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Basic De
nitions and Ohm's Law

INTRODUCTION

A Brief History
Systems of Unit, System International
ELECTRIC CHARGE, CURRENT & VOLTAGE
dc Voltage Source (Batteries, Power Supplies)
dc Current Source
Ammeters & Voltmeters
RESISTANCE (CONDUCTANCE)
Conductor, Semiconductor, Insulator
Temperature Eect, Temperature Coecient
Superconductors
Types of Resistors (Fixed, Variable, . . .)
Ohmmeters
Thermistors, Photoconductive Cells, Varistors
Ohm's Law
Plotting Ohm's Law
POWER & ENERGY
System Eciency
Wattmeters, Kilowatt-hour-meters
Wattage Ratings (Circuit Breakers and Fuses)
COMPUTER AIDED LEARNING/DELIVERY

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P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

A BRIEF HISTORY

1750-1831: Frankline and Coulomb study electric charge

1845: Kirchhoff's circuit laws are stated
1864: Maxwell's equations predict electromagnetic radiation
1879-1882: DC Power Systems: Edison finds a lamp filament
1885-1895: AC Power Systems: Stanley develops a transformer
1887-1897: Radio: Hertz verifies Maxwell's prediction

Marconi patents a complete wireless telegraph

1904-1920: Vacuum-Tube Electronics: Fleming build vacuum tube
1923-1938: Television: Electronic image formation
1938-1945: World War II: radar, microwave, FM communication, ...
1946: The ENIAC vacuum-tube digital computer
1948-1955: Transistor Electronics: Schockley etal (Bell Lab)
1951-1958: Digital Computers: UNIVAC I is installed, IBM markets
Model 650, FORTRAN is developed, ...
1957: The first commercial nuclear power plant
1958-1961: Microelectronics
1962: Telstar I is launched as the first communication satellite
1962-1966: Digital Communication
1969: 765,000-volt AC transmission lines are constructed
1971-1975: Microcomputers: MOS technology permits LSI, HP markets
the HP-35 calculator, Intel introduces the 8080
P chip,
semiconductor used for memory
1975 - ?: CAD/CAM: Computer Aided Design & Manufacturing
1975 - ?: Lightwave Technology: Fiber optics and optoelectronics goes
into large scale use (laser printer, biomedical instruments, and
industrial processes
1980 - ?: Digitized Consumer Products
1985 - ?: State of the Art: Recent promising developments include
high-power MOS devices, neural networks, ....

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P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

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SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL

Physical phenomena have to be quantitively described in

terms of standard units:
 that means the same to every one, and
 that is reproducible any place in the world

In the past, the system of units most commonly used were

the English and Metric. The latter consists of MKS (meters,
kilograms, seconds) and CGS (centimeters, grams, seconds).
In 1960, International System of Units (SI) was adopted,
endorsed by IEEE in 1965, and the US Standard Institute in
1967 as a standard for all scientic & engineering literature.
All quantities can be dened in terms of six basic units:
Quantity
Symbol Unit
Abbreviation
Length
l
meter
m
Mass
m
kilogram
kgm
Time
t
second
s
Temperature


kelvin
K
Current
i
ampere
A
Luminous intensity
I
candle
cd

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P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

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DECIMAL NOTATIONS

 A measurable quantity is specied by unit and number

 The range of numbers encountered in Electrical

Engineering practice is so great that special notation has

been adopted for convenience.

Power of a public utility system: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : millions of watts

Power received from a satellite transmitter: : : : millionths of watt
Voltage level at transmission lines: : : : : : : : : : : : : thousands of volts
voltage level for domestic appliances : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 110V/220V

Practicing engineers use multiples and submultiples to

describe quantities.
10
1012
109
106
103

xx

&

Perx
Tera
Giga
Mega
Kilo

Abb. 10
T
10;12
G
10;9
M
10;6
k
10;3
xx

Perx Abb.
Pico
p
Nano
n
Micro

Milli
m

NSW Power Utility Peak Annual Demand:

Wednesday 21/6/95 was the coldest day in Sydney this century. The state
grid hit a record peak demand of 10,613MW for half and hour period at
6.00pm. Previous state record (4/8/93) was 9,905MW with total energy
per day of 190GWhrs.

P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

ELECTRIC CHARGE, VOLTAGE, CURRENT

 The charge of 1 electron is the smallest amount of charge.

