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1)WhatisRouting?
Routingistheprocessoffindingapathonwhichdatacanpassfromsourcetodestination.Routingisdonebyadevice
calledrouters,whicharenetworklayerdevices.
2)WhatisthepurposeoftheDataLink?
ThejoboftheDataLinklayeristocheckmessagesaresenttotherightdevice.Anotherfunctionofthislayerisframing.
3)Whatisthekeyadvantageofusingswitches?
Whenaswitchreceivesasignal,itcreatesaframeoutofthebitsthatwasextractedfromthatsignal.Withthisprocess,it
gainsaccessandreadsthedestinationaddress,afterwhichitforwardsthatframetotheappropriateport.Thisisavery
efficientmeansofdatatransmission,insteadofbroadcastingitonallports.
4)Whendoesnetworkcongestionoccur?
Networkcongestionoccurswhentoomanyusersaretryingtousethesamebandwidth.Thisisespeciallytrueinbig
networksthatdonotresorttonetworksegmentation.
5)WhatisaWindowinnetworkingterms?
AWindowreferstothenumberofsegmentsthatisallowedtobesentfromsourcetodestinationbeforeanacknowledgement
issentback.
6)Doesabridgedivideanetworkintosmallersegments?
Notreally.Whatabridgeactuallydoesistotakethelargenetworkandfilterit,withoutchangingthesizeofthenetwork.
7)WhichLANswitchingmethodisusedinCISCOCatalyst5000?
ThismodelusestheStoreandforwardswitchingmethod.Itstorestheentireframetoitsbuffersandperformsacrccheck
beforedecidingwhetherornottoforwardthatdataframe.
8)WhatistheroleoftheLLCsublayer?
TheLLCsublayer,shortforLogicalLinkControl,canprovideoptionalservicestoanapplicationdeveloper.Oneoptionisto
provideflowcontroltotheNetworklayerbyusingstop/startcodes.TheLLCcanalsoprovideerrorcorrection.
9)HowdoesRIPdifferfromIGRP?
RIPreliesonthenumberofhopsinordertodeterminethebestroutetoanetwork.Ontheotherhand,IGRPtakes
considerationmanyfactorsbeforeitdecidesthebestroutetotake,suchasbandwidth,reliability,MTUandhopcount.
10)WhatarethedifferentmemoriesusedinaCISCOrouter?
NVRAMstoresthestartupconfigurationfile
DRAMstorestheconfigurationfilethatisbeingexecuted
FlashMemorystorestheCiscoIOS.
11)WhatisBootP?
BootPisaprotocolthatisusedtobootdisklessworkstationsthatareconnectedtothenetwork.ItisshortforBootProgram.
DisklessworkstationsalsouseBootPinordertodetermineitsownIPaddressaswellastheIPaddressoftheserverPC.
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12)WhatisthefunctionoftheApplicationLayerinnetworking?
TheApplicationLayersupportsthecommunicationcomponentsofanapplicationandprovidesnetworkservicesto
applicationprocessesthatspanbeyondtheOSIreferencemodelspecifications.Italsosynchonizesapplicationsonthe
serverandclient.
13)DifferentiateUserModefromPrivilegedMode
UserModeisusedforregulartaskwhenusingaCISCOrouter,suchastoviewsysteminformation,connectingtoremote
devices,andcheckingthestatusoftherouter.Ontheotherhand,privilegedmodeincludesalloptionsthatareavailablefor
UserMode,plusmore.Youcanusethismodeinordertomakeconfigurationsontherouter,includingmakingtestsand
debugging.
14)Whatis100BaseFX?
ThisisEthernetthatmakesuseoffiberopticcableasthemaintransmissionmedium.The100standsfor100Mbps,whichis
thedataspeed.
15)Differentiatefullduplexfromhalfduplex.
Infullduplex,boththetransmittingdeviceandthereceivingdevicecancommunicatesimultaneously,thatis,bothcanbe
transmittingandreceivingatthesametime.Inthecaseofhalfduplex,adevicecannotreceivewhileitistransmitting,and
viceversa.
16)WhatisMTU?
MTUstandsforMaximumTransmissionUnit.Itreferstothemaximumpacketsizethatcanbesentoutontothedataline
withouttheneedtofragmentit.
17)HowdoescutthroughLANswitchingwork?
InCutThroughLANswitching,assoonastherouterreceivesthedataframe,itwillimmediatelysenditoutagainandforward
ittothenextnetworksegmentafterreadingthedestinationaddress.
18)Whatislatency?
Latencyistheamountoftimedelaythatmeasuresthepointfromwhichanetworkdevicereceivesadataframetothetimeit
sendsitoutagaintowardsanothernetworksegment.
19)UtilizingRIP,whatisthelimitwhenitcomestonumberofhops?
Themaximumlimitis15hopcounts.Anythinghigherthan15indicatesthatthenetworkisconsideredunreachable.
20)WhatisaFrameRelay?
FrameRelayisaWANprotocolthatprovidesconnectionorientedcommunicationbycreatingandmaintainingvirtualcircuits.
