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A Review of Seismic Design and Behavior of

Gali-Zakho Tunnel Lining
Conference Paper May 2016
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5062.4244

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Jaafar Mohammed
University of Duhok
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A REVIEW OF SEISMIC DESIGN AND BEHAVIOR OF GALI-ZAKHO

TUNNEL LINING
J. Mohammed

VB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

ABSTRACT: Gali-Zakho tunnel is located on the highway in Duhok city-Iraqi Kurdistan, this city is the
border between Kurdistan-Iraq and Turkey, involves design and construction of a dual carriageway
road with two individual tubes with a total length of 3.604 Km. Tectonically; Iraq was located in a
relatively active seismic zone at the tectonically active northern and eastern boundaries of the Arabian
Plate. Earthquakes in this seismic zone can be cause significant infrastructure damage, especially in the
eastern part of North-East (NE) Iraq. The project area is located on 3rd degree earthquake zone
according to the earthquake zone. The East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) which constituted the scene of
intensive earthquake activities is 260 Km northwest (NE) of the project area. Therefore, possible
earthquake movements that may affect the project area in the future are determined through an
earthquake risk analysis with considering the maximum moment magnitude of (M =8.5 on
EAFZ).Second important tectonic element is the Bitlis-Zagros trust fault zone, for the seismic risk
analysis (M = 7.5) moment magnitude is considered. Seismic risk analysis shall be considered in
accordance with the relevant regulations while designing. Horizontal ground acceleration coefficient
shall be taken as Ao = 0.14 g for the tunnel design and 0.07 g for the earth works. Structural analysis
has been done by means of SAP 2000 and using numerical analysis technique Phase2 Finite Element
Analysis for Excavations and the most critical results of moment, shear and axial force diagrams has
been displayed as analysis results.
KEYWORDS: EFM, Seismic, Tunnel, Earthquake.

1. INTRODUCTION

The reason for construction this tunnel in Duhok city is to limit traffic congestion in the highway
especially oil truck. Therefore, we must take care when designing such facilities this is because its
collapse caused many problems which affect the population in this area. The best way to understanding
the behavior of analysis and modelling of tunnel is finite element technique for both of tunneling
process excavation and lining interaction. The aim of seismic hazard assessment for any area is to
condense seismotectonic knowledge and experience into parameters used for predicting ground
motion which in turn can be use in design and subsequent earthquake resistant construction. The
seismic hazard has to be considered for sensitive superstructures and underground structure. Iraq was
located in a relatively active seismic zone at the tectonically active northern and eastern boundaries of
the Arabian Plate. The available data on the the seismic hazard and magnitude of earthquakes for the
last (100) years ago, with some field observation, were utilized by many independent of the network
stations like: Northern Iraq Seismic Network (NISN), Iraq Seismic Network (ISN), North Iraq Seismic
Array (KSIRS), Iranian National Seismic Network (INSN), Iran Seismic Telemetry Network (ISTN),
Eastern Turkey Seismic Experiment (ETSE), Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute
(KOREA) and International Seismological Centre (ISC), which they publishes the results of the seismic
risk and earthquake hazard analysis cover Iraqi region to draw a seismotectonic map of the study in
Iraq. This map is used to provide locations of earthquake risk throughout the region and can be
regarded as a database.
Seismic waves mean every motion that can be observed on a seismogram, with the exception of direct
disturbance of the instruments. The seismic waves which arise through the sudden rupture in an
earthquake source or by an explosion propagate through the whole of the earths interior or along its
surface layers. The waves are recorded by seismograph stations the world over, provided that the
released energy has been big enough (Bath, 1979).

2. EARTHQUAKE RISK ANALYSIS

In order to determine the maximum seismic activity accelerations which are expected to affect the
bedrock in the future, the seismologic data are studied at first hand at the Zakho Tunnel construction
site. The earthquakes with a magnitude of (M 4) and that happened in the study site between 1900
and 2005 are compiled from the international data center catalogues. At the second stage of risk
analysis study, seismologic and tectonic elements are correlated and a Seismotectonic map of the
region, which is prepared by Prof. M. Erdik. One source for earthquakes which is symbolised with L-1
and L-2 (line source) on the map and thought to produce the earthquakes is determined. The computer
program used in risk analysis calculations is prepared according to Poisson probability theory. The
source parameters determined for the line sources, the coordinates of Zakho Tunnel site and the
coefficients of attenuation relationship are inserted in the program and the acceleration-risk values are
achieved. These values are stated in the enclosed Table-1. It required to set the below parameters and
gather information on them during the earthquake risk analysis study.
Table 1: The Regression Parameters for L-1 and L-2 line Sources of Earthquakes

