& American Welding Society ANSI Z49.1:2005 An American National Standard Pe se Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied ProcessesKey Words welding say nd heath, canting, welding fines, hazard ‘communication fire prevention, respirators, electric shock, eye protection, noise ANSI Z49.1:2005 An American National Standard Approved by American National Standards Institute duly 15, 2005 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes Supersedes ANSI Z49.1:1999 Prepared by Accredited Standards Committee 249, ‘Safeyy in Welding, and Cutting Secretariat American Welding Society Abstract This standard covers all aspects of safety and health in the welding cavironment, emphasizing, oxygen gas and arc welding processes with some coverage given to resistance welding. It contains information on protection of personnel ‘nd the general area, ventilation, fice prevention and protection, and confined spaces. A significant section is devoted to precautionary information, showing examples, and an extensive bibliography is included. American Welding Society 350N.W. Lefeune Road, Miami, Flr 3126American National Standard Approval of an American National Standatd requires review by ANSI that the requirements For due provess, consenses, ‘and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agroement has been reached by directly and mateialy affected imerests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolotion. ‘The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude ‘anyone, whether he has approved tre scandards Or nox; from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, oF using products processes, or procedures not conforming tothe standards. “The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpreta tion of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the tight or authority to isate an interpretation cof an American National Standard inthe name of the American National Standards Institute. Request for interpretations should be addressed tothe seertarist or sponsor whose name appears cn the ttle page ofthis standard, CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised oc withdrawn at any ime. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to teaffitm, revise, a Withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or ‘writing the American National Standards Institute. {Intemational Standard Book Number. 0-87171.0234 American Welding Society, S50 N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL 33126 (© 2005 by American Welding Society. All tights reserved Printed in the United States of America Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, oc the internal, personal, oF educational classroom use only of specific liens, i granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided tha the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750. ‘8400; online: hnp-iAvww.copyright.comANSI Z49 5 2005 Personnel (The following isthe roster of the Committe a the time of final committee action onthe document.) ‘American National Standard Committee Z49 AF Manz, Chait SP. Hodtick, Secretary ALLIANCE OF AMERICAN INSURERS. M.D. Ramsey AMERICAN FOUNDRY SOCIETY FH. Kohloff G.E. Mosher (Alternate) AMERICAN OCCUPATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION R Blanchar, MD AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION Landau AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS E.R Ziegler TJ. Manin (Alternate) AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY S.R. Flore S.P, Hedrick (Alternate) CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION 1.3. Palach CANADIAN WELDING BUREAU 1. MacRae COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION "AR Manz RA Smith (Altemate) INTERNATIONAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED J.C. Briley MECHANICAL CONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED P. Chaney W. Spetko, NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED F Super G. Winchester (Alternate) NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION AB Spencer 1. © Lemoff (Altemates‘SHEET METAL WORKERS INTERNATIONAL G, Batyketer U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE "T. Pazell R.G.Cox (Altemate) US. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY S.C: Greham, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR RB. Bell (Nonvoting) TP. Smith (Nonvoting) US. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY I.E. Hemandez J. Bishop (Alternate) US. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE (NIOSH) ‘A ZimmerANSI 749 1 2046 Foreword (Chis Foreword is nota prt of ANSI 749.1:2005, Safety in Welding, Cutting, ‘and Allied Processes, but i included for informational purposes only.) “The huge demands for production placed on the United States by World War I brought a tremendous expansion to the use of welding. In mid 1943, it was recognized that some type of code or standard was noeded relating to safe practices for performing welding. Under the auspices of the Amexican Standards Association, the standard was drafted and published {in 1944, It was entitled Ametican War Standard 2491, Safety in Electric and Gas Welding, and Cutting Operations. Following the war, the standard was fist revised in 1950. Subsequent revisions ocourred in 1958, 1967, 1973, and 1983. Each updated the standard in accordance with changing technology and welding. practices. The revisions upto and, including, 1973 were largely evolutionary and closely preserved the format ofthe original war standard. ‘in. 1983, a major rewrite was undertaken to take proper account of the vast changes in welding which had ocevered in the 40 yeatsof the standard's existence and to clarify the somewhat patchwork presentation that had buitt up during the evolutionary revisions. The scope was redefined to address in greater detail the safety rules to be practiced by the welder and enforced by welding supervision and management. Provisions which had appeared in calicr editions, but which dealt more with building construction and piping installation over which the welder had litle control, were deleted, The 1988, 1994, 1999, and 2005 revisions follow this same philosophy. ‘During the period of its publication, the American Standans Association has become the American National Stan- dards Institute and War Standard ASA 749.1-1944 has now become ANSI ZA9.1:2005. SUGGESTIONS ‘Comments and suggestions forthe improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, ‘249 Commitec, American Welding Society, S50 N.W. Leloune Road, Miami, FL33126 REQUESTS FOR STANDARD INTERPRETATION Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements ofthis standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing, ta Managing Director, Technical Services American Welding Society 550 N.W. Leleune Road Miami, FL 33126 Requests not in writing cannot be considered for an official interpretation (see Annex FE)ANSI Z49 1 2008, “This page is intentionally blank.ANS! Z49 42005 Table of Contents Persennel eee Foreword : —— o List of Tables e : = List of Figures. Part I~General Aspects. 1. Purpose and Scope so = AA Purpose 1.2 Scope and Applicability ...nurnmnn 1.3 Exclusions... . 2. Definitions. vo QA AppHOved.sonen 22 Confined Space. 23° Cylinder Storage... : . 24 Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). 25. Other Definitions. 7 26 Qualified Person, e 27 Shall = 28 Should, : 29 Uni — 2.10 Welder ~ 7 3. General Provisions, Management, and Supervision. z 3.41 Setup and Installation. . 3.2. Responsibilities. : 4, Protection of Personnel and the Genetal Area. 4.1. Protection of the General Arca 4.2 Byeand Face Proteaion, 4.3 Protective Clothing. - 44 Noise CottfOl oo = = 4.5. Respiratory Protective Equipment. a = 4.6 Training, ‘Ventilation - = SA Generales = : 10 5.2. Breathing Zone Sampling... = = 53. Avoid the Fume. a sonnel 5.4 Types of Ventilation : _ ‘5.5. Special Ventilation Concerns. : ~ 6. Fite Prevention and Protection. = = GA Areas Containing Combustibles, ~ “4 62 Fire Protection 6.3. Hot Work Authon zation 16 641 Welding or Curting ContainersConfined Spaces 7.1 Ventilation in Confined Spaces. 7.2 Location of Service Equipment. 73° Adjacent Areas. —— 74 Emergency Sigma. 7.5. attendants in Areas Immediately Dangerous o Life ot Heath IDLH). 7.6 Brazing Fumaces 7 8, Public Exhibitions and Demonstrations... 81 Application : 82. Supervision - 83 Site co e 84 Fire Protection ~ 85 Protection of the Public 86 Cylinders. .nnn . 8.7 Process Hoses, Cables, and Conduits. 9, Precautionary Information. 9.1 Genera. 92 Precastionary Information for Ate Welding and Related Processes and Equipment. 83, Preoationay information for Onyfl Gat Processes and quip ns 9.4 Hazardous Materials Informatio. ns 95 Brazing Filler Metals Containing Cadmium 9.6 Brazing and Gas Welding Fluxes Containing Fluorides. - 9.7 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). . ~ : 98 GraphicSymbols o 9.9. Hazard Communications : ss Part It_Specifc Processes. 2 10, Quiet Gas Welding nd Cot Say. 10.1 Scope... so 10.2 Teminology 7 10.3 Oxygen and Combustible... e 10.4 Attachments for Gas Mixing, 105 Torches. 10.6 Hose and Hose Connections. 10.7 Pressure Reducing Regulators. = ve 108 Compressed and Onyfel Gas Cylindrs (Consine) = 10.9 Cylinder Manifolding LL, Arc Welding and Cutting Equipment Safety... er a AL Genera. 112 Safety Aspects in Selection of Arc Welding Equipmen. 113 Installation of Are Welding Equipment... 114 Operation ne — 115 Maintenance : 12 Resistance Welding Safey . - ee 12.1 Genera e 12.2 Installation — 12.3 Guarding 7 124 Blectical Rs 126 Vewitat 127 Maintenanceansizi01 Page No. 15. Electron Beam Welding and Cutting Processes (EBW and EBC), 43 131 General re 13.2 Potential Hazards. oon) 14, Laser Beam Cutting and Welding... . 44 14.1. Gener —— : fennel 15, Brazing and Soldering Safety. wenn 15.1. General : = a “15.2 Potential Hazards. eel Nonmandatory Anneres 47 Armes America Weling Soi Safe ond Hea Snderds is a7 ‘Annex BList of Other Sources. vs : : 49 Annex C—List of Publisher... st ‘janet D~ Master Chart of Welding and Foining Process and Maser Chart of lied Processes. 3 ‘Annex E—Guidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for the Z49 Committee... 55As1 289 1 2008 List of Tables Table Page No. 1 Guide for Sade Numbers... os 7 List of Figures Figure Pago No. 1 Precautionary Information for Arc Welding Processes and Equipment... son 2h 2. Precautionary Information for Oxyfuel Gas Processes and Equipment... 21 3. Precautionary Information for Brazing Filler Metals Containing Cadmium... 4 Precautionasy Information for Brazing, and Gas Welding, Fluxes Containing Fluorides. aes)Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes ( American National Standard Z49.1:2005 uses atwo-column fermat to provide both specific requirements and supporting information. The left column is designated as “Standard Requirements” and the right cohunn is designated as “Explana- tory Information.” The paragraph number of the Explanatory Information is preceded by the letter“E.") ‘Standard Requirements Part I General Aspects 1. Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose. This standard is forthe protection of per sons from injury and illness and the protection of property ‘Gncluding equipment) from damageby fire and explosions arising from welding, cutting, and allied processes. 12 Scope and Applicability. This standard shall be for the guidance of educators, operators, managers, and super visors in the safe setup and use of welding and curing, equipment, and the safe performance of welding, and cut: ting operations. Explanatory Information ELA Beginning with the revision of 1983, the scope of ‘ANSI Standard 749.1 has been refocused towards those safe practices for performing welding, cuting, and allied processes, which ae generally within the implementation control of the welder or the weld shop management, Its ‘written in a manner suitable for issuance tothe welder and shop management to give practical information to help them perform these functions safely. It also contains in- formation useful to educators, industrial hygicniss, engi neers, and similar partes also responsible fr safety and health in welding. With this refocused scope, some provi ‘sions which appeared in prior editions have been deleted, ‘Those were provisions which dealt morein matter of build- ing design and construction, facility pipelines, and elect cal installations. Those provisions, of course, are sill impodtant and necessary and must be followed. They ace not provisions usally under the immediate control of ‘welding and cutting operations. E12 Specific provisions are included for oxyfuel gas and ate welding and cutting, resistance welding, electron beam ‘welding, laser beam citing and welding, and brazing and soldering. However, the requirements of this standard are gener- ally applicable to the other welding. processes sich as submeyped are welding and allied processes shown in the Ametican Welding Society Master Chart of Welding. an! Allied Processes included in Annex D.1.3 Exclusions. This standard shall not pertain to the fellow (0) Guidelines for the design ot manufacture of equipment (2) Building piping systems G) Pipeline protection systems and station outlet equipment (4) Bulk gas supply systems (3) Building electrical installations. Definitions The following definitions shall apply to this standard. 2.1 Approved. Approved and approval as used in this standard mean acceptable to the authority having Jurisdiction, 2.11 Authority Having Jurisdiction. This term refers to the organization, fice, or individual responsible for “approving” equipment, an installation, oF a procedure. 2.1.2 Listed, This term means the equipment or mate tial incloded in alist published by a nationally recognized testing laborstory that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials 2.2 Confined Space. Refers to a relatively small or restricted space such as tank, boiler, pressure vessel, or ‘small compartment. Confinement implies poor ventilation asa result of construction, size, or shape rather than restriction of egress of personnel. 2.3 Cylinder Storage. Refers to cylinders of compressed ‘gas standing by om the site (wot those in use or sttsched ready for use). 2.3.1 Cylinders in Use. This term refers to the following a (2) A single cylinder fr cach pastels Tocation, weady tobe connected, reconnected for use, E13 Some of these were included in former isates of the standard, These items were climinated from ANST 249.1 to avoid their being included in two separate standards under separate auspices which can lead to conflict ot confusion berween standards. ‘These are contained in standards and codes of the [National Fite Protection Astociation (NFPA) as follows. (1) Oxyfoel gas piping systems, pipeline protective devices, and station outlet equipment—ANSUNFPA 51, ‘Standard for the Design and Insallaion of Oxygen Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Curing, and Allied Processes 2) Storge and manifolding of multiple gas cylin ddecs—ANSUNEPA 51 @) Acctylene generators and calcium carbide storage— ANSUNFPA 51 (4) Bulk axygensystems—ANSUNEPA 50, Standard for Bull Oxygen Sysiems at Consumer Sites (5) BuIkLP-Gas and MPS systems—ANSUINEPA 58, Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (©) Building electrical installations —ANSUNFPA 70, National Electrical Code® (7) Industrial machinery—ANSUNFPA 79, Electrical ‘Standard for Industrial Machinery. ££2.2 Foradditional information, see ANSI Z117.1, Safeny Reauirements for Confined Spaces, ec the pertaining OSHA standard(3) A one day supply of eylinders, in the wse Loca ready tobe connected 2. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLUD). IDL is a condition which poses an immediate threat of toss of life; may result in irreversible orimmediate severe health effects, or other conditions which could impair escape. 