IthasahighperformanceratingandoperatesattheDataLinkandPhysicalLayers.
21)HowdoyouconfigureaCiscoroutertorouteIPX?
TheinitialthingtodoistoenableIPXroutingbyusingtheipxroutingcommand.EachinterfacethatisusedintheIPX
networkisthenconfiguredwithanetworknumberandencapsulationmethod.
22)WhatarethedifferentIPXaccesslists?
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Therearetwoaccesslists:StandardandExtended.StandardAccessListcanonlyfilterthesourceordestinationIP
address.AnExtendedAccessListusesthesourceanddestinationIPaddresses,port,socketandprotocolwhenfilteringa
network.
23)ExplainthebenefitsofVLANs.
VLANsallowthecreationofcollisiondomainsbygroupsotherthanjustphysicallocation.UsingVLANs,itispossibleto
establishnetworksbydifferentmeans,suchasbyfunction,typeofhardware,protocol,amongothers.Thisisabig
advantagewhencomparedtoconventionalLANswhereincollisiondomainsarealwaystiedtophysicallocation.
24)Whatissubnetting?
Subnettingistheprocessofcreatingsmallernetworksfromabigparentnetwork.Beingapartofanetwork,eachsubnetis
assignedsomeadditionalparametersoridentifiertoindicateitssubnetnumber.
25)Whataretheadvantagesofalayeredmodelinthenetworkingindustry?
Alayerednetworkoffersmanyadvantages.Itallowsadministratorstomakechangesinonelayerwithouttheneedtomake
changesintheotherlayers.Specializationisencouraged,allowingthenetworkindustrytomakeprogressfaster.Alayered
modelalsoletsadministratorstroubleshootproblemsmoreefficiently.
26)WhyisUDPleasefavoredwhencomparedtoTCP?
ItsbecauseUDPisunreliableandunsequenced.Itisnotcapableofestablishingvirtualcircuitsandacknowledgements.
27)WhataresomestandardssupportedbythePresentationlayer?
Presentationlayersupportsmanystandards,whichensuresthatdataispresentedcorrectly.TheseincludePICT,TIFFand
JPEGforgraphics,MIDI,MPEGandQuickTimeforVideo/Audio.
28)Whatsthesimplestwaytoremotelyconfigurearouter?
Incaseswhenyouneedtoconfigurearouterremotely,themostconvenientistousetheCiscoAutoInstallProcedure.
However,theroutermustbeconnectedtotheWANorLANthroughoneoftheinterfaces.
29)Whatdoestheshowprotocoldisplay?
routedprotocolsthatisconfiguredontherouter
theaddressassignedoneachinterface
theencapsulationmethodthatwasconfiguredoneachinterface
30)HowdoyoudepictanIPaddress?
Itcanbedoneinthreepossibleways:
usingDotteddecimal.Forexample:192.168.0.1
usingBinary.Forexample:10000010.00111011.01110010.01110011
usingHexadecimal.Forexample:821E10A1
31)Howdoyougotoprivilegedmode?Howdoyouswitchbacktousermode?
Toaccessprivilegedmode,youenterthecommandenableontheprompt.Inordertogetbacktousermode,enterthe
commanddisable
32)WhatisHDLC?
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HDLCisshortforHighLevelDataLinkControlprotocol,andisaproprietyprotocolofCISCO.Itisthedefaultencapsulation
operatedwithinCISCOrouters.
33)Howareinternetworkscreated?
Internetworksarecreatedwhennetworksareconnectedusingrouters.Specifically,thenetworkadministratorassignsa
logicaladdresstoeverynetworkthatconnectstotherouter.
34)WhatisBandwidth?
Bandwidthreferstothetransmissioncapacityofamedium.Itisameasureofhowmuchvolumeatransmissionchannelcan
handle,andismeasuredinKbps.
35)HowdoesHolddownswork?
Holddownspreventregularupdatemessagesfromreinstatingadownedlinkbyremovingthatlinkfromupdatemessages.It
usestriggeredupdatestoresettheholddowntimer.
36)Whatarepackets?
Packetsaretheresultsofdataencapsulation.ThesearedatathathasbeenwrappedunderthedifferentprotocolsoftheOSI
layers.Packetsarealsoreferredtoasdatagrams.
37)Whataresegments?
SegmentsaresectionsofadatastreamthatcomesfromtheupperOSIlayersandreadyfortransmissiontowardsthe
network.SegmentsarethelogicunitsattheTransportLayer.
38)GivesomebenefitsofLANswitching.
allowsfullduplexdatatransmissionandreception
mediarateadaption
easyandefficientmigration
39)WhatisRoutePoisoning?
RoutePoisoningistheprocessofinsertingatableentryof16toaroute,makingitunreachable.Thistechniqueisusedin
ordertopreventproblemscausedbyinconsistentupdatesonaroute.
40)Howdoyoufindvalidhostsinasubnet?
Thebestwaytogoaboutthisistousetheequation256minusthesubnetmask.Thehoststhatareconsideredvalidare
thosethatcanbefoundbetweenthesubnets.
41)WhatisDLCI?

