristics of (M30) concrete with the replacement of
fine and coarse aggregate by copper slag (CS) and rubber
tyre (RT) respectively. Rubber tyre and copper slag were
added in various percentages by weight of concrete.
Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural
strength for 7, 14, 28 days were determined for the casted
concrete specimens. Test results concluded that 40%
replacement of copper slag for fine aggregate and 10%
replacement of rubber tyre for coarse aggregate showed
optimum result when compared to conventional concrete.

[6]

[7]

Self-weight of concrete increases with the addition of


copper slag.

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Compressive strength increases with increase of


percentage of copper slag up to certain limit.
Addition of rubber tyre and copper slag shows an
increase in compressive strength, split tensile strength
and flexural strength.
Optimum replacement percentage was found to be 40%
and 10% for copper slag and rubber tyre respectively in
terms of increase in strength.
Maximum Compressive strength of cube is found to be
35 Mpa at 40% replacement of fine aggregate replaced
by copper slag & 10% of rubber tyre is added by the
weight of concrete and it increased by 16.6% than the
conventional concrete.
Maximum split tensile strength of cylinder is found to
be 3.9 Mpa at 40% replacement of fine aggregate
replaced by copper slag & 10% of rubber tyre is added
by the weight of concrete and it increased by 34.4%
than the conventional concrete.
Maximum flexural strength of prism is found to be 7.34
Mpa at 40% replacement of fine aggregate replaced by
copper slag & 10% of rubber tyre is added by the
weight of concrete and it increased by 31.1% than the
conventional concrete.
REFERENCES
Aisien F.A., Hymore F.K. and Ebewele R. (2006),
Application of ground scrap tyre rubbers in asphalt
concrete pavements, Indian Journal of Engg. &
Materials Sciences, Vol. 13, August 2006, pp.333338.
Binaya P., Seshadri S.T. and Srinivasa R. (2015),
Strength and durability properties of copper slag
admixed concrete , NCRTCE-2014, Vol. 04 Special
Issue, 01, pp.158-169.
Blessen S.T. and Ramesh C.G. (2013), Mechanical
properties and durability characteristics of concrete
containing solid waste materials, Journal of Cleaner
Production, pp.1-6.
Blessen S.T., Anoop S. and Sathish Kumar V.
(2012), Utilization of Solid Waste Particles as
Aggregates in Concrete, Procedia Engineering, 38,
pp.3789-3796.
Chavan R.R. and Kulkarni D.B. (2013),
Performance of copper slag on strength properties as
partial replace of fine aggregate in concrete mix
design, International Journal of Advanced
Engineering Research and Studies, E-ISSN 2249
8974, pp.95-98.
Damodhara R.B., Aruna J.S. and Ramesh B. (2013),
Experimental Investigation on Concrete by Partially
Replacement of Ware Aggregate with Junk Rubber,
The International Journal of Engineering and
Science, ISSN (e): 2319 1813 ISSN (p) 2319
1805, Vol. 2, Issue 12, pp.61-65.
Edwin F., Vandana C.J. and Indu.G.N. (2014),
Experimental Investigation of Self Compacting
Concrete with Copper Slag, International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN 22489622, pp.91-97.

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