2.5 Other Definitions. Allother welding tamsused herein are in accordance With the current edition of AWS-A3.0,. Standard Welding Terms and Definitions. 2.6 Qualified Person. A person who by reason of ing, education and experience is knowledgeable in the ‘operation to be performed and is competent to judge the hazards involved. 27 Shall. Shall is used to indicate provisions which arc mandatory. 28 Showld. Should ot itis recommended that is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory. 2.9 Unit. Numerical values are given in US. Customary and Metsic (ST) Units. 2.10 Welder. “Welder” and “welding operator” as used herein are intended to designate any operator of electric ‘or oxyfuel gas welding, or cutting equipment, or allied processes. General Provisions, Management, and Supervision 3.1 Setup and Installation 3.11 Equipment and Condition Maintenance. All welding and cutting equipment shall be inspected as required to assure its in safe operating condition. When foundtobe incapable of reliable safe operation, the equip ‘ment shall be repaired by qualified personnel prior to its next use of withdrawn from service. 3.1.2 Operation. All equipment shall be operated in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations and instructions, provided these are consistent with this sandaed 3.1.3 Heavy Portable Equipment on Wheels. Heavy portable equipmert mourted on wheels shall be secured in position to pervert accidental movement before oper tions: are started 32 Responsibilities. Operators and management shall ‘ecopiize their mutval responsibilities for safer in welding, and cating. ants) 249 1 20 £2.10 This term also indudes educators and soidents that ‘arc engagedin similar activities 3.12 Most manufacturers provide safay i long, with operational and maintenance information (Operators should become familie with, and follow, that safety information. 3.13 See7.22 for additional information.32.11 Training, Management shall assure that ‘welders and their supervisors are trained in the safe opera tion of their equipment, the safe use of the process, and ‘emergency procedures. 32.12 Hazard Communication. Management shall ascure that hazaeds and safety peecantions are communi- cated to and understood by Workers prior to te saat work, 32.1.3 Designated Areas and Responsibilities. Management shall designate approved arcas, and estab- lish procedures for safe welding and cating. ‘A designated management representative shall be responsible for authorizing welding and cutting operations in ateas not specifically designed or approved for such processes. Management shall assure thatthe individual is aware of thehazards involved and familiar with the provi sions ofthis standard. 32.1.4 Approved Equipment. Management shall ssairethat only approved appara, such astocches, mani- folds, epulators, pressure reducing valves, acetylene gen- cra, welding machines, lectrode holders, and personal protective devices are used 3.2.1.5 Contractors. Management shall select con- ‘actors to perform welding who provide tained and quali fied personnel, and who have an awareness of the risks involved ‘Management shall advise contractors about flammable materials or hazardous conditions that are specific to the Job site. 3.2.2 Supervisors 32.2.1 Safe Use of Equipment. Supervisors shall bbe responsible forthe safe handling ofthe welding equip- ment ard forthe safe use of the welding process. 3.2.2.2 Fire Hazards, Supervisors shall determine ‘what flammable and combustible materials are present ot likely tobe present inthe worklocation They shall ensure thot such materials are net exposed to ignition by taking ‘one of more of the following actions (1) Havetheworkmoved toa location free from com- bbustibles and away from hazardous areas. (2) Havethe combustibles moved asafe distance from the work or propery shielded again ignition if the work ‘cannot readily be moved. (3) Schedule welding and cuting so that sch matevials are not exposed during welding and cutting operations. 32.1 Management, asused in this standard includes all persous who ane responsible for welding operations ich as owners, contractors and others E3212 Thehazards which may beinvolved in weld- ing are communicated to users throvgh manufacturers” instructions, material safery data sheets, and -produce labeling. Soe Section 9, Precautionary Informaion and La Deling, of this standard, See especially OSHA 29 CFR, ‘Section 1910,1200, Hazard Comumunication Standard. 32.1.5 For the purposes of this standard, in con tract operations, the responsibility forthe welder rests with the eontractor supervisor andthe contractor management. 3.22 Supervisors, used inthis standard incude all persons who are responsible for supervising welding. ‘operations such as owners, contractors, educators, and others22.3 Authorization. Authorization forthe weld ‘operations shall be obtained from the inagenent representative prior to the com: ing of desis mencement of hiot work or enteting a confined space. Supetvisore shall oversee thatthe welderhssapproval that ‘conditions are safe before going aicad. 322.4 Prective Equipment and FireProtection, ‘Management shall assure that proper personal protective ‘an fire protection equipment is used. They shall assure that fire protection and five extinguishing, equipement are properly located at the site, and that fie watchers are assigned and hot-work authorization procedures are followed where require. ‘Where fire watchers are not required, shall be madeby supervision. 32.3 Welders 32.3.1 Safe Handling of Equipment. Welders shall understand the hazards of the operation to be performed andthe procedures being used to contra hazardous condi- tions. Welders shall handle the equipment safely and use it so 38 no to endanger lives and propery. Final inspection 32.32 Permission. Welders shall have permission of management before stating to weld or cut. Welders shall continietoweld or ext only so long as conditions are unchanged from those under which permission was ranted. 32.33 Safe Conditions. Welders shall ext or weld ‘only where all safety precautions have been met 32.34 Marking Hot Materials. Where others may ‘unknowingly comein contact with hot material maining, from welding, a notice shall be posted. 4, Protection of Personnel and the General Area 4.1 Protection of the General Area 4.1.1 Equipment. Welding equipment, machines, csble, and eer apparatus stall be located so that it does not present ahazart to personnel, Good husekeeping shall bbe maintained. 4.1.2 Signs. Signs: areas, and indicating that eye protection cable protective devices shall be wom. 4.1.3 Protective Screens. Workers or other persons adjacent tothe welding. areas shall be protected from the radiant energy and spatter of welding and cutting by non consti oF flame resistant sereens or shields, or shall 10 wear eye and face protection, and protec all be posted designating welding nd other appli ANSI 2497-2006 2.3 See 6.3 and 7.1, There are some circum. staniees where the authorization must be writen: For ‘example, permit-requited confined space entty. Sec espe cially OSHA 29CFR, Section 1910.146, Permit- Required Carfined Space Standard. 32.24 See 62,63, and 64, The inspection is usally made one half hour after the completion of welding operations todetect and cxtingish ‘possible smoldering fires Be alet for eicumistoes wha — ‘may require an extension ofthe Final inspection interval 32.3.1 Welders make the final choice to weld or not to weld. They need to understand the hazards before proceeding. 32.322 See 63. In many facilites, management ‘grants blanket permission for cutting and welding where fire hazards are not present. 32.33 Do not work alone where conditions are specially hazardous, such as where clectic shock is a hhazaed, or where venilation is poor, tc. FAL For cxample, locations such as passageways, ladders of stairways should be kept clear 4.1.2 Additional precautionary information should be posted when circumstances present additional hazards. 4.1.3 Radiation protective, semitransparent matctials ate permissible. Screens should permit circulation of air at floor level as well as above the screen. Refer to ANSI/ NEPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation Textiles and Films, foc information on ign tion resistance critesia. For additional infomation on4.1.4 Reflectivity. Where are welding is regulary car ried ut, adjacent walls and other surfaces shall have tow reflectivity to ultraviolet ratition. 4.1.5 Welding Booths. Where operations permit, welding stations shall be separated by noncom- bustible sexcens oc shields with characteristics as described ing. 42 Bye and Face Protection. Fye and foce protection shall comply with ANSIZ87.1, Occupational ard Educa onal Bye and Face Protection Devices. 42.1 Type Sdection 42.1.1 Are Welding and Arc Cutting with Open ‘Arcs. Helmets orhand shields with ier lenses and cover lenses shall be used by operators and nearby personnel ‘when viewing the arc Protective spectacles with side shields, arc goggles or other approved eye protection shal alsobe worn. 42.12 Oxyfod Gas Wading and Cutting and Submerged Are Welding. Gogeles or ther approved eye protection shall be worn during all axyfuel gas welding and cutting, and submerged are welding operations. 42.1.3 Resistance Welding and Brazing. Opera tors of resistance welding or brazing eqripment and theit helpers shall use spectacles, goggles, or face shields, depending upon the pasticuar job, to protect theit faces sadiation protection, see 4.2.2 The intensity of ate radiant enemgy de y ng, cuvent, volt age, and the mterials employed Refer to 4.2 4.14 Finishes formulated with pigments such as ita nium dioxide oc zine acide have low reflectivity to uta violet radiation. Color pigments may be added if they do ‘not increase refletivty. Lamp black has been recom: mended as a paint additive inthe past, but it reduces vis. ‘ible light and is accordingly less desirable in view. the. iced for good lighting as well as ultraviolet radiation absorption. Pigments based on powdered or flaked metals are not recommended because of thei high reflectivity of ultra- violet radiation. Welding curtains are another means of reducing reflectivity. For further guidance, see Uliraviles Reflec: tance of Paint, published by and available from the ‘American Welding Sacity. FAQ.1.1 Welding helmets with filter lenses are intended to protect users from arc rays and from weld ‘sparks and spatter which impinge directly against thehel- met. They are not intended to protect against slag chips, srinding fragments, wite whee! bristles, and simitarhaz ards. Spectacles with side shields or gopeles should also bbe wom to protect against these hazards. “The spectacles of goggles may have either clear o fil- tered lenses, depending upon the amount of exposure to adjacent welding or cutting, ediation (sce Table 1) Others in the immediate welding arca should wear similar eye protection. Welding helmets will not protect against the severe impact of fragmenting grinding, wheels, abrasive dives, or explosive devices, FA2.12 It is recommended that such eye protec- tion include side shields (see Table 1).Table 1 Guide for Shade Numbers (Giom AWS F2.2, Lens Shae Select) Shade numbers are given a 8 guide only und mye varied to sult individual needs, : Minianes ‘Suggested Bletrode Size ‘Are Current Protetive ‘Shade No Process in, (mm) cAmperes) ‘Stade (Como) hilded Meta Are Welding Less than 3/32(24) Less dun 7 = (SMAW) 3/30-5182 (24-40) — ora 8 10 332-1 (4 0-64) 10-250 0 2 ‘Mare than 14 (64) n 1“ Gas Metal Ate Welding, (GMAW) 7 — and Phx Cored Ave Weng O10 10 " caw) 19-250 10 2 250-500 10 1“ ae Tungsten Ase Welding, Less than 50 8 10 (craw) ‘0-150 8 2 1530-500 10 “ ‘ic Carbon Ase Ligh) Less than 500 10 2 (Coating (CAC-A) Gey) ‘500-1000 n “4 Plasma Are Welding PAW) Less than 20 6 6108 "2-100 8 10 100-400 10 2 400-800 n “ Pasma Are Cutting PAC) Less han 20 4 ‘ 20-40 5 3 re 6 6 on 8 8 0-200 8 ° 300-400 9 2 400-300 10 “ ‘Terch Brazing (1B) = . Sect ‘Tere Soldexing (TS) - - 2 (Cxbon Are Welding (CAW) _ _ “ te Thickness ‘Sungeaed™ = Piste Teknes ‘Shade No = am (Condor) (Cay fiel Gas Welding (OFW) Light Under 18 Under 3 4s Medium 802 31013 5a6 Heavy Over V2 Over 13 ous Oxygen Casting (OC) iene Under 1 Unde 25, Seed 1t06 2510 sa Over 6 Over 150 5a6 Tie a to da oe ie wed om Tieng ger dbo which ives clin vw of he we me sok yn men Ea lel eg neg mbm ces ohne ie12491 2008 4.2.14 Large Area Viewing, For large area view such & training, demonstrations, shows, and cen automatic welding operations, a lige filter window or ‘cutain shall be permitted to be used rather tian indi ‘vidual helmets, hand shields, or goggles. The radiation transmission of window or atin materia shall be equiva lent to that in ANSI Z87.1 for trade number appropriate to the welding or cutting operation. ‘Additionally, suitable arrangements shall be provided to prevert direc viewing of the arc without fiker pro- tection and to protect viewers from sparks and chipped sla. 4.2.2 Requirements for Eye and Face Protection 4.22.1 Filter Lenses. Filter lenses shall be in accordance with ANSI Z87.1, and the shade shall be selected in accordance with AWS F2.2, Lens Shade Selector, or Table. 42.2.2 Material Properties. Helmet and hand shield bodies shall be made of material that isthermally and elec tricaly insulating, noncombustible or self-cxtinguishing, ‘and opaque to visible, ultraviolct, and infrared radiation, ‘and shall comply with the requirements of ANSI Z87.1, Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices. 42.2.3 Area of Protection. When there isa possi bility ofhazardous exposure, helmets and hand shields shall, protect the face, fordiead, neck, and earsto.a vertical line in back of the car, from direct radiant enexgy from the arc, and from direct weld spatter 42.2.4 Effect of Materials on Skin. Materials in contact with the body shall ct readily irritate or discolor the skin 42.2.5 Goggle Ventilation. Goggles shall be vented to deter fopzing, of the lenses in accordance with ANSI 787.1. 422.6 Outer Cover Lenses. Outer lenses shall bbe provided to protect the filter lens or filter ens in oegles, helmets, or hand shields from welding spatter, pitting, or scratching, Outer cover lenses shall be of cleat glass orseff- extinguishing plastic, but need not be impact resistant, 42.2.7 Inner Lenses or Plates. When the“ front” typeof welders’ helmetisused, thee shal bea fixed impact resistant safety Lens or plate on the inside of the frame nearest to the eyes to protect the welder against flying particles when the from islifted 42.2.8 Marking Filter Lenses shall bear some pet manent ist ive marking by which the manfacturer may BA2.2.1 Sec ates edition of AWS F2.2 Filterlenses should be fice from any flaws which may distract, block, ‘or otherwise impair vision Persons with special eye conditions should consult their Physician for specific information on prekective equipment. E4222 See ANSIZ87.1 for leanabilty ofhelmets, shields, and goggles. Welding helmets, hand shields, and goggles complying with ANSI Z87.1, are limited in combustibilty. FA2.23 Some low current processes, auch as with micro Plasma Arca, may not present ahazardous radiation exposure, but may have a spatter exposure. Therefore, ‘operators should be provided with safety glasses even if there is no radiation hazard.be teaily identified fn addition al matked with their shade mamber and in accordance with, the requirements of ANSI 287.1 42.2.9 Radiation Transmittance Properties. All filter Lenses shall moct the “Ubraviolet, Lominous, and Infrared Transmittance” requirements of ANSI 287 422.10 Maintenance. Helmets, handshiclds, and ‘goggles shall be well maintained, and should not be trans: ~ ferred from one employee toanather without being clean: 43 Protective Clothing. Clothing shall be selected to minimize the potential for ignition, burning, trapping hot sparks, of electric shock. 