DLCI,orDataLinkConnectionIdentifiers,arenormallyassignedbyaframerelayserviceproviderinordertouniquely
identifyeachvirtualcircuitthatexistsonthenetwork.
42)Brielflyexplaintheconversionstepsindataencapsulation.
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Fromadatatransmitterspointofreference,datafromtheenduserisconvertedtosegments.Segmentsarethenpassedon
totheotherlayersandconvertedintopacketsordatagrams.Thesepacketsarethenconvertedintoframesbeforepassing
ontothenetworkinterface.Finally,framesareconvertedtobitspriortoactualdatatransmission.
43)WhatarethedifferenttypesofpasswordsusedinsecuringaCISCOrouter?
Thereareactuallyfivetypesofpasswordsthatcanbeused.Theseareenablesecret,enable,virtualterminal,console,and
auxiliary.
44)Whyisnetworksegmentationagoodideawhenmanagingalargenetwork?
Foranetworkadministration,segmentinganetworkwouldhelpeasenetworktrafficandensuresthathighbandwidthismade
availableatalltimesforallusers.Thistranslatestobetterperformanceespeciallyforagrowingnetwork.
45)WhatarethethingsthatcanbeaccessedinaCISCOroutersidentifyinginformation?

ThehostnameandtheInterfaces.Thehostnameisthenameofyourrouter.TheInterfacesarefixedconfigurationsthatrefer
totherouterports.
46)DifferentiateLogicalTopologyfromPhysicalTopology
LogicalTopologyreferstothesignalpaththroughthephysicaltopology.PhysicalTopologyistheactuallayoutofthenetwork
medium.
47)Whatcausesatriggeredupdatetoresettherouterholddowntimer?
Thismayhappenwhentheholddowntimerhasalreadyexpired,orwhentherouterreceivedaprocessingtaskthat
incidentallywasproportionaltothenumberoflinksintheinternetwork.
48)Inconfiguringarouter,whatcommandmustbeusedifyouwanttodeletetheconfigurationdatathatisstoredin
theNVRAM?
A.eraserunningconfig
B.erasestartupconfig
C.erasenvram
D.deletenvram
CorrectAnswer:B.erasestartupconfig
49)Referringtothecommandsshown,whatcommandmustnextbeusedonthebranchrouterpriortotrafficbeing
senttotherouterrouter?
Hostname:BranchHostname:Remote
PH#1236000,1236001PH#1238000,1238001
SPID1:32055512360001SPID1:32055512380001
SPID2:32055512360002SPID2:32055512380002
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isdnswitchtypebasicni
usernameRemotepasswordcisco
interfacebri0
ipaddress10.1.1.1255.255.255.0
encapsulationppp
pppauthenticationchap
isdnspid141055512360001
isdnspid241055512360002
dialermapip10.1.1.2nameRemote1238001
dialerlist1protocolippermit
CorrectAnswer:(configif)#dialergroup1
50)Whenconfiguringarouterutilizingbothphysicalandlogicalinterfaces,whatfactormustbeconsideredin
determiningtheOSPFrouterID?
A.ThehighestIPaddressofanyphysicalinterface.
B.ThelowestIPaddressofanylogicalinterface.
C.ThemiddleIPaddressofanylogicalinterface..
D.ThelowestIPaddressofanyphysicalinterface.
E.ThehighestIPaddressofanyinterface.
F.ThehighestIPaddressofanylogicalinterface.
G.ThelowestIPaddressofanyinterface.
CorrectAnswer:A.ThehighestIPaddressofanyphysicalinterface.