 A \Coulomb (C)" of charge is dened as the charge on
6:242  1018 electrons.
Current
 The current in \amperes" can be calculated using:

I =  I=amperes, Q=coulomb, t=sec

Hence, for equal time interval, the more charge that ows
through a wire, the heavier the current.
Q
t

Two directions of charge ow have been indicated:

Conventional Flow and Electron Flow

Voltage

The energy transfer capability of the ow of electric charge

is determined by the voltage or potential dierence through
which the charge moves.
The potential dierence between two points is:
V=  W=Joules, Q=coulomb, V=volts
W
Q

By denition: A potential dierence of 1 volt exists between

two points if 1 Joule (J) of energy is exchanged in moving 1
coulomb of charge between the two points.

&

Use \E" for voltage source, volts (batteries, ...)

Use \V" for voltage drop, volts (loads such as resistors, ...)

P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

DC VOLTAGE & DC CURRENT SOURCES

dc means direct current

where there is a unidirectional ow of charge

DC voltage sources can be divided into:
 batteries (chemical action)
 generators (electormechanical)
 power supplies (rectication)
For batteries:
hour rating(Ah)
Life(hours) = ampere
ampere drawn(A)
 A dc voltage source ideally will produce a
xed terminal
voltage even though the current drawn from it may vary.
 A dc current source ideally will produce a
xed current
to a system even though there may be variations in the
terminal voltage as determined by the system.

P.Doulai

10 mA

12 volts

curret

&

voltage

A current source is the dual of the voltage source

I or t

V or t

Terminal Characteristics (ideal sources)

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

RESISTANCE ( CONDUCTANCE )

The ow of Charge through any material encounters an

opposing force due to the collisions between electrons and
between electrons and other atoms, which converts electrical
energy into heat.

This is called the resistance of the material

The unit of measurement of resistance is Ohm ()

At a xed temperature of 20 C :
R =  Al (ohms )
where \rho" () is a characteristic of the material called
resistivity, \l" is the length of the sample, and \A" is the
uniform cross-sectional area of the sample.
The units for  can be derived from:
2
RA


cm
 = l = cm
The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance. It has the
symbol \G",and is measured in siemens (S)

&
P.Doulai

A
G = R1 = l

(siemens S )

A resistance of 1 M is equivalent to 10;6S

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

CONDUCTOR/SEMI-CONDUCTOR/INSULATOR

CONDUCTOR

Any material that will support a generous
ow of

electric charge when a voltage source is applied
across its terminals.

INSULATOR

Oers a very low level of conductivity under

pressure from an applied voltage source.

SEMICONDUCTOR

A material that has a conductivity (or resistivity)

level somewhere between the extremes of an
insulator and a conductor.
Conductor
  10;6 :cm
Copper

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P.Doulai

Semiconductor
Insulator
  50 :cm   1012 :cm
Germanium
mica
50  103 :cm
Silicon

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

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TEMPERATURE EFFECTS

Temperature has a signicant eect on the

resistance of conductors, semiconductors, and
insulators.
 For good conductors, an increase in temperature will

result in an increase in the resistance level.

Conductors have a +VE temperature coecient
 For semiconductor materials, an increase in temperature
will decrease the resistance level.
Semiconductors have a -VE temperature coecient
 Insulators have -VE temperature coecient.

Dening the temperature coecient of resistance at 20  C :

20 = jT j +120 C (=  C=)

R = R201 + 20(t ; 20  C )]
The values of 20 for dierent materials are available.
(silver: 0.0038,
copper: 0.00393,
gold: 0.0034,
aluminum: 0.00391,
tungsten: 0.005,
nickel: 0.006, ...)