4.3.1 Selection. Clothing shall provide sufficient cov- cemge, and be made of suitable matevials, to minimize skin burns caused by spatks, spatter, or radiation. 4.32 Gloves. All welders and cutters shall wear pro tective flame resistant ploves. All gloves shal be in 200d repair, dry, and capable of providing protection from clec- vie shock by the welding equipment 4.333 Aprons Durable flame resistant aprons shall be ‘used to protect the front ofthe body wien addtional pro- tection against spacks and radiant energy is needed. 4.3.4 Leggings. For heavy work, flame-tesistant lep- ‘ings or ether equivalent means shall beusedto give added protection tothe legs, when necessary 4.3.5 Capes and Sleeves. Cape sleeves or shoulder covers with bibs made of leather o¢ other flame resistant material shall he worn duting overhead welding, cutting, fof other operations, when necessary 0812491 2006 FA22.10 For methods of cleaning, refer to the manufacturer's instructions. 43 Heavier materials sch as woolen clothing orheavy cotton are preferable to lighter materials becasse they are ‘more dificul to ignite. Cotton clohing, if used for pro- tection, should be chemically treated to reduce its com- bustibilty. Clothing treated with flame resistant materials may lose some of its protective characteristics aftr re peated washing oc cleaning. Materials which can mett and cause severe burns should not be used as clothing, when welding oF cutting, ‘Spatks may lodge in rolled-up slecves, packets of cloh- ing, or cuffs of overalls or wrausers.It is therefore tecom ‘mended that sleeves and collars be kept buttoned and pockets be eliminated from the front of clothing. When pockets are present, they should be emptied of flammable ‘or readily combustible materials Trousers or overalls should not have cuffs and should not be turned up on the: ‘outside. Trousers should overlap shoe tops to prevent spatter ftom getting into shoes. Frayed clothing is particularly susceptible o ignition and burning and should not be worn when welding. oF cutting. Referto 11.3.and 11.4 43.1 Appropriate protective clothing for any welding, and cutting operation will vary with the size, mature, and location of the work to be performed. Clothing should be kept clean, as oil and grease can reduce its protective qualities. FA32 Gloves made of leather, ibber, or ather suit- able materials are recommended. Insslating linings should be used to protect areas exposed to high radia energy. Sec E11.22. 4.3.3 Aprons made of leather or other suitable ‘materials are recommended. Insulated linings should be Used to protect areas exposed to high radiant energy. Soe Fu22 [FAA In production work, a sheet metal screen infront ‘of the worker's legs can provide fuer proteaion against packs and molten metal in cutting operations.ansizZi9 1200 4.3.6 Other Protective Clothing. Properly fitted Name resistant plugs in the ear canals, or equivalent pro ‘ection, shall bewsed where hazards tothe car canals xis Caps made from flame resistant material shall be worn, under helmets, when necessary, to prevent head burns 44 Noise Control. Noise shall be controlled at the source ‘when feasible. When control methods fail to bring noise exposure within allowable limits, personal protective devices such as ear muffs or ear plugs shall be used 4. Respiratory Protective Equipment. When controls, such as ventilation fail to reduce air contaminants to allowable levels or whenthe implementation of sich con twolsare not feasible, respiratory protective equipment shall bbe used to protect personnel fiom hazardous concentra- tions of airborne contaminants. 48.1 Only approved respiratory protective equipment shal be used 48.2 Whenevertheuse of respiratorsis required, a pro- {gram to establish the proper selection and use of respira {ors shal be implemented. 4.83 Compressed ait for air supplied respirators oc other breathing equipment shall atleast mect the Grade D re: ‘quirements of the Compressed Gas Association ANSI CGAG-7.1, Commeaity Specification for Air. 4.6 Training. Persons exposed to welding hazards shall be trained in the use of, and understand the reasons for, protective clothing and equipment 5. Ventilation ‘S.1 General. Adequate ventilation shall be provided for all welding, cutting, brazing, and related operations. Adequate ventilation shall be enough ventilation such that personne! exposures to hazardous concentrations of ai borne contaminants are maiztained below the allowable limits specified by the authority having jurisdiction. E43.6Diy, hole free clothing will usually be sufficient toadequately inalate the welder from electric shock. See 11.3 and 114 Edd In welding, cutting, and allied operations, noise re- saul from the process and from the equipment. Processes that may_produce high noise levels are air-carbon are cutting and gouging, and plasma are cutting and gouging, plussome oxyfiuel processes and equipment, and sipport equipment ‘Equipment which sometimes have @ high noise level are engine driven generators. Other equipment and processes, aich as chipping and grinding, may produce hazardous noise exposure, depending on specific circumstances, EAS See 5.1 for a discussion of allowable levels. For ‘guidance on use of respirators in confined spaces, refer to ‘Section 7, Confined Spaces, of this standard and to ANSI 788.2, Practices for Respiratory Protection EASA Approvals of respiratory equipment arc issucd by the Nationil Intute foe Occupational Safety and Heath (NIOSH) or the Mine Safety and Health Administration usin), E4S.2 Federal regulations and ANST guidelines for rs pirator use dictate that respirators not be passed from one ‘employee to another without being sanitized pet OSHA 29 CER, Section 1910.13, Respiratory Protection Stan ard, and ANSI Z88.2, respectively. FA.6 Persons inchude workers and their immediate super- visors Sce appropriate ANSI standards on protective cloth ing and equipment. 5.1 The factors for determining adequate ventilation include the following: (2) Volume and configuration of the space in which ‘operations ocaut (see Section 7, Confined Spaces) (2) Number and type of operations generating, ‘contaminants (3) Concentrations of speci contaminants being generated (see 5.2) toxic oF flammableRespitskony protective equipment as specified in 4.5 quate ventilation isnot practical 5.2 Breathing Zone Sampling, Where concentrations of airborne fume contaminants areto be determined by sam pling of the atmosphere, sampling shall be in accordance ‘with AWS FLL, Methad for Sampling Airborne Partcw lates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes. When ‘ahiclmet is wom, the samples shall be collected inside the helmet in the welder's breathing zone. 523 Avoid the Fume. Welders and cutters shall take precaitions to avoid breathing the fume ditectly n ants] 249+ 2008 (4) Natural air flow (rate and general atmospheric conditions where work is being, done) (5) Location of the welder’s and other person's breathing zones in relation to the contaminants or Tn cases where the values for allowable exposure limits vary among recognized authorities, the lower valucs should be used to effect the maximum personnel protection Fumes and gases from welding and cutting cannot be lassificd simply. The composition and quantity offuries and gases are dependent upon the metal being worked, the process and consumables being used, coatings on the work such as paint, galvanizing, or plating, contami nants in the atmosphere such as halogenated hydrocar- bon vapors from cleaning, and degreasing activities, as well asthe factors itemized in this section for adequate ventilation. Tn welding and outing, the composition of the fumesis: sully different from the composition ofthe electrode or consumables. Reasonably expected fume products of normal ‘operation include those originating from consumables, base metals and coating, and the atmospheric contami ‘nants noted ‘Reasonably expected gaseass products include carbon monaxide, carbon dioxide, fluorides, nitrogen oxides, and “The recommended way to determine adequate ventila- tionisto sample forthe compesition and qzantity of frnes and gases to Which personnel are exposed (see 5.2). ‘The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or others may bethe authority having jurisdiction ‘Although no an authority having jurisdiction, many of these exposure limits areadopted from the publications of the American Conference of Govemmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Refer toB4.1.3, Protective Screens, ‘and Section 7, Confined Spaces ES Avoiding the fume can be done by positioning of the work, the head, or by ventilation which captutes o directs the fome away from the face. Tests have shown that fome control is more effective when the air flow is directed across the face of the welder, rather than from heliind. Most of the fame appears as a cleadly visible plume which tises ditectly from the spot of welding ot cotting4 Types of Ventilation. If natural ventilstion is not fet maintain contamina below the allowable (sreferenced in 5.1, mechanical ventilation or respta tors shall be provided 5.4.1 Recirculation. Precautions shall be taken 10 ensure that excessive levels of contaminants are not dispersed to other work arcas. When air is recirculated, the buildup of the contaminants beyond allowable limits, referred to in 5.1 hall be prevented. Manufacturer's pre ‘cautions pertaining,to consumables and processes shall be observed. 5.42 Air Cleaners Ait cleaners shall beused only if thas been determined by atmospheric sumpling that they ‘maintain the level of hazardous contaminants below the allowable limits referred toin 5.1. 5.5 Special Ventilation Concerns 55.1Low Allowable-Limit Materials. Wheneverthe following, materials are identified as other than trace con: stituents in welding, brazing, or cutting, operations, and ‘unless breathing. zone sampling under the most adverse ES<4 Natural ventilation is acceptable for welding, cut ting, and related processes whete the necessary prec tions ar taken to keep the welders breathing, zone away from the fumes and where sampling of the atmosphere shows that concentration of contaminants are below the allowable limits referenced in 5.1 ‘Mechanical vewtilation includes local exhaust, local forced air, and general area mechanical ait movement. Local exhaust ventilation is preferred. Local exhaust ventilation means fixed or moveable ‘exhaust hoods placed as near as practicable to the work and able to maintain a capture velocity sufficient to keep sishome contaminants below the allowable Himits refer. enced in 5.1. Local forced vertilation means a local ait moving system (auch as a fan) placed so that it moves the airhorizontally acrossthe welder’s face. General mechani cal ventilation may be necessary in addition tolocal forced ventilation. Examples of general mechanical ventilation are roof ‘exhaust fans, wall exhaust fans, and similar large area air General mechanical ventilation is not usually as satis- factory forheakh hazard control as local mechanical ven tilation. Itisoften helpful, however, whenused in addition tolocal ventilation, ‘Ventilation should not produce more than approxi ‘mately 100 feet per minute (0.5 meters per second) air velocity atthe woxk (welding or cutting) zone. This is to prevent dismibance ofthe are or flame. It should be rec ‘ognized that approximately 100 feet pee minute (0.$ meters per second) air velocity sa recommended maximum valse for quality control purposes in welding, and cutting. Itis. not intended toimply adequacy in contaminant control for ‘worker health protection. ES.A2 Air cleaners are devices which circulate con: ‘aminated ait theangh filters and return the filtered sir 10 the ambient cavisonment, “The devices reduce the amoutt of aie exhausted tothe ‘outdoors and reduce make-up air requirements. Most fil tersdonot remove gases. Therefore, adequate monitoring ‘must be done to assure concentrations of harmful gases remain below allowable limits, ES..1 Certain materials, sometimes contained in the ‘consuinables, base metals, comings, or atmospheres of ‘welding oc cutting operations, have very low allowable iets,conultionshas established that te level of hazardous con: Stittuents is below the allowable limits of S.1, the special ventilation precautions given in 55.1.1 and 55.1.2 shall be taken: Antimony, Arsenic, Baum, Beryliivm Cad: 1m, Chtomium, Cobalt, Copper, Lead, Manganese, Mercuty, Nickel, Ozone, Selenium, Silver, Vanadium. 5.5.1.1 Confined Spaces. Whenever materials ex: ceed the allowable limits referred to in $5.1 in confined space operations, local exayst medianical ventilation and, ‘when required, respiratary protection shall be used (sce also Section 7). 5.5.1.2 Adjacent Persons. All persons in the immediate vicinity of welding or cutting operations volving the materials listed in 5.5.1, shall be similarly protected, 5.5.2Fluorine Compounds In confined spaces, when ‘welding or cutting operations involve fluxes, coatings, ot ‘other materials that contain fluorine compounds, local x= ‘haust mechanical ventilation or respiratory protection shal bbe provided. 5.5.3 Zine or Copper. Welding oc cutting operations involving consumables, base metals, or coatings contain ing zine or copper shall be done as described in 5.5.2 for fivorine compounds 5.5.4 Cleaning Compounds. When using cleaning ‘compounds prior to welding, manufactsrers' instructions shall be followed. 5544.1 Chlorinated Hy rocarboas. Degreasing ot cleaning operations involving chlorinated hydrocaibons ‘hall be so located that vapors from these operations will not read: of be drawn into the atmosphere surrounding molten weld metal ortheare. Tn addition, these materials shall be kept out of amo: spheres penetrated by the ultraviolet radiation of are weld- ing operations, 55.5 Arend Gas Cutting, Onygencutting using cithor ‘a chemical flux or iron powder, gas shielded arc cutting, for plasma cutting shall be done using local mectanical ventilation or ather means adequate to remove the fumes: od eoner 13 Refer to material safety data sheets provided by the manufacturer to ideatify any of the materials listed here: 5.52 Fumes and gases from fluorine compounds can ‘be dangerousto health and can burn eyes and skin on con tact See 9.6for labeling of brazing and gas welding fixes containing, fluorides. Tn open spaces, when welding or cutting involves ma: terials containing fluocine compounds, the need for local ‘ethaust ventilation oF respiratory protection will depend ‘upon the individual circumstances. However, experience hhas shown that such protection is desirable for fixed loca tion production welding and forall production welding on stainless steels. Such protection is not necessary when ait ‘samples taken in breathing zones indicate thatthe fluo Fides liberated are below allowable limits. 1ES.5.3 Fumes containing zine or copper compounds may produce symptoms of mvsea, dizziness, or fever, sometimes called “metal fume fever” ES.4.1 A reaction product having a characteristic ‘objectionsble irsitating odor, and including highly toxic phosgene gas is produced when sich vapors enter te at- mosphere of arc welding operations. Low levcls of cxpo- ssureean produce feeling of nausea, dizziness, and malaise. Heavy exposites may produce serious health impaiments. ES.55 Use of water tables, water curtains, underwater cutting, ventilation, or combination ofthese will depend pon theindividval circumstances. Experiencehasshown that sich protection is desirable for fed location produc tion welding and forall production welding on stainless steels Such protection is nt necessary when air samples5.8.6 Brazing Furnaces. In all cases, adequate me: ‘sanical ventilation shall be providedto removeall explo sive or toxic gases which may emanate from furnace purging and brazing operations. 