51)Mentionwhatisthedifferencebetweentheswitch,hub,androuter?

Hub

Switch

Router

Hubhassingle

Itisadevicethat

Routerisadevice

broadcastdomain

filtersandforwards

whichtransmitsdata

andcollisiondomain.

packetsbetweenLAN

packetsalong

Anythingcomesin

segments.Switches

networks.

oneportissentout

havesinglebroadcast

totheothers.

domainandmultiple
collisiondomains.It
supportsanypacket
protocol,assuchit
operatesatthedata
linklayer2andlayer
3

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52.MentionwhatisthesizeofIPaddress?
SizeofIPaddressis32bitforIPv4and128bitforIPv6.

53.Mentionwhatdoesdatapacketsconsistof?
Adatapacketconsistsofsendersinformation,recipientsinformation,andthedatacontained.Italsohasthenumeric
identificationnumberthatdefinesthepacketnumberandorder.Whendataissendacrossthenetwork,thatinformationis
segmentedintodatapackets.Inshort,datapacketscarrytheinformationandroutingconfigurationforyourtransferred
message.

54.MentionwhatisDHCP?
DHCPstandsforDynamicHostConfigurationProtocol.DHCPassignsanIPaddressautomaticallytoagivenworkstation
client.YoucanalsomakestaticIPSformachineslikeprinters,servers,routersandscanners.

55.MentionwhatisBOOTP?
BOOTPisacomputernetworkingprotocolusedtodeployanIPaddresstonetworkdevicesfromaconfigurationserver.

56.ExplainwhyisUDPleasefavoredwhencomparedtoTCP?
ItisbecauseUDPisunsequencedandunreliable.Itisnotcapableofcreatingvirtualcircuitsandacknowledgments

57.MentionwhatisthedifferencebetweendynamicIPandstaticIPaddressing?
DynamicallyIPaddressesareprovidedbyDHCPserverandstaticIPaddressaregivenmanually.