&
P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

TYPES OF RESISTORS

 Fixed Resistors: low wattage ones are the \molded

carbon composition resistors" that are readily available

in values ranging 2.7 to 22.
 Variable Resistors: have a terminal resistance that can
be varied by truning a dial, knob, screw, or whatever
seems appropriate
1. Rheostat: two- or three-terminal device used as a
variable resistor
2. Potentiometer: a three-terminal device is used for
controlling potential levels
 Others (low wattage):
1. Linear-motion potentiometers
2. Oil-lled potentiometers
3. Digital potentiometers
4. Precision motor potentiometers
5. Joystick controllers for industrial use
6. . . . . .
 Others (high wattage):
You will use them in Power Laboratory

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P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

OHM'S LAW

Every conversion of energy from one form to another can be

related to:
Cause
Effect = Opposition

In electric circuits:
The eect we are trying to establish is the ow of charge
(current). The potential dierence (voltage), between two
points is the cause, and the opposition is the resistance
encountered.
difference = E = I (amperes A)
Current = potential
resistance
R
This is known as Ohm's Law
in the honor of George Simon Ohm (1827)
R

+
E
-

&

+
R V
-

Defining Polarity

+ V

R
Defining Direction

E = IR (volts V ) () R = EI

P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

(Ohms )

Spring 1995

'

PLOTTING OHM'S LAW

NOTE:
Graphs, Characteristics, plots, and the like

play an important role in every technical eld as they show

a broader picture of the behaviour of a system performance.
For most sets of characteristics of electronic devices
the current : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : is represented by vertical axis
the voltage : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : is represented by horizontal axis
If the resistance of a plot is unknown, it can be determined
at any point on the plot using:
R =
dc

V
I

Observe a linear v-i characteristic (resistors) and

a nonlinear v-i characteristic (such as one for a diode).
Linear & Nonlinear v-i Characteristics
I
(amperes)

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P.Doulai

V (volts)

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

POWER AND ENERGY

POWER : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : is the rate of energy conversion

Since converted energy is measured in Joules (J) and time is
seconds (s), power is measured in Joules/seconds (J/s)

The electrical unit of measurement for power is Watt (W)

P = Wt 1 Watt(W ) = 1 Joule=second (J=s)]

1 horse power (hp) = 746 W

Q = VI
P = Wt = QV
=
V
t
t
2
V
V
P = V I = V R = R = (IR)I = I 2 R
For resistive elements,
all the power delivered is dissipated in the form of heat.
The magnitude of the power delivered or absorbed by a
battery is
P = EI
E : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : is the battery terminal voltage and
I : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : is the current through the source.

&
P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

SYSTEM EFFICIENCY

Any system that converts energy from one form to another:

System
Energy Input

Energy Output
Energy Stored
or lost

W =W =W
t
t
out

in

lost or stored

P =P +P
o

lost or stored

Output = P
Efficiency = Power
Power Input P

o
i

Efficiency() = PP  100% ()  = W
W  100%
o

For multisystems (cascade conguration):

 = 1  2  3 ::::

&
P.Doulai

total

Input

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

WATTAGE RATINGS (FUSES)

The incoming power to any electric appliance must be

limited to ensure that the current through the lines is not
above the RATED VALUE.

To limit the current level, fuses or circuit breakers are

installed where the power enters the installation.
 Standard fuses have an internal metallic conductor
through which load current will pass. It melts when the
current exceeds \rated value" printed on casting.
 Circuit breakers have internal electromagnet with
sucient strength to draw the connecting metallic link
in the breaker out of the circuit.
Appliance

Wattage
Rating
Range
12200
Cloth Dryer
4800
Water Heater
2500
Refrigerator
1800
Dish Washer
1200
Blow Dryer
1300
Iron
1100

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P.Doulai

Appliance Wattage
Rating
Radio
70
TV
150
VCR
110
Stereo
110
Projector
1200
Toaster
1200
Shaver
15

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995

'

COMPUTER AIDED LEARNING/DELIVERY

The ECE Department utilizes a range of computer delivery

technologies to enhance teaching and learning practices in
the Department.

1) Computer Aided Tutorial (CAT)

This supplements tutorial classes, and constitutes part of

your assessment. The package is available on ECE network.

2) Computer Circuit Simulation Programs

You will be using

 Electronics Workbench as part of your laboratory
classes. This is a commercial package. Its educational
Version 4 costs around $500.
 Design Center for MS-Win Package (PSpice)
as an optional learning activity. Its new classroom
release (Ver 6) is FREEWARE operating on MS-Win. It
oers:

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3) World Wide Web (WEB, WWW)

Lecture material is available on Department's Home Page

that lives at http://www.elec.uow.edu.au
To browse and print a Web-browser and a PS le viewer
such as \ghostscript" are needed.

P.Doulai

ELEC101: Electrical Engineering 1

Spring 1995