5.5.7 Asbestos Where welding or cutting istobedone ‘on surfaces that are covered by asbestos insulation, the regulations of the aothexity tevin jurisdiction shall be ‘consulted before beginning the work 6, Fire Prevention and Protection 6.1 Areas Containing Combustibles 6.1.1 Conditions for Cutting or Welding, No weld- ing or cutting shall be done unless the atmosphere is nonflammable and unless combustibles are moved away ‘0 protected from fire hazards. 6.1.2 Work Movable. Where practical, the work shall be movedtos designated safe location 6.1.3 FireHazards Movable. Where itis nt practical ‘tw move the work, ll movable neaby firehazards shall be relocated toa safe location. 6.14 Work und Fire Hazards Immovable. Wherethe work and fire hazards are not movable, safeguards shal De used to protect the immovable fire hazards and nearby personnel from the heat, spacks, ad slag 6.1.4.1 Combustible Floors. Combustible floors shall be clean and protected by wetting with water ‘or covering with damp sand, shect metal, or the equiva ent, Provisions shall be taken to protect personnel from clecttic shock when floors are wet. Exception: Wood ‘loors laid ditectly on concrete shall notbe required tobe wetted, 6.1.4.2 Nearby Openings. All cracks or openings inthe Floor shall be covered or closed or precautions shall betakento protect flammable or combustible materials on the floorbelow from sparks which might drop theaugh the taken in breathing zones indicate that the matetals liber ated ate below allot Fini 5.5.6 Where complete combustion takes place in ot at the furnace during the heating cycle, the ventilation requirement may diminish E.827 Protection ofthe employces inthe arca may re- quire training, respiratory protection, wetting down the asbestos, anduseof special protective clothing iraddition to special ventilation See also OSHA asbestos standards E6. Fire Prevention For more information on the following precautions, as well as on the fire protection and prevention respon. sibiltics of welders, supervisors (including outside con ‘actors, and management, see ANSUNFPA SIB, Standard ‘for Fire Prevention During Welding, Cutting, and Other Hat Work 6.1 Welding and cotting should preferably be done: specially designated areas which have been designed and consimicted to minimize fire risk Good housekeeping should be maintained.The same precautions shall be observed with one regand fo cracks of openings in walls, open doorways, oF ‘open or broken windows. 62 Fire Protection 62.1 Extinguishers and Sprinklers, (62.1.1 Sufficient fire extinguishing equipment shall be ready for use where welding and cutting work is being ‘done, Permissible fire extinguishing equipment shall be pails of water, buckets of sand, hose, oF portable ext ushers, depending upon the nature and quantity of com- bustible material exposed. (62.12 Where sprinkler system protection exist, it shall remain operable during the welding or cutting. ‘Automatic sprinkler heads in the immediate vicinity of the welding shall be permitted to be temporarily shielded ‘with noncombustible sheet material or damp cloth guards ‘where they could be activated by the heat ofthe welding process. 62.2 Fire Watchers. Fire watchers shall be qualified individuals, knowledgeable about fire reporting. proce: ores, and emergency resoue procedures, who are assigned duties to detec and prevent spread of fires. Fire watchers hall be posted where welding oc coting is done and where ‘alatge fire might develop, or whenever any ofthe follow- conditions exist (1) Proximity of Combustibles. Combustible mate- rials in building construction or contents arc closer than a radius of 35 fect (10.7 meters) to the point of operation, (2) Openings: There are wal oc floor openings within a radius of 35 feet (10.7 meters) which expase combus: tible material in adjacent arcas, including concealed spaces in walls, ceilings or floors. (3) Metal Walls and Pipes. Combustible materials adjacent to the opposite side of metal partitions, walls, ceilings, oF roofs, oF in contact with pipes, and are likely tobe ignited by conduction or radiation. (4) Ship Work. Ship work performed on opposite sides of tank shells, decks, ovetheads, and bulkheads, ‘uliere direct penetration of sparks or heat transfer in welding may introduce a fire hazard to an adjacent compautinent 62.3 Additional Fire Watchers. Where itis ncces- sary t0 observe areas that are hidden from the view of a Single fire watcher (other side of partitions, walls, cei ings, ec.) additional fie watchers shall be pasted. 62.4 Fire Watch Duties. Fire watchers shall be trained in the use of fire extinguishing equipment. They hall be familiar with facilites foe scunding. an alarm in the event of a fire, and shal remain outside of any con fined space to be i communication with thase working. inside 1962.2 Fire watchers are persons assigned to work with welders, to watch for fies resulting from welding cutting and brazing operations, When welding or cutting. at clevated positions, care should be taken to protect against falling sparks and spatter. Accumulations of dust may be ignited by sparks or spatter, and carry a fire to other locations. Fire watchers normally would watch for fires in areas ‘not readily observed by the welder, such as on opposite sides of walls, levelsbelow, orhidden areas, orto observe in an arca after the welder has left. Processes sich as ireatbon arc evtting and plasma arc ‘cutting can cause sparks to travel in excess of 35 feet (10.7 meters) Tn Canada, the recommended distance is 50 feet Smee). E624 The duration of fie watch should be extended until the hazard of fie no longer exists.ANSIZ49 1 2008 They shall watch for Fires im all exposed areas, ty t0 cstingwsh them only when dbviausly within the capacity of the equipment available, oc otherwise sound the arn A fire watch shall be maintained for at leas one-half hour after completion of welding or cating operationsto dect and extinguish possible smoldering fires, Fie watchers shall be penmittedtohave additional duties, however, these ditional dates shall not distract them from their fire watcher responsibilities. 63 Hot-Work Authorization. Before welding or cutting, {begun ina location not designed for such purposes, in spection and authorization ty a designated management representative hall be required. ‘64 Welding or Cutting Containers: Welding or outing ‘work shall not be started until the container has been pre- paced for hot work, Workers shall be fully familiae wich AWS 4.1, Recommended Safe Practices for the Prepe- ration for Welding and Custing of Containers and Piping, pice tothe commencement of hot work. 7. Confined Spaces 7.1 Ventilation in Confined Spaces. Ventilation in con- fine spaces shall be sufficient to assure adequate arygen for life suppor, to prevent accumulation of asphixians oF flammable or explosive mixwies, to prevent oxygen- cntiched amospheres, and to keep sirbome contaminants in breathing atmospheres below allowable limits, as, referred to in 5.1 7.1.1 Ventilation Before Entry. Confined spices shall not be entered unlessthey are well ventilated and tested sure they ae safe for entsy. When i is not practical to maintain the space safe for entay, the space sal only be centered when the following conditions ae E63 Hot wotkis any workinvolving burning, welding, or similar operations capable of initiating fires or explosions. ‘Authorization is usually in the form of a writen permit. ‘See NFPA SIB for an example of aot work permit E64 All containers should be consideredunsaf foe weld- ing or cutting unless they have ben rendered safe or de clared safeby aqualfied person. When welding orate containers, there isthe possibilty of explosions fires and the release of tori vapor: o¢ fumes. Containers include Jacketed vessels tanks, drums, covered pats of other ‘uivalentsiations. Scemingly empty containers might have materials hidden in cracks and excviecs, which will tclease hazardous fimes when heated by welding oF ait- ting. By-prodvatsof corrosion can result in explosive a masgheres (hydrogen) in a container. Even a water tank should be considered hazardousunless a qualified person has declared it safe to weld or cut Information on preparing containers that have held hazardous substances can also be found in ANSLINFPA 327, Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Sofeguarding Small Tanks and Conziners Without Entry, and several ‘API documents. See Annexes B and C for details. E71 Wotkin confined spaces requites special precations ‘Workers, including both owner and contractor personnel, should be familiar with writen confined space work pro- gram guidelines or should have the work supervised by a Uiained person. Asphyxiation causes unconsciousness and death without warning. Oxygen entiched atmospheres ercatly intensify combustion, and may mapidly cause severe and often fatal bums. 15075,setermined not 10 nviched atmo: (1) the space has been tested stan oxygen deficient oF oxy splicte, a hazard of fite of explosion, or an atmosphicre hazardousto life, (Q) a trained second person equipped for rescue is present outside the confined space. 7.12 Testing Atmospheres. Confined spaces shall be tested for toxic or flammable gases, dusts, and vapors, and for adequate or excess oxygen before entering and during — ‘occupancy. Thesame precautions shall apply toareas arch spits, tankbottoms, low areas, and areas near floors when heavier than air gases and vaporsare present, and to areas ich astank tops, igh areas and near ceilings when lighter than air gases re present 7.123 Adjacent Personas. Adequate ventilation incon fined spaces shall be assured not only to protect welders lor uttersthemselves, butto prtectall personnel whomay be present in the arca. 7.14 Air Quality and Quantity. The qrality and quan tity of aie for ventilstion shal be such that personnel cxpo- sites tohazardaus contaminants are maintained below the allowable limits specified in 5.1. Breathing air supplied by cylinders oF compressors shall mect the Grade D re- quirements of ANSUCGA G-7.1 “The supply ait line for respirators shall be a dedicated fine that is not capable of being valved to any other tine ‘which could allow hazardous or tatic gases intothe respi- ator airline 7.15 Probibited Ventilation Gases: Oxygen, or any thor gas or mixtures of pases, except air, shall notbeused for ventilation. 7.1.6 Ventilation in Areas Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). When welding, cutting, ot related processes are performed in arcas immediately dangerous to life ot heath, the requirements of OSHA 29 CER 1910.146 shall be followed 7.2 Location of Service Equipanent 7.2.1 Compressed Gas Cylinders and Welding Power Sources. When welding or cutting in confined spaces, gas cylinders and welding, power sources shal be located outside the confined space 7.2.2 Heavy Portable Equipment on Wheels. Heavy portable equipmett mounted on wheels shall be secured in position to prevent accidental movement before ” E712 See ANSIZ117.1 and OSHA 29CFR 1910.146 for fuaice precautions If possible, a continuous monitor ing system with audible alarms should be used for con fined space wark. Gases such as argon, propane and carbon dioxide are heavier than ait. Gases such as helium and natural gas are lighter than ai. [E114 Additional information on sir quality foc respi- ators and their use can be found in ANSIZ88.2. ETS Air may be nara air or synthesized air for breathing purposes. E7.L6 See 7.5.1 for information on attendas E72 The purpose ofthis provision isto prevent contami nation of the atmasphere of a confined space by possible leaks from gas cylinders or fumes from welding, power outers or similar equipment and to minimize the possi- bility of electric shock.ts ate started in a confined space, See 3.13 for ditional information 7.2.3 Ventilation Ducts, Ducts vsed to provide local exhaust ventilation for welding, cutting, or related opera- tions shall be constructed of noncombustible materials. “These ducts shal be inspected as necessary to insure proper function and thatthe intemal suifaces are fice of combus- ‘ible residuals. 723 Adjacent Areas. When welding or autting is to be done over, or adjacent to, any-confined space, personne! shall be made aware of the hazards in the confined space ‘and shall pot enter such spaces without firs following the precantions specified in ANSIZ117.1 and OSHA 29CER 1910.146. 74 Emergency Signal. When a person enters confined space through a manhole or other small opening, ‘means shall be provided for signaling outside persoanel forhelp. 7.8 Attendants in Areas Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDL). When operations are carted on in confined spaces where atmospheres immediately dan- ‘ecrous to life or health may be present or may develop, ‘ttendantschall be stationed on the outside of the confined space. 75.1 Attendants Responsibilities, Attendants shall have a preplanned rescue procedure for quickly re- ‘moving or protecting those working inside in case of ‘emergency, shall observe the workers inside or bein con- stant communication with them, and shall be capable of potting rescue operations into cfect. Positive pressure, self-contained breathing apparatus shall be available for cach attendant required to enter as a rescuer or first responder, 752 Body Harness Systems When body harness systems are used for emergency resave purposes, they shall he attached to the person's body so that they do not become obstructed in passing through a small or tortuous exit path in following the preplanned rescue procedure. 7.6 Brazing Fumaces 1B £7.23 When welding ot cating activities occur neat ‘ventilation ducts, orconveyor systems, care should betaken to see that sparks and spatter are not catied to locations ‘with combustible oc explosive material 75.1 Rescuc operations shauldtake ito consideration sch clement as the mmber of workers requiring rescue, the time available to perform the rescue given different accident scenarios, andthetime needed for additional res: ‘exe personnel to be summoned, 7.6 Brazing furnaocs are in many respects a type of confined space. These employ a varity of atmoxpheres to exclude oxygén during the brazing, process. Such atmospheres may include inert gas, flammable gas, lam mable gas combustion produc, or vacuum. The follow: ing are potential hazatds in the operation of brazing, fummaces: (() asphyxiation of personnel entering or working in adjacent areas where there is insifficiem axygen in the atmosphere to sippot life (Q) development of explosive mixtures of flammable ‘eas and ait within the furnace during generation or veat ing of atmosphere within the furnace(5) accumulation of hazardous fumes 0 gases in the work area due to the brazing, process. 7.6.1 Life Support. If brazing furnaces require perso inl entiy ito the furnace or adjacent arcas, the provisions (of 71 shall be observed. 7.62 Fire and Explosion. If brazing furnaces utilize a flammable gas for thei interior stmosphere, or ifaflam able gasis burned to create an interior atmasphere, pro- ‘cedures shall be followed which will assure that an— explosive mixture of flamavble gas and sir is not pro duced in the fumaces. 7.6.3 Venting, Venting ofthe atmosphere from within brazing furnaces shall be exhausted toa location where it will not expose personnel tohazatd 8. Public Exhibitions and ES8, Referto ANSIINEPA S1B. Local codes and regula Demonstrations tions may require addtional measures. 8.1 Application. All requirements of the standard shall E&1 This section contains safety precautions specific to apply to public exhibitions and demonstrations, except welding and cutting performed at public demonstrations ‘when superseded by this section. and exhibits, displays, and trade shows (reed o here inafic as the site) to ensure the protection of viewers, demonstrators, and the public. 8.2 Supervision. Installation and operation of welding, cutting, and related equipment shall be done by, oc under the supervision of, a qualified person. 