A main source of earthquake on the Seismotectonic map (LS-1) and (LS-2) which is used to calculate
the earthquake risk of the Zakho Tunnel is taken into consideration during calculations. The
parameters of this earthquake source are stated in Table.1, and the acceleration-risk values of this
source at Zakho Tunnel construction site are calculated.
2.1. L-1 LINE SOURCE
L-1 line source of earthquake is embedded in the part of the East Anatolian faults. It is 754 Km long. The
biggest earthquake on this source had a magnitude of Mo =6.8, and an earthquake with a magnitude of
M1 = 8.5 at maximum is expected on it. The average hypocentre depth determined is h=25 Km.

2.2. L-2 LINE SOURCE

L-2 line source of earthquake is embedded in the Bitlis-Zagros Thrust zone. It is 655 Km long. The
biggest earthquake on this source had a magnitude of M0 = 6.5, and an earthquake with a magnitude of
M1 = 7.5 at maximum is expected on it. The average hypocentre depth determined is h=20Km.

3. ATTENUATION RELATIONSHIP AND DETERMINISTIC EVALUATION

One of the most important issues in earthquake risk analysis study is the selection of the attenuation
relationship which defines the correlation between the magnitude of the earthquake (M), hypocentre
distance (R) and the maximum ground acceleration (A). Estevan attenuation relationship which is used
commonly in these studies and known to produce appropriate results is benefited in the determination
of the earthquake risk of the Zakho Tunnel site by using the probability method. Furthermore, the
maximum acceleration values created at the Zakho Tunnel construction site by the earthquake
occurred at 1930 Turkey-Iran border (M=7.6) and the Erbil earthquake (6.2) are directly calculated
with deterministic method by making use of the attenuation relationships suggested by the below
researchers (Table.2).

Table 2: Deterministic Evaluations

Maximum ground acceleration at the Zakho Tunnel construction site is 45.9 cm/ s2. This is far below
the values achieved through probability method.

4. FINAL LINING DESIGN COMPUTATIONS FOR TUNNEL SECTIONS

The support systems such as shotcrete, rock bolts and steel sets lost all their resistance against stresses
generated around the tunnel and all the loads shall be carried out by reinforced concrete inner lining.
The same assumption is also valid for the seismic loading conditions, i.e. the only resisting element
during earthquake is assumed to be reinforced concrete lining.

Maximum axial force and maximum bending moments for 35cm thickness;
Section 1 Nmax = 2360kN
M = 20kNm (Static condition)
M = 2290kN (Static condition)
Section 2 Mmax = 90kNm
Section 3 Nmax = 2570kN
M = 140kNm (Seismic condition)
M = 2570kN (Seismic condition)
Section 4 Mmax = 140kNm
Maximum axial force and maximum bending moments for 30cm thickness;
Section 1 Nmax = 2340kN
M = 40kNm (Static condition)
Section 2 Mmax = 60kNm
M = 2280kN (Static condition)
Section 3 Nmax = 2560kN
M = 80kNm (Seismic condition)
Section 4 Mmax = 100kNm
M = 2550kN (Seismic condition)
Maximum axial force and maximum bending moments for invert;
Section 1 Nmax = 2410kN
M = 160kNm (Static condition)
Section 2 Mmax = 160kNm
M = 2410kN (Static condition)
Section 3 Nmax = 2620kN
M = 190kNm (Seismic condition)
Section 4 Mmax = 500kNm
M = 2540kN (Seismic condition)

Maximum axial load reached on rock bolt in all stages for static condition;
Tmax = 130kN 220kN
For the seismic loading conditions;

Maximum axial load reached on rock bolt in all stages for seismic condition;
Tmax = 130kN 220kN
For the seismic loading conditions;

Maximum axial load reached on rock bolt in all stages for seismic condition;
Tmax = 210kN < 220kN

Figure 3: Pedestrian evacuation tunnel interaction diagrams (Seismic condition)

Figure 4: Axial force diagram for inner lining 35cm for top heading and bench (Seismic loading)

Figure 5: Axial force diagram for 35cm inner lining Section 3 (Seismic loading 2570kN)

The selected support elements is sufficient and can carry the design loads safely (Load factor is taken
L.F. =1.50 in static condition, L.F. =1.00 in seismic condition).