58.MentionwhataretherangesfortheprivateIPS?
RangesforprivateIPSare
ClassA:10.0.0.010.0.0.255
ClassB:172.16.0.0172.31.0.0
ClassC:192.168.0.0192.168.0.255

59.Inhowmanywaysyoucanaccessrouter?
Youcanaccessitinthreeways
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Telnet(IP)
AUX(Telephone)
Console(Cable)
60.ExplainwhatisEIGRP?
EIGRPstandsforEnhancedInteriorGatewayRoutingProtocolitisaroutingprotocoldesignedbyCiscoSystems.Itis
availedonaroutertosharerouteswithotherrouterswithinthesameautonomoussystem.UnlikeotherrouterslikeRIP,
EIGRPonlysendsincrementalupdates,decreasingtheworkloadontherouterandtheamountofdatathatneedstobe
transferred.

61.MentionwhatisthematricofEIGRPprotocol?
EIGRPprotocolconsistsof
Bandwidth
Load
Delay
Reliability
MTU
MaximumTransmissionUnit

62.Mentionwhatdoestheclockratedo?
ClockrateenablestheroutersorDCEequipmenttocommunicateproperly.

63.Mentionwhatcommandyoumustuseifyouwanttodeleteorremovetheconfigurationdatathatisstoredinthe
NVRAM?
ErasestartupcodingisthecommandyoumustuseifyouwanttodeletetheconfigurationdatathatisstoredintheNVRAM

64.MentionwhatisthedifferencebetweenTCPandUDP?

TCPandUDPbothareprotocolsforsendingfilesacrosscomputernetwork

TCP(Transmission

UDP(UserDatagram

ControlProtocol)

Protocol)

TCPisconnectionoriented

UDPisbasedonconnectionless

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protocol.Whenconnectionlost

protocol.Whenyousenddata,

duringtransferringfiles,theserver

thereisnoguaranteewhetheryour

wouldrequestthelostpart.While

transferredmessagewillreach

transferringamessage,thereisno

therewithoutanyleakage

corruptionwhiletransferringa
message
Themessagewilldeliverinthe

Themessageyousentmaynot

orderitissent

beinthesameorder

DatainTCPisreadasastream,

Packetsaretransmitted

whereonepacketends,and

individuallyandareguaranteedto

anotherbegins

bewholeiftheyarrive

ExampleofTCPincludesWorld

ExampleforUDPareVOIP

WideWeb,filetransferprotocol,e

(VoiceOverInternetProtocol)

mail,

TFTP(TrivialFileTransfer
Protocol),

65.Explainthedifferencebetweenhalfduplexandfullduplex?
Fullduplexmeansthatthecommunicationcanoccurinbothdirectionsatthesametime,whilehalfduplexmeansthatthe
communicationcanoccurinonedirectionattime.

66.Mentiontheconversionstepsofdataencapsulation?
Conversionstepsofdataencapsulationincludes

Layerone,twoandThree(Application/presentation/session):AlphanumericinputfromtheuserisconvertedintoData
LayerFour(Transport):Dataisconvertedintosmallsegments
LayerFive(Network):DataconvertedintopacketsordatagramsandNetworkheaderisadded
LayerSix(DataLink):Datagramsorpacketsarebuiltintoframes
LayerSeven(Physical):Framesareconvertedintobits

67.WhatcommanddowegiveifrouterIOSisstucked?
Cntrl+Shift+F6andXisthecommandwegiveifrouterIOSisstucked.

68.Explainwhatisroutepoisoning?
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Routepoisoningisatechniqueofpreventinganetworkfromtransmittingpacketsthrougharoutethathasbecomeinvalid.

69.WhatrouteentrywillbeassignedtodeadorinvalidrouteincaseofRIP?
InthecaseofRIPtableentry16hopswillbeassignedtodeadorinvalidroutemakingitunreachable.

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