83Site 8.3.1 Site Design. The site shall be constructed, ‘eqpipped, and operated so as to minimize the possibilty of injury to viewers atthe site. 8.32 Site Location. Materials and equipment on the site shall be located so-as not to interfere with evacvation cof poople dusing an emergency. 8.4 Fire Protection E84 See also Section 6, Fite Prevention and Protection. 8.41 Extingsishers. Sites shall be provided with portable fire extinguishers of appropriate size andty pe. 8.42 Combustibles. Combustible materials at the site shall be shielded from flames, sparks, and molten metal 8.43 Fire Department, The fire department shall be notified in advance of such use of the site Protection of the Public 85 See also Section 6, Fire Prevention and Protection, 8.5.1 Flames Flying Sparks, and Molten Metal-The public shall be shiclded from flames, flying spatks, and tnotten metal 92 Radiatioa, The public shall be shielded from hhanful ultraviolet infrared, and other electromag.nctic radiation. Shielding sal protect diect viewers and adj ‘cent passers by. 8.5.3 Fames and Gases. The public shall be protected ‘rom inhalation ofhazardous concentrations of fumes and ewes, 8.5.4 Hlectrical Shock. The public shall be protected from contact with live electtical pants 8.6 Cylinders 8.6.1 Capacity. Cylinders shall notbe charged in excess, of one half theie maximum permissible capacity by ‘weight or pressure. Cylinders of nonliquefied gases and acetylene shall be charged to not more than one-half their maximum permissible charged pressure in psig (Pa). Cylinders of liquefied gases shall be chargedtonot more than one-half the maximum capacity in pounds (- ilograms) 8.62 Storage. Unconnected cylinders, stored atthe site, shall be limited to appeaximately one day's consumption of each gas used Other cylinders shall be stored in an ap- proved storage arca, preferably outdoors but not near building exit 8.63 Tracks, When transported, cylinders weighing ‘more than 40 pounds (18 kilograms), shall be caried on 8 hhand or motorized truck 8.6.4 Cylinder Valves. Cylinder valves shall be closed when equipmere is unattended. 8.65 Valve Caps. Where cylinders ae designed tobe equipped with valve pretetion caps, the caps shall be in place except whenthe cylinders ae in service oc connected ready for service 8,6.6Protection. Cylinders shall be located or secured so tha they cannot be knocked over. 8.7 Process Hoses, Cables, and Conduits 8.7.1 Physical Damage. Hoses, cables, and conduits shallbe located and protected sothat they will not be physi cally damaged. 8.72 Tripping. Hoses, cables, and conduits shall be located and pretected to minimize tripping hazard. 9. 941 General. Personnel shall be informed ofthe potential hazards from fies, gases, electsie shock heat, radiation, and noise ‘ecautionary Information 1B8.6 See also 10.8 and 10.9, ES.6A Cylinder valves should be closed and capped ‘when equipment isunattended for an extended time, sch as for several days. Sec 86.5. E87 See also 10.6. 9,1 Refer to Section 4, Protection of the General Area, for additional infomation on petcitial hazards, See also OSHA 29 CFR Section 1910.1200,9.2 Precautionary Lnformation for Are Wel Related Processes and Equipment. The information shown in Figure 1, or its equivalent, shall be placed on sock containers of materials such as wires, fluxes, and clectrodes and on major equipment such as power sup- plies, wire feeders, and controls used in are welding, are cutting, and allied processes. The information shall be readily visible and may be ona label, tag, or oer printed fom. Where noise has been determined to be a hazard, the ‘aatement of hazard, “NOISE can damage hearing,” shall be placed after the statement of hazard, “ELECTRIC ‘SHOCK can KILL” ‘When provided, firs aid information shall follow the last precautionary measure. ‘The company name and address shall appear on the label unless tis readily visble elsewhere onthe product. 93 Precautionary Information for Oxyfud Gas Pro- cesses and Equipment. As a minimum, the information shown in Figure 2, or its equivalent, shall be placed on WARNING: PROTECT yourself and others. Read and understand this information. FUMES AND GASES can be hazardous o your health ARC RAYS can injure eyes and bum skin ELECTRIC SHOCK can KILL. + Beforeuse, read and understand the manufactater’s in structions, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and ‘your employer's safety practices Keep yourhead out ofthe fumes. ‘Use enaugh vestilation, chaust at the arc, or both, to ‘keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general acca. Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection, Do not touch live eletsical pars. ‘See Amexican National Standard ANSIZ49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Society, S50'N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL 33126, OSHA Safety and Health Star dards ae published by the US. Goverament Printing Office, 732 Nonth Capitol Strect NW, Washington, DC 20401 DO NOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION Figure 1—Preeautionary Information for Are Welding Processes and Equipment 92 This information isa minimum requirement. Addi ‘ional information and fabeting may be required by other standards and sepulations. The message is the important ‘thing, This informstion is intended wo get it to the final set. Sec also the ANSIZ.535 series of standards on safety signs and colors. First aid information is generally recommended only fon products that present immediate and major health hazards __A label idtification number should appear on the label ‘When materials ae determined to be more hazardous than those requiring the use of WARNING as a signal ‘ward, the signal word should be changed to DANGER and an appropriate precautionary message shouldbe added E93 See comment for 9:2. Some processes are arcless and lametess Modify the information in Figure 210 lect the properheat source and appropriate hazards WARNING: PROTECT yourself and others Read and understand this infornsaion. FUMES AND GASES can be hazardaus to yout health, HEATRAYS (INFRAREDRADIATION) from flame or hot metal can injure eyes. + Beforcuse, rad andunderstand the manufacturer's in- structions, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and your employer's safety practices. + Keepyour head out of the fumes. + Use enough ventilation, xhaust at the flame, orboth, to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general area. + Wear correc eye, ea, and body protection + See American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding. Cugtng, and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Sociay, 550 NW. Lefeune Road, Miami, FL 33126, OSHA Sofetyand Health Stan dards are published by the US. Government Printing Office, 732 Now Capitol Sueet NW, Washington, DC 20001. DO NOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION Figure 2—Precautionary Information for Oxyfuel Gas Processes and EquipmentANSIZ89 1 2005, stock containers of materials such as rods and fluxes, Sand on major equipment used in oxyfuel gas welding ‘oting, and allied processes. The information shall be readily visible and may be on a label, tag, or other printed fou, ‘Where noise has been determined to be a hazard, the statement of hazard, “NOISE can damagé hearing” shall be placed after the statement of hazard, “HEAT RAYS (INFRARED RADIATION) from flame or hot metal can injure eyes” This information shall fol the fast pr ‘putionary measire. The coenpany name and address ral appear on the label unless it is readily visible elsewhere onthe produc. 9.4 Hazardous Materials Information. When the fame from a product contains a by-product component whose allowable limit will be excoeded before the general weld- ing fume allowable limit, the by-product component shall ‘be identified on the Matctial Safety Data Shect (MSDS). ‘These include, but shall not be limited ta, by-products of, the materials itemized in 55.1. 9.5 Brazing Filler Metals Coatsining Cadmiom. As a ‘minimum, brezing fllex metals containing cadmium as a designated constituent shall cary the information shown in Figure 3, or its equivalent, on tags, bores, or ather con: tainers, and on any coils of wire not supplied tothe userin ‘labeled container. 9.6Brazing and Gas Welding Fluxes Containing Floo- rides. As @ minimum, brazing and gas welding fluxes con- taining fluorine compounds shall have precautionary information as shown in Figure 4, o¢ its equivaleat, on tags, baxes, or other containers to indicate that they con tain fluorine compounds. 9.7 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs). The suppi cts of welding materials shall provide a Material Safety ‘Data Sheet which identifies the hazardous materials, if any, used intheir welding and cutting products. 9.8 Graphic Symbols. Graphic symbols shall be permit ted in place of text when they present equivalent precau- ‘onary information 9.9 Hazard Communications. Employers shall assure that the information described in this section is commu nicated to end users of the products ee 3.2.1.2 of this sandad), E94 A mumber of potentially hazardous materials are employed in the fluxes, coatings, coverings, and filler mictals used in welding and cutting, oc are released to the atmosphere during welding and outting. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) are required by federal regulations. See also9.7. E95 SecE93, E96 SeeE93, 9.7 MSDSs are required by OSHA 29 CER Section 19101200. E98 Sce also ANSI Z535 and NEMA EWO, Guidelines {for Precautionary Labeling for Arc Welding and Cutting Products.DANGER: CONTAINS CADMIUM. + yourself'and others. Read and understand this FUMES ARE POISONOUS AND CAN KILL. + Before use, read and understand the manvfacturer's insructions, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and ‘your employer's safety practices + Do net breathe fumes, Even brief expossre to high con- centrations should be avoided + Use enough ventilation, exhaust a the arc, or both, to cep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general area If this cannat be done, use airsupplied respirators. + Keep children away when using + See American National Standard ANSI 749.1, Safety tn Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Society, S50 N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL 33126 OSHA Safetyand Healt Sia dards ae published by the U. S. Gavemment Printing, (Office, 732 Nosh Capitol Sueet NW, Washington, DC 20401. First Aid: If chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, or fever develop after use, obtain medical help immediately DONOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION Figure 3—Precautionary Information for Brazing Filler Metals Containing Cadmium, Part IT Specific Processes 10. Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting Safety 10.1 Scope. This section covers safe protices for usersof coxyfuel gas welding, cvting, soldering, brazing, and re lated materials and equipment. It docs net cover specifi cations forthe design and constaiction of sich equipment, how forthe const mction or installation of bulk pas supply ‘oF piping disisbution syst ANSI Z48 12908 WARNING: CONTAINS FLUORIDES. PROTECT yourself and others Read and understand this information, FUMES AND GASES CAN BE HAZARDOUS TO YOUR HEALTH. BURNS EYES AND SKIN ON CONTACT. CAN BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED. + Before use, read and understand the manufacturer's instmctions, Matctial Safety Daa Sheats (MSDSs), and ‘your employer's safety practices. + Keepyour head out ofthe fume. + Use enough ventilation, exhaust atthe rc, or bath, to keep fumes and gases from your breathing zone and the general arca. + Avoid contact of flux with eyes and skin + Do not take internally + Keep childen away when using. + See American National Standard ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by the American Welding Society, $50 N.W. LeJeune ‘Read, Miami, FL33126, OSHA Safetyand Health San- dards are published by the U.S. Government Printing Office, 732 Nowth Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20401. First Aid: If comtactin eyes flush immediately with water for at leas 15 minutes. If swallowed, induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Calla physician, DONOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION Figure 4—Precautionary Information for Brazing and Welding Fluxes Containing Fluorides E10.1Notethat this applies to USERS, not manufacturers of equipment. See 1.3.ans 749 1 2008 10.2 Terminology hall be called 10.2.1 Call Oxygen by Name. Ory: by its proper tame, oxygen, and not by the wont 10.22 Call Fuel Gases by Name. Fu, fuel gases, and liquid fac shal becalledby their proper names ch a, acaylene, propane, natural gas, and noc by the word “eas. 103 Oxygen and Combustibles 10.3.1 Keep Oxygen from Combustibles. Oxygen ‘ylindess, cylinder valves, couplings, regulators, hoses, and ‘apparatus shall be kept free from oil, grease and cher lam ‘able of explosive substances. Oxygen cylinders or ‘apparatus shall pot be handled with oily hands or gloves. 10.32 Probibited Uses for Oxygen. Oxygen shall nt be used as a substitute for compressed air. Oxygen shall ‘nt be usod in pneumatic tools, in oil preheating burners, ‘to at intemal combustion engines, to blow out pipelines, to dust clothing or work, orto create pressure for venta tion or similar applications. Jets of axygen shall not be permitted to strike an oily surface, greasy clothing, or enter fuel oil oc other storage tanks. 10.33 Oxygen Equipment, Oxygen cylindess, equip neat, pipelines, or apparatus shall not be used interchange ably with any other gas. 104 Attachments for Gas Mixing, No device or attach- ment facilitating or pemmitting mixtures of air or oxygen ‘with flammable gases prior to consumption, except at a ‘burner or ina toreh, shall be allowed wness approved for the purpose 105 Torches 10.5.1 Approval. Only approved torches, definedin 2.1, shall be used 10.52 Operation 1052.1 Lesk Testing Connections. Connections shall be checked for leaks ater assembly and before light- ing thetorch, Flames shall net be used 1052.2 Purging Hoses. Before lighting the torch forthe firs time cach day, hoses shall be purged individ ally. Hoses shall not be purged into confined spaces or ‘near ignition sources. Hoses shall be purged aftr a cylin der change. 1052.3 Lighting Torch. A friction lighter, sation ay pilot flame, or other suitable source of ignition shall Deus. Matcties, cigarette lighters, or welding ars, shall not be used for lighting toxches. E10.2.1 Use of this proper name will decrease the probblty of misuse, 10.2.2 Proper idemtity is needed to determine the ‘correct hazards. E1031 Oxygen will not bur, but vigorously suppons and ocelerates combustion, cavsing materalsto bum with great intensity. Oil or grease in the peesence of oxyzen ‘may ignite readily and buen violenly E10.32 These prohibitions decrease the possiblity of a raging oxygen-fed fire occurring. Oxygen is not flam- _mable, but vigorously supports combustion. Oxygen can beadsorbed by clothing. slight spark can result in severe burns. 10:33 Contamination of oxygen equipment with com. busible substances may lead to spontaneous combustion ‘or explosion in xygen E10.4 This prevents the accumulation of explosive mixtres. E10 5.1 Foc addtional information on torches, see CGA, E'S, Torch Standard for Welding and Cutin. E10,52.1 Leaktest solutions foruse on oxygen con- nections are commercially available and are recommended Leaktesting should berepeated afr the equipment hasbeen ‘used in a manner that could cause leaks. £105.22 Purging consists of allowing each gas to flow through its respective hose separately, to purge out ‘any flammable mixturein thehose.Itisimpontantto purge befere lighting the torch 10.523 This is to minimize burns of hands and fingers. Do not atten to ight or relight torch from hot ‘malin a small cavity, hole, furnace, et, where pas might accumulate, Point the torch away from persons oF com: busible materials,Manufacturers procedstes shall be followed with te spect to the sequence of operations in lighting, adjusting. and extinguishing torch flames. 10.524 Confined Space. In confined spaces, the torch valves shall be closed and in addition, the fuel gas ‘and oxy gen supply tothe torch shall be positively shut off ata point outside the confined area whenever the torch is rt to be used, such as during lunch or overnight. Unat tended torches and hoses shall be removed from the con fined spice: 10.6 Hose and Hose Connections 10.6.1 Specification, Hose for axyfue gas service shall comply with the Rubber Manufactarers Association P-7, Specification for Rubber Welding Hose. 10,62 Colors. Hoses for oxyfucl gas service shall be colorcoded according tothe authoritieshaving jurisdiction. 10.63 Taping, When parallel lengths of oxygen and fuel gas hose are taped together for convenience and to prevent angling, not mare than 4 inches (100 millimeters) in each 12 inches (300 millimeters) shall be covered by tape. 10.64 Maintenance. Hose showing leaks, burns, worn places, or other defects rendering it unfit fr service shall be repaired or replaced. 10.65 Hose Connection Specifications. Hose con- nections shall comply with the standard hose connection specification, CGA Pamphlet E-1, Regulator Connection Standards Hose connections for welding gas lines shall not be ‘compatible with connections for breathing ait. 10.6.6 Hose Connection Quality. Hose connections shall be fabricated in a manner that will withstand, with- ‘out leakage, twice the pressureto which they are normally subjected in service, but in no case less than 300 psi (2070 kPa). Oil free air or an oil-free inext gas shall be used for testing 10.6.7 Devices. Only approved devices as defined in 2.1 shall be used in exyfuel gas systems. E10.5.2.4 This sto minimize the possiblity of gas accumulation in confined space dc to leaks or impropedy closed valves when gas welding or cutting is completed. See also Section 7, Confined Spaces, of this standard, for ‘ther precautions to be observed in working, in confined speoes 1E10.6.1 Metal-Clad o¢ armored hose is not recom: ‘mended. However, as part of a machine ot an appliance when conditions of use make metal reinforcing advan- tageous hose may be used in which such metal einforc- ing is exposed to nether the inside gases nor the outdoor atmosphere 10,62 Thegenerally recognized colorsinthe United ‘States are ted for fuel gas hose, green for axygen hose, and black for inen-gas and air hose. Other countries Sometimes use different colors. International colors generally recognized are described in ISO 3821, Weld: ing—Rubber Hoses for Welding, Cuuting. and Allied Processes, £10.63 This leaves 2/3 of the hoses visible for color identification, and provides adequate ventilation to pre- vent gas entrapment inthe event of hose leaks. 10,64 Frequency of inspection depends upon the amount and severity of use. Bending, arcas 2 the regulator ‘and torch connections ate prone to crack and leak because of additional stress. 10.6.7 Whenan approved device such asa hose dieck valve or flach-back arestor isused in an oxyfuel gas weld- ing and cutting torch system, the device should be used ‘and maintained in accordance with the manufactoscrs? nuctions. Refer to CGA Pamphlet B-2, Slandard Hose rection Specifications.10.6.7.1 The use of suitable approved flashback anestors shall be pemnited tobe used. 10.7 Pressure-Reducing Regulators 10.7.1 Approval. Only approved pressure reducing regulators, as defined in 2.1, shall be used. 10.7.2 Designated Service. Presaure reducing regula torsshall be used only forthe gas and pressures for which they are labeled. The regulator inet connections shall com- ply with ANSU/CGA Standard V-1, Standard for Com: pressed Gas Cylinder Valve Outletand Inlet Connections. Regulators shall not beiterchanged among designated gas services. 10.73 Inspection Before Use. Union mtsand connec- tions on regulator shall be inspected before use to detect fauly seats which may cause leakage when the regulaters are attached to cylinder valves or hoses. Damaged nuts or ‘connections shall be replaced, 10.7.4 Oxygen Gauges. Gauges used for Oxygen service shall be marked “USENO OIL.” 10.7.5 Oxygen Regulators. Regulators shall be drained cof oxygen before they are atached toa eylinder oc mani fold, of before the cylinder valve is opened (see also 10.844 and 10.84.11). Oxygen cylinder or manifold valves shall always be opened slowly (see 10.8.4.3 and 108.44) 10.7.6 Maintenance. When regulators or pats of regu: Iators, including gauges, need repair, the work srall be performed by qralified mectian 10.8 Compressed and Oxyfuel Gas Cy (Containers) E10.6.7.1 Fashback atestors can provide a certain measure of protection against the hazards of flashback To maittain this protection and to ensue that they have noc become damaged or inoperative during use, a routine inspection program should be followed as specified dar ing use. Also, a regular inspection program should be fo: lowed as specified in the instructions provided by the manufacturer, Many years of field experience has shown various coxyfvel gastorches tobe reliable and safe apparatus when ‘operated in accordance with insiuctions recommended by the manufacturer. Under certain circumstances, the user's failuretofollow these intmvctionscan cause thebadkflow (reverse flow) of unwanted gas and/or flashback into the upstream equipment. 10.7.1 Referto CGA E-4, Standard for Gas Regula sors for Welding and Cutting. 10.7.2 Contamination can lead to explosionsand fire E10.7.5 The regulator atached to a cylinder can be deained of oxygen by momentarily opening and then clos ing the downstream line to the atmosphere with the regu- tor adjusting screw eng ped and the cylinder valve closed. ‘The oylinder valve is then opened slowly. The oxygen cylinder of manifold outlet connection should be wiped clean with a clean cloth, free of oil and lint, and the cylin dec valve “cracked” before connecting the regulator. See 10843.) ~ ‘These steps help reduce the chance of oxygen fed regulator fires when the regulator is pressurized from a high-pressure source. E10.8 Compressed pas cylinders used in welding and cutting processes contain gases generally at pressures10.8.1 General Cylinder Provisions 10,8.1.1 Approval All portable cylinders used for stonage and shipment of compressed gases shall be con ‘siucted and maintained in accordance with 49 CFR 173 regulations of the U.S. Department of Transportation won. 10.8.1. Filling Authorization. No one except the ‘owner of the cylinder or person authorized by the owner shall filla cylinder. 10.8.1.3 Mixing Gases. No person other than the ‘gas supplier shall mix gases in a cylindcr ortransfill gases from one cylinder to another. 10.8.1.4 Content Identification. Compressed gas cylinders shall be legibly marked with either the ‘chemical or the trde name of the gas in conformance with ANSUCGA C7, Guide to Preparation of Precaw tionary Labeling and Marking of Compressed Gas Containers, for the purpose of identifying the gas ‘content. Cylinders on which the labeling is missing or il- legible shall not be used. They shall be returned to the supplier. 108.15 Changing Markings The numbers and markings stamped into cylinders shall not be changed except in conformance with 49 CFR 173 U.S. DOT regulations. 10.8.1.6 Coanection Threads. Compressed gas cylinders shall be equipped with connections complying, with ANSI/CGA V-I, Standard for Compressed Gas Cylinder Vabve Outlet and Inlet Connections. 10.8.1.7 Valve Protection. All cylinders with ‘8 water weight capacity over 30 pounds (13.6 kilo. grams) shall be equipped with a means of connecting a valve protection cap or with a collar or recess to protect thevalve 10.8.1.8 Cylinder Temperature. The storage temperature ofthe cylinder contents shall net be allowed to execed 125°F (52°C). The use temperature shall not exceed 120°F (49°C). 10.8.1.9 Damaged Cylinders. Cylinders evidenc- ing severe damape, corrosion, oF fire expose shall not beused. 10.82 Cylinder Storage approximately 2500 psi (17237 KPa), but sometimes. inch higher. Gases at these pressures are dangerous, if not properly handled. The procedures described in this ection are imended to prevent damage or abuse to gas cylinders which might cause them to leak or explode with the consequence of serious damage, injury, or death, E10.8.1.8 Het gases may expand and increase pres sures above allowable limits. For addtional information, ‘contact the Compressed Gas Association,ANst249 1 20 10,82.1 Protection. Cylinders shall be stored where they will not be exposed to pliysical dhmage, tampering, or abject to temperatures which would raise the contents above the limits of 1081.8 ‘Cylinders shall be stored away from elevators, stats, ‘or ganpways in assigned places where cylinders will note knocked over or damaged by passing or fall ‘objects. Cylinders shall be secured in storage to prevent falling. 10.82.2 Cylinders Separated from Cmbustibles. Cylinders in storage shall be separated from flammable and combustible liquids and from casly ignited materials ich as wood, paper, packaging materials, oi, and grease by at least 20 feet (6.1 meters), or by a noncombustible barter atleast 5 fect (1.6 meters) high having a fire resis tance of atleast one-half hour. 10.823 Oxygen Separated from Fuel Gas. Ory. ‘gen cylinders in storage shall additionally be separated from fuel gas cylinders, of from reserve stocks of cal- cum carbide, by a distance or bartier as described in 10822 10.824 Oxygen in Acetylene Generator Build ings. Oxygen cylinders stored in ovtside acetylene generator houses shall be separated from the generator or carbide storage rooms by a noncombustible par- tition having a fire resistance of at least one hour. This partition shall be without openings and shall be tight, ‘Oxygen shall not be stored inside acctylene generator 1082.5 Fuel Gas Cylinders Upright. Acetylene and liquefied gas cylinders shall beused valve end wp. 10.8.2.6 Fuel Gas Storage Limits. Fuel gas storage limits shall be in accordance with ANSUNFPA S51, Standard for the Design and Insallation of Oxygen- Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes 10.83 Cylinder Handling 10.83.1 Rough Handling. Cylinders hall not be dropped, strc, or permitted to stike objects violently in amanner which may damagethe cylinder, valve, orsafety device, 10.8.3: Pry Bars. Bats shall not be used under vvalvesor valve protection capsto pry eyinders loose when frozen to the ground or otherwise fixed. 10.8.3.3 Rollers or Supports. Cylinders shall never be used as rollers or supports, whether full or empty 10.8.3.4 Safety Devices. tampered with Safety devices shall notbe E10.8.2.1 Check foroverhead combustibles sich as ovethead lines and piping, suspended cc, materials, ‘te, when considering torage location. The storage loca tion should be well vetlated soasto avoidthe accunmala tion of hazanious gases in the event of cylinder leakage. £10,825 This prevents liquid flow into hoses and regulators, E10.8.32 The use of warm (not boiling) water is recommended.108.35 Closed Valves. Cylinder valves shall be closed before moving cylinders 10,8.3.6 Valve Protection Cups. Valve protection ‘caps, where the eylinder is designed to accept a cap, shall alvayste in lace and hang (exept wen yindrs are in use or connected for use. 10.8.7 Manual Lifting, Valve protection capsshall not be used for lifting cylinders. 10.838 Lifting Equipment. When transporting, cylinders by a crane or derrick, a cradle or suitable plat orm shall be used, Slings or electromagnets shall net be used fortis papose. 10,8.3.9 Transporting Cylinders. When cylinders are transported by moter vehicle, they shall be secured and uaasported in accordance with Depastment of Trans- portation rqgulstions, when required. 10.83.10 Cylinders with Regulators Attached. When cylinders are to be moved with regulators attached, the cylinders shall be secuted in position when moved, ‘and cylinder valve closed 10.84 Cylinder Use 1084.1 Pressure Regulator. Compressed gas shall never be used from cylinders without reducing the pres- se through a suitable regulator attached to the cylinder valve or manifold, unless the equipment used is designed to withstand fll cylinder peessure. 10842 Maximum Acetylene Pressure. Acaylene shall not be utilized at a pressure in excess of 15 psig (203 KPa) 030 psia (206 KPa). This requirement shall not apply tostorage of acetylene dissolved ina suitable solvent in cylinders manufactured and maintained according, to Department of Transportation requirements, or to ‘acetylene for chemical use. 108.43 “Cracking” Cylinder Valve, Before con- necting a regulitor to a cylinder valve, the valve outlet shall be wiped clean with a lean cloth fre of oil and lint, and the valve shall be opened momentarily and closed immediacy, ‘The valve shall be cracked while standing, to one side of the cutlet, never in front of it Fuel gas cylinder valves shall net be cracked near osher welding work or near sparks, ‘lame, or other possible soutees of ignition. 10.844 Special Procedure for Oxygen Cylinders. ‘Thefollawing shall be done after the regulator is atached tooxygen cylinders (1) Engage the adiusting serew and open the down saream line 10 drain the regulator of pas. ANS 249 1 206 E10.8.3.6 Cylinder valve protection caps should be kept with the cylinders so they can be reassembled when the regulators removed. 1E10.83.9 It is especially hazardous to transport cylinders of fuel gas inside any vehicle, such as an auto- mobile, where gas from a leak can accumulate inside the passenger compartment or trunk. Opening the door or trunk. will activate a light switch that acts to ignite the accurms lated gas and cause a deadly explosion. 108.42 Acetylene can dissociate (decompose with explosive violence) above these pressate limits. ‘The 30 psia (206kPa)limitisimendedto prevent unsafe vse of acetylene in pressurized chambers sich as caissons, ‘underground excavations, ot wnne! construction. 10.843 Thisaction, generally termed cracting, is intended to clear the valve of dust oc ditt that otherwise might enter the regulator. 0.8.44 If axygen at high pressure is suddenly2) Disengage the adjusting setew and open the eylin der valve slightly so that the regulator cylinder presse gauige potnter moves up slowly before opening the valve all the way. G) Stand to one side of the regulator and not in front of the gage faces when opening the cylinder valve. 10.845 Hammer or Wrench. A hammerorrench shall not be used to open cylinder valves that are fitted with hand wheels. 10.8.4.6 Special Wrench. Cylinders not having fixed hand wheels shall have Keys, handles, or non- adjustable wrenches on valve stems while these cylinders are inservice sothat thegas flow canbeturnod aff quickly in case of emergency, In mukiple cylinder installations, at leas one such wrench shall always be available forimme- diate use. 108.47 Valve Wide Open. When a high-pressure (nonliquefied) gas cylinder is in use, the valve shall be ‘opened fully in order to prevent leakage araund the valve stem 10.8.8 Valve Partially Open. An acetylene cy!- Inder valve shall nt be opened more than approximately fone and one-half tuins and preferably no more than three-fourths ofa tun, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer 10.84.9 Interference. Nothing shall be placed ‘on top of a cylinder when in use which may damage the safety device ot interfere with the quick closing of the valve. 10.8.4.10 Valves Closed, Cylinder valves shall be closed whenever the equipment is unattended, 1084.11 Draining Regulator. Before a regulator is removed from a cylinder, the cylinder valve stall be closed and the gas released from the regulator. 10.8.4.12 Secure Cylinders During Use. A suitable cylinder truck, chain, o steadying device shal bbe used to keep cylinders from being knocked over while 10.8.4.13 Fire Protection. Cylinders shall be kept far enough away from actual welding or cutting ‘operations so that sparks, hot slag, or flame will not reach them, otherwise fire resistant shields shall be provided. 10.84.14 Electric Circuits. Cylinders shall not be placed where they might become pat of an clectrical ci cuit, Contacts with third rails, trolley wes, ct. shall be avoided, Cylinders shall be kept away ftom radiator, pip ing systems, layout tables, ete, that may be used For provnding clectric cinouits such as for are welding x0 E10.8.48 This isso thatit may be closed quickly in cease of emergency. 10.84.14 Cylinders should net beso grounded, of located, where they canbecome part of an electric circuit. Are damaged cylinders may leak or explode.machines The tapping of electrodes againsta cylinder shall be prohibited. Do ne strike an are on cylinders 10.84.15 Fuel Gas Cylinder Withdrawal Rates. ‘Withdawal rates from paseylindersshall not exceed marm- factusers' recommendations. 10.8.5 Cylinder Emergencies 10.8.1 Fuel Valve Packing Leak. If leak is: found around the valve stem of a fuel gas cylinder, the packing auts shall be tightened, or the cylinder valve closed 10.8.5.2 Fuel Gas Leaks Which Cannot be Stopped. If tightening the packing nt does not siop a valve stem leak, or if fuel gas valve is leaking at the seal and cannot be stopped by dlosing the valve firmly, orf a leak should develop at a cylinder fuse plug or other safety device, then the fuel gas cylinders shall bbe moved to a safe location outdoors, away from any source of ignition, macked properly, and the supplier advised, ‘When a leaking cylinder can not be moved safely toa location outdoors, the area or building shall be immedi ately evacuated and the fire department notified of the ‘emergency ‘A precautionary sign shall be posted not to approach the leaking cylinder with alighted cigarete or source of ignition 10.85.3 Fuel Cylinder Fires. Smal fies at fuct ‘20s cylinders, usually resulting from ignition of leaks described in 10.8,5.1 and 10.8.5.2, shall be extin- guished, if possible, by closing the cylinder valve or by the use of water, wet cloths, or fire extinguisher. ‘The leaks shall then be tated as described in those sections. Tn the case of a large fire at a fuel gas cylinder, sich as from the functioning of a fise plug or sufery device, ppetsonnel shall be evacuated from the atea, and the cylinder kept wet with a heavy water stream to keep it cool 10.9 Cylinder Manifolding 109.1 Approval, Fuel gas manifolds andhigh-pressure ‘oxygen manifolds for use with exygen cylindershaving a DOT service pressure above 250 psig (1724 kPa) siall be approved either separately for each component pat oF as aan assembled unit 10.9.2 Gas Service. il manifolds and parts shall be used only forthe gases for which they are approved. E10,8.4.15 In the case of acctylene, excessive with drawal rates can lead to acetone depletion from the cylin- det Some materials may be damaged by acctone and create leaks. The stability of acetylene may be reduced. In the case of liquefied fucl gases, excessive withdrawal rates will cause refrigeration, E10.8.5.1 Leaks can lead to oxygen deficient or explosive atmospheres E10,8.2 Outdoors, the cylinder valve may be opened slightly to gradually discharge the contents 10.853 Risusually betterto allow the fireto con tinue to burn and consume the escaping gas, otherwise it may reignite with explosive violence: If circumstances permit, tis often better to allow the cylinder fie to bum ‘ut in place rather than atempt tomove the cylinder. IF.the cylinder is located where the fite should not be allowed to bum out in place, atempts may be made to ‘move it toa safer location, preferably outdoors Personnel should remain as distant as posible, and the eylindershould ‘be kept cool with awater stream,10.9.3 Fuel Gas Manifold Capacity Limits and Locations. Piel gas manifold capacity limits and loca tions shall be in aceoriance with ANSUINFPA 51 10.9.4 Oxygen Manifold Capacity Limits and Locations. Oxygen manifold capacity limits and locations shall be in accordance with ANSUNFPA SI. 10.9.5 Manifold Requirements Fuel gas and axygen manifolds requirements shall bein accordance with ANSU NFPASI. 10.9.6 Manifold Installation and Operation. Mani- fold installation and operation shall bein accoedance with ANSUNFPA St. 11. Are Welding and Cutting Equipment Safety 11.1 General 11.1.1 Scope. This section contains safety precautions specific tothe installation and operation of are welding ane cutting equipment. 11.12 Equipment, Arcwelding and cutting equipment shall be chosen as specified in 11.2.nd shall be installed as specified in 11.3, 11.13 Permand. Persons in charge of the equipment coc designated to operate the arc welding and cutting ‘cquipment hall have been propesyinsiucted and qalificd to maintain or operte sich equipment and approved as competent for their work responsibilities Rules and insiruaions covering the operation and maintenance of the are welding and catting equipment shall be readily availble 11.2 Safety Aspects in Selection of Arc Welding. Equipment 112.1 Safety Standards. Safety in design of are welding equipment shall be in compliance with appli- cable NEMA and ANSI standards. Special purpose machines not covered by the above listed standards ‘hall conform in all pects to the standards set forth in this publication 11.22 Environmental Conditions. When using ltemating cutent (ae) ox dite current (de are welding 10.9.3 ANSUINFPA St fis established a 3000 cubic Foot (81 cubie meters) otal nonliquetied gas capacity as an indoot limit for fuel gas cylinders connected (0 ‘one manifold. The rationale for this limit is that a typical building of 100 feet by 100 feet with a 15 feet ceiling (150 000 cubic feet, 4200 cubic meters) could ‘contain a leak of 3000 cubic feet of acetylene and not exceedthe lower explosive limitif uniformly distributed “Acetylene has the lowest explosive limit of the com- ‘moniy used fuel gases. See ANSIINEPA 51 for addi tional details: 11.12 Gas equipment used in are welding should be handled as described in Section 10, Onyfuel Gas Welding, and Cutting Safety. See 11.5.5 ccauge electrically sal shock may be pte 11.2.2 Water or perspiration hazardous conditions. Blectmachines, the welding operator sha take special eare to prevent electical shock, when working under electrically hazardous conditions. The manofacturer shall be consulted when unuatal service conditions are encountered. 11.23 Other Conditions 11.2.3.1 Open-Circuit Voltage (Special Processes). ‘When special welding and cutting processes requite open rcvit voltages higher than those specified in ANSUNEMA. EW! adequate insulation or ether means shall be provided to protect the operator from making, contact withthe high voltage. 112.32 Work Terminal to Grounded Eaclosare. ‘The work shall be grounded in accordance with 11.3.2 In the case of installations that are followed the practice of grounding the work lead ata power source terminal, that itself is grounded by a connection to the grounded power source enclosure, the power source terminal shal be con nected to the grounded power source enclosure by a con: doctor smaller in diamcter(t least wowite gageshighes) thanthe power source enclosure grounding conductor, and the terminal shall be masked oindicatethat tis grounded. ‘no case shall a connection between the work lead terminal and the grounded power source enclosure be inveationally used, instead of the work lead, to carry welding evrrent. 11.2.3 Welding Terminals. Tenminals for velding leads shall be protected from accidental electrical contact by personnel or by metal objects, eg., vehicles, crane hooks. 112.3.4 Portable Coutrol Devices Noconnections for portable contol devices, such as push buttons, to be x vented by the use of nonconductive ploves, clothing, and shoes and avoiding contact with live electtical pats ‘Other examples of electrically hazardous conditions are locations in which the freedom of movement is te stricted so thatthe operator is forced to perform the work ina cramped (knecing, sitting, lying) position with physi cal contact with conductive parts, and locations that are fully or partially limited by conductive elements and in which there is a high sisk of unavoidable or accidental ‘contact by the operator. These hazards can be minimized by insulating conductive pats near the vicinity of the operator. If a significant amount of work time is spent in clectrically hazardous conditions, the use of automatic controls is ecommendedto reduce the no-load voltage to a value not to exceed 38 volts ms ac or 50 volts direct current (de) at rated input voltage. This also applies to 234. ‘Examples of unusval service conditions are described ANSIINEMA EWI, Eleciric Are Welding Power Sources. E11.23.1 Some processes such as plasma arc cxt- ing may utilize open ciruit voltages as high as 400 vols de. Precautionary labefing, workplace placards or special employee training should be considered when igh open cirewit volage is present. See 11.2.2. E11.2.32 The practice of connecting the work ter- ‘minal to the power source enclosure is not recommended and should be avoided. It is likely for a welding operator toiinadvertently remove the connection between the work ‘lamp and the work piece and thereby cause welding our- rentto flow thraugh the grounding conductors ofthe elec- tical system, Measures must be taken to prevent the flow of welding corentthrough grounding conductor. Ground: ing conductors are sized for other purposes. Welding car- ents may be to high for some grounding conductors in the welding area oc the power network E1233 Prtcction may be obtained by the use of dead front construction utilizing receptacles for plug con nections, by locating terminals in a recessed opening, oF under a nonremovable hinged cover, by heavy insulating, sleeves or by other equivalent mecianical means to sa isfy the requirements. E.112.34 See ANSINFPA79,carsid by the operator shall be connected to: ‘of higher than 120 volts. Exposed metal pats of portable ‘control devices operating on cinuits above SO volts shall be grounded by a grounding conductor in the contol cable. 1123.5 Avtotransformers, Autotrmnsformersor ac reactors shall nt be used to draw welding current directly from any primary ac power source having a volage exceeding 80 volts. 412:3.6 Equipment Loading Care salt betaken in applying are welding equipment to ensire thatthe am. pere rating chosen is adequate to handle the job. Weiding machines shall not be operated abore the ampere ratings ‘and corresponding rated duty cycles as specified by the ‘manufactures and shall not be used for applications oder than those specified by the manufacture, 112.3.7 Welding Cables. Welding cables shall be of the Mlexible type designed especially for the rigors of welding service and of a size adequate for reasonably expected current and duty cycles. Special sazention shall be paid tothe insulation of cablesused with equipment which includes high vokage, high frequency oxcillators 11.3 Installation of Are Welding Equipment 113.1 Code Requirements. Installation inctading grounding, necessary disconnects, fuses, and type of ‘incoming power lines shall be in accordance with the requirements of the current ANSUINFPA 70, National Electrical Code®, and all local codes. 1132 The Work. The workpiece or metal upon which the welder welds shall be grounded independent of the Welding Icads to a good electrical ground unless a quali- fied person asanres itis safe to work on an ungrounded ‘workpiece. 1132.1 Grounding. Grounding shall be done by locating the work on a grounded metal floor or platen, ot by connection oa grounded building frame or other satis: factory ground. Care shall be taken to avoid the flow of ‘welding. current through a connection intended only for safety grounding since the welding current may be of a Ihielicr magnitude than the grounding, conductor can safely ot E12-3.6 Using welding, machines beyond ampere fr duty cycle ratings causes ovesheaing which results in premature deterioration of insolation and increasesthe elec- tuical shock hazard. Consideration should be given to the factthat acmal welding currents may be higher han shown by indicators on the machines if welding is dane with shoxt leads or low arc voltages. Patticulasly high over-currents are likely on general purpose welding machines when used with low are voltage processes such as gas tungsten arc wedding. E1237 Secalso 11.2.3. E1132 When the work terminal is grounded, care should betaken to seethat the workpiece is nt separately rounded. Refer to 11.3.2.1, Before welding is attempted the operator should check to be sire that the wotklead is ‘properly connected, This will eliminatethe chance of weld ing current being misdirected into the grounding conduc tor system of other equipment. Misdirected welding current ccan damage conductors which do not have adequate ampacity. Sec Article 0.15 of ANSUNFPA 70, National Elecirical Cate® E11.3.2.1 The work lead and work lead clamp are sometimes incorrectly referred to as “ground lead” and “ground clamp.” The work lead and the ground lead are not the same, The work lead should not be referred toa the grounding lead. It is preferable to connect the work lead directly to the work Hence, iti inappropriate tore fer to the lead as “ground lead” or the connection as “peound clamp.”'The work clamp should never be stored boy clamping it to any part of the grounded power source113.22 Work Lead. Welding current shall be rommed to the welding machine by cable with suff cient current capacity. However, connection of a cable from the welding machine to a common conductor ot properly bonded structure on which the work rests, ot to which the work is connected, shall be a permissible alternate procedure. Single-phase alternating current ‘machines in groups of thece with their inputs connected in delta toa three-phase supply circuit connected in wye on the secondary circuits shall be permitted to use a single work lead from the neutral ofthe three units tothe stvc- ture being welded. ‘The work lead shall use asingle ble of asi forthe current rating of atleast one machine 11.33 Conduit and Pipe Ground Limitations. Con- duits containing, electrical conductors shall notbe used for ‘completing a work lead circuit Pipelines shall notbe used a0 permanent part of a welding circuit, but may be used during construction, extension, or repair providing the currert is not carted through threaded joints flanged bolted joins, or caulked joints In addition, special precautions shall be used to avoid sparking at the connection of the ‘work lead cable. 11.34 Prohibited Work Lead Counection. Chains, wire ropes, cranes, hoists, and elevators shall not be used to.carry welding cuerent. 113.5 Electrical Continuity in Structures. When ducing constuction of modification, a building orany other fabricated metal structute is used for a welding current suitable 35 ANSI Z49 1200 frame. Grounding of electrical systems a ductors isdoneto limit voltazes duc to lightn age surges, oF unintentional contact with higher voltage fines, and to stabilize voltage to ground during, normal operations, It also facilitates overcurrent device operation in case of ground faults. (Sce Aricle 250.4 of ANSUNFPA 70, National Electrical Cade®) Grounding. of workpieces, equipment housings, metal cabinets and frames, or other ‘conductive material that form past ofthe equipment is done tolimitthe vokage to ground on these items Limiting the ‘voltage by grounding helps to prevent accidental shocks ‘ven equipment is misconnected of insulation fails. (See ‘Article 250.4 of ANSUNFPA 70, National Electrical Cade®) Equipment used with ungrounded supply systems, such aasisused in naval shipboard systems, should be connected inacoordance with the requirements of the authority having, Jurisdiction ‘Special radio frequency grounding, may be advisable for equipment using high-frequency arc stabilizers. (See Recommended Installation and Test Procedures for High Frequency Stabilized Arc Welders, 1970, Arc Welding Section of NEMA.) E113.22 Refer to 11.3.6 for voltage and shock ‘consideration. With the permissible aerate procedure, ‘care should be taken that no other electrical connection ot path exists. 11.33 Currext which passesthrough joints which are not intended For sch tse can cause hot spots to develop. ‘These hor spots can lead to the development of hidden fires or explosions For ather precautions, see Section 11 4 E134 See11.49.2. E1135 Approval should be obtained from the owner cor responsible person before proceeding.ANSI ZAD 1270 retum cir, it shall be checked to ascertain whether ploper electscal contact exists a all joints Spatking ot heating t any point shall be cause forrejection ofthe suc ture as-a rem cireuit. 113.6 Connections to Minimize Shock Hazard. ‘Where welders are working on one structure, sufficiently close to each other, and someone is likely to touch the ‘exposed parts of more than one electrode holder simulta neously, machines shall be connected to minimize shock hazard 2 follows: 1.3.6.1 DC Machines. Unless required by special ‘ewes all de machines shall be connected with the same polarity. 113.62 AC Machines. Unless requited by special cases all single-phase ac machines shall be connected to the sime phase of the supply circuit and with the same instantaneous polarity 113.63 Special Cases. The operator and other area pesoand shall be instructed on ofthe importance of avoid: ing simukaneous contact of the exposed parts of more than, ‘one electrode holder. 11.4 Operation 11.4.1 Worker Instruction. Workers signed to op- crate o maintain arcwelding equipment shall be acquainted with those parts of this standard applicable to their work sssignments. 1142 Chedsing Connections. After assembling any ‘connection to the machine, each assembled connection shall be checked before stating operations to ascertain that itis properly made. In addition, the work lead shall be finly attached to the work; magnetic work camps shall boeficed from adherent metal particles and spatter on con- tact surfaces 11.43 Machine Frame Grounding. Grounding ofthe welding, machine frame shall be checked. Special ate ion shall be given to safey grounding connections of rrtable machines See NFPA 7D, Natal Elecrie Cade, Mitisle 290, Gromiding 3.6.1 A teat lamp of Voltmeter may be used to determine whether the connections are correct. See 113.63, E11.3.62 A yokmeter can be used to determine ‘whether the connections are comrect. See 11.3.6. E11.3.63 When operations on onestrucareinalve several welding machines, the dc welding process re- quirements may require the use of both polarities, or tations for ac welding may require ‘among the phases of the supply circuit, No-load voltages between clectrode holders will be two times normal in de or 1, 1.41, 1.73, or2times normal on ac machines. Similar voltage differences will exit if both ac and de welding ate donc on the same stmcture. ELLA This section applies to all are welding and cutting processes. For gas shielded are welding, sce also recom- ‘mended practice documents such as AWS C5.6, Recam- mended Practices for Gas Metal Are Welding ENA. Those sections of partilar interest are Sec- tion, Protection of Personnel: Section, Ventilation, and Section 6, Fire Prevention and Protection. E1142 Clean and tight connections are necessary to prevent local heating, Properly insulated and dry connce- tons are necessary to prevent stray electrical anrents and possible hock or short circuits. Coiled welding cable should bekept toa minimum and any excess is to be spread out before use to aveid over: heating and damage to insulation. obs atemvatey requ ing long and short cables should be equippcd with insulated ‘connectors so that idle lengths can be disconnected when not needed,Hela Leaks, There dial be no leaks of cooling water. shicding gas. oF engine fuel that can adversely affect the welders safety 11.45 Safe Operating Instructions. Weiten mlesand instmetions coveting the safe operation of equipment shall bbe made available to the welder and shall be strictly followed. 11.4.6 Work Interruptions When the welder leaves the work or stops for an appreciable time, the ‘equipment or machine output shall be turned off oF de-cnergized. 11.47 Moring the Machine. When the machine isto bbe moved, the input power supply tothe equipment shall be clectscally disconnected. 11.48 Equipment Not in Use. When not inuse, metal and carbon clectrodes shall be removed from holders to climinate danger of electrical contac with persons or con- ducting objects. When notin use, electrode holders shal bbe so placed that they cannot make cectscal contact with persons, conducting objects, such as metal or wet catth, flammable liquids, oF compressed gas cylinders. When not isuse, guns of semiastomatic welding machines shal be placed so that the gun switch cannot be operated ‘cidentally. 114.9 Blectric Shock. The welder shal be tmined to ‘avoid shock. Unexplained shocks shall be reported to the ‘pervisor for investigation and coctection prior to con- tinving, Safe procedates shall be cbserved ata times when. ‘wodking with equipment having voltages necessary forare weld 14.9.1 Live Metal Parts. The welder shall never permitthe live metal parts of an electrode, holder, or other equipment, to touch bare skin or any wet covering of the body. 11.4.92 Insulation. Welders shall protect them. selves from clectsical contact with the work or ground by dry insulating material; particularly, they shallbc protected ‘aginst lage area contacts by insolation when working in iting ot prone position. ELLAd Moisture can carty eleetsie current and in crease the chance of electric shock, shielding. gases -ause asphyxiation, and fuels can cause explosions E11.4.92 When the worker is required to be on a ladder while welding or cutting, the ladder should be non ‘conductive, or otherwise insulated from work and ground. [Dry shoes in good condition shavldbewom, Rubber soled shoes of boots should be wom in damp areas. Workers should wear protective boats when working in standing, ‘water or other wet areas. To reduce the possibility of welding current arcing through the suspension wire cope when performing welding from suspended scaffolds, use an insulated thimble to attach each suspension wire rope to its hang. ing suppor (such as cornice hook or outrigger). Insulate ‘excess suspension wire rope and insulate any additional independent lines from grounding, Cover the suspension wire tope with inailting material extending atleast 4 fe above the hoist Insulate the tail fine below the hoist 1011.4.9.3 Gloves Dry glovesingood condition shall bese. . 114.94 Holders and Guns, Blectrode holders and ‘all be well insulated and kept in good repair. 1.4.9.5 Water Immersion. Bloctiode holders and ‘guns shall no be cooled by immersion in water. 11.4.9.6 Water-Cooled Holders. Water-cooled holders and guns shall not be used if any water leak or ‘condensation exists which would adversely affect the welder's safer. 11.4.9:7 Changing Electrodes. Excogt for shielded metal are welding, the output of the welding machine shall ‘be electrically de-cnerpized when electrodes or contact tips are danged. 11.498 Other Practicesto Avoid. The welder shall nt coil loop welding electrode cable around parts of the body. Precautions shall be taken to prevent shock- induced falls when the welder is working above ground eve. 1.4.9.9 Wearersof Pacemakers. Wearers of pace- ‘makers of other cloctonic equipment vital to life shall check with the life support manufacturers and ther clin: cian to deteemine whether ahazard exists 115 Maintenance 115.1 General. All are welding equipment shall be maintained in safe working order at all times. The welder of maintenance personnel shall report any oquip- ment defect or safety hazard to the supervisor, and the cuscof such equipment shall be discontimieduetiltssafey hhas been assured. Repairs shall be made by qualified personne only 11.52 Welding Equipment. Welding equipment shall bbe maintained in good medkanical and electical condi tion to avoid unnecessary hazavds. On rotating electrical cquipment, commutators shall be kept clean to prevent ‘excessive lashing. 1152.1 Inspection. Welding equipment shall be Electrical col veilation ducts shal be similaly inspected and cleaned, Fuel systems on engine driven machines shall be inspected and checked for possible leaks and accumn lotions of water that might cause rusting. Rotating and ae prevent contact with the platform. Guide ot retain th portion ofthe tal ine that hangs free below the seatfold So that it does not become grounded [see 29 CER 1926451017) E11.4.93 Use of damp orwet gloves may lead to clectic shock Where moisture or perspiration is a prob- fem, mbberized gloves or other insulating means should beused. See aso4.3.2 and E1122. EL14.9.9 Welders and cher persons who must work ina welding environment should inform their doctors pio toundergoing device inaallation procedures: E11S.1 Periodicinspectionsare strongly recommended E11,52.1 Dirton electrical equipment can increase temperature, dectease service life, and possibly lead short circuiting Its good practice to blow out the entire welding ma ‘chine with clean dey compressed airusing adequate safety precautionsmoving components shall be kept propetly shielded and Iubicated, 11.5.2.2 Wading in the Open. Welding, equipment used in the open shall be protected from inclement weather conditions. Protective covers shall not obstauct the venti- fation necessary to prevent overheating of the machine. 11.52.3 Modifications. When itis necessary to modify equipment, sich asin order to meet noise level requirements, itshall be determined thatthe modifications ‘or additions tothe oquipment dont cassethe electrical or ‘mechanical ratings to the equipment to be exceeded or overloaded. 11.53 Wet Machines Machines which have become wet shall be thoroughly ded and propery tested before being used. When not in use, the equipment shall be adequately protected or stored in a clean, dry place. 11.5.4 Welding Cable. Welding cable shall be inspected for weat or damage. Cables with damaged inailation ot connectors shall be replaced or repaired tw achieve the mechanical strength, insulating quality, lectrical conductivity, and water tightness of the original cable. Joining lengths of cables shall be done by methods specifically intended for the purpose. The connection methods shall have insulation adequate for 115.5 Compressed Gases Use of compressed gases for shielding in arc welding operations shall follow the applicable provisions of Section 10, Oxyfuel Gas Weld ing and Cutting, 12. Resistance Welding Safety 12.1 General 12.1.1 Scope. The soope of this section is limited to ‘welding equipment using resistance welding principles as defined inthe AWS publication entitled AWS A3.0, Stan dard Welding Terms and Definitions. Users are further referred to Patt | of this standard which is applicable to ‘general safety in welding and cutting, 12.1.2 Sdection. Al resistance welding equipment shall be selected for safe application to the work intended. The persounel safety aspects of resistance welding, shall be sven consideration when choosing equipment for the work tobe performed n. ope 3 Operator Training. Workers designated 0 re wesiaance welding. equipment shall have been 39 E11.5.22 Air fikersin the ventilating system of the clestrical components should not be used unless provided by, or approved by, the manufacturer of the welding, ma. chine. The reduction of airflow resulting from the use of an air fiker on equipment not so designated can svbject intemal components to an ovetheating condition and sub- ‘sequent failure. E11.5.2.3 Modifications should only be performed by the equipment manufacturer or a qualified service technician, E11.S4 Disconnected welding cable leads should be properly stored to prevent inadvertent completion of lectrical circuitsproperly instnicte and judged competent to operate atch ssquipmica 122 Iustallation. All equipment shall be installed in conformance with ANSUNEPA 79, Electrical Standard ‘for Indusirial Machinery, and ANSUNFPA 70, Natianal lectrical Code®, or ts equivalent in protection based on advances in technology. The equipment shall be installed bby qualified personnel under the dietion of a technical supervisor 123 Guarding 12.3.1 Control Initiating Devices. Control init ating devices such as posh buttons, foot switches, tc traction, and dual schedule switches on portable guns, ec. on any welding equipment shall be arranged or suarded to prevent the operator from inadvextenly acti- vating them. 12.32 Stationary Equipment 1232.1 General. All chains, gears, operating link- ages, and belts associated with welding, equipment shall be protected in accordance with ANSI safety standards for mechanical power transmission apparatus. 12.322 Single Ram ond Single-Point Equipment. On stationary single ram welding machines, unless the wotkpicce size, configuration, or Fixture occupies both of the operator's hands remotely from the point of operation during the machine eycle, operations shall be ina manner that will prevent injury to the operator by one ora combi- nation ofthe following: (1) machine guards of Fixtures that prevent the operator's hands from passing under the point of operation (2) tworhanded controls @) latches 4) presence sensing devices (S) any similar device or mechanism tha prevents op ‘ration of theram while the operator'shands arcunder the point of operation. 1232.3 Multi-Gun Equipment. All multi-gun welding machine operations, when the operator's fingers canbe expectedto pass under the point of operation, shall be effectively guarded by theuse of a device, auch as but not limited to, presence sensing, devices, latches, block, barriers, or two-handed controls. 12.3.3 Portable Equipment 12.33.1 Support System Safety. All suspended portable welding gun equipment, with the exception of ‘tegunassembly, call be equipped with asuppor system ipable of supporting the total impact load in the event fof failure of any component of the supporting system The system shall be designed to be fail safe. The use of 40 E122 Referto OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Subpat S, Hlecsicalles, chains. clamps, ete shall be 123.32 Moving Holder, Where it enters the gun frame, the moving holder mechanism shall be designed 0 a5 to present no shear points to the fingers placed on the operating movable holder, etherwise guanding shall, be provided. If suitable guarding cannot be achieved, the use of two handles, one for each hand with one or two ‘operating switches located at appropriate holding points shall be permitted to be used. These handles and operct- ing switches shall be sufficiently remote from the shear ‘0 pic point, ot both, 10 climinate the possibility of ny finger entering the sheat or pinch point when the hands ‘are on the controls. 124 Electrical 124.1 Voltage. All external weld-initiating control itcvits shall operate not over 120 volts ac rms for ssationary equipment, and not over 36 volts ac rms for portable equipment. 12.42 Capacitors Resistance welding equipment and control panels containing capacitors used for stored en- ergy resistance welding involving high voltages (over '550 ems volts) shall have suitable insulation and protec ion by complete enclosures, all doors of which shall be provided with suitable interlocks and contacts wited into the control circuit (similar to elevator interlocks). Such interlocks or contacts shall beso designed asto effectively interrupt power and short circuit all capacitors when the door panel is open. ‘Amanually operated switch or sitable postive device shall be installed in addition to the