Figure 6: Bending moment diagram for inner lining 35cm for top heading and bench (Seismic loading)

Figure 7: Bending moment diagram for 35cm inner lining Section 4 (Seismic loading 140kNm)

Figure 8: Axial force diagram for inner lining 30cm for top heading and bench (Seismic loading)

Figure 9: Axial force diagram for 30cm inner lining Section 7 (Seismic loading 2560kN)

Figure 10: Bending moment diagram for inner lining 30cm for top heading and bench (Seismic loading)

Figure 11: Bending moment diagram for 30cm inner lining Section 8 (Seismic loading 100kNm)

Figure 12: Inner RC lining Axial force Bending moment interaction diagram for 35cm at top
heading and bench (Seismic loading case, Load Factor=1.0)

Figure 13: Inner RC lining Axial force Bending moment interaction diagram for
30cm at top heading and bench (Seismic loading case, Load Factor=1.0)

5. CONCLUSION

Figure 14: Inner RC lining Axial force Bending moment interaction diagram for
50cm at invert (Seismic loading case, Load Factor=1.0)

The maximum horizontal ground acceleration at the Zakho Tunnel site which is expected to have an
exceedance probability of 5% within an economic life of 50 years is a=142.3 cm/ s2 or a=0.14 g. The
maximum horizontal ground movement acceleration which is expected to happen with an exceedance
probability of 10% within a period of 200 years is as a=147.9 cm/s2 (a=0.15 g). The attenuation
relationship suggested for hard rock conditions by Estava is used in the risk analysis computer
program and it is in conformity with the ophiolitic rock conditions at the Zakho Tunnel site. The highest
acceleration risk calculated by deterministic method is a=45.9 cm/s2. This is far below the values
achieved by probability method and it proves that the values by probability method are reliable.
Maximum Displacement Earthquake (MDE) value: 129.6cm/sn2 (0.13g.) ground movement at
maximum (for the return period of 475 years).
Operating basis earthquake (OBE) value: 89.2cm/sn2 (0.09 g.) ground movement at maximum (for
the return period of 144 years).
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) value: An earthquake with a Richter magnitude of M= 7.6
should be taken into account during the project.
In addition to this, when the intensity earthquake map has evaluated, it can be seen that the probability
of the occurrence of the earthquake in Zakho tunnel area bigger than M=5 in one year is almost zero.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to extend my sincerest thanks and appreciation to everyone who helped me, Special thanks
to engineers Ahmed Tahir and Mostafa Turki and Special thanks for:
Directing: KURDISTAN REGIONAL GOVERNMENT THE MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION & HOUSING
ERBIL/IRAQ
CONTRACTOR: LMAK CONSTRUCTION AND CONTRACTING
CONSULTANT: MEGA ENGINEERING & CONSULTANCY CO.
REFERENCES

[1] NOOR ADNAN JASIM, 2013, SEISMICITY EVALUATION OF CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN.

[2] IRAQI SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK, 2014, Monthly Seismological Bulletin for December 2014.

[3] SAHIL .A. ALSINAWI and ZIA O. AL-QASRANI, 2003, EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS CONSIDERATIONS FOR IRAQ.

[4] HAFIDH A. A. GHALIB, etal, SEISMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF NORTHERN IRAQ AND SURROUNDING REGIONS.

[5] A. S. AMEER, et al., 2005, Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Iraq Using Complete Earthquake Catalogue Files.
[6] OMAR Q. AHMED, 2013, Seismotectonic study of northern Iraq and surroundings from waveform inversion method.

[7] SAHIL A. ALSINAWI, 2002, SEISMICITY, SEISMOTECTONICS, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE AND ATTENUATION DATA ON
IRAQ.
[8] SAAD Z. JASSIM AND JEREMY C. GOFF, 2006, Geology of Iraq.

[9] ROLAND GRITTO1, et al, 2008, CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF NORTH IRAQ FROM RECEIVER FUNCTION ANALYSES.
[10] ERIK LEWIS, et al., 2011, Self-exciting point process models of civilian deaths in Iraq.

[11] J. DE VERA, et al., 2009, Structure of the Zagros folds and thrust belt in the Kurdistan Region, northern Iraq.

Jaafar Mohammed PhD student

VB-Technical University of Ostrava, L. Podt 1875/17, 708 33 Ostrava Poruba, Czech Republic
E-mail address.: jaafar.brifkani@uod.ac , jaafar.mohammed.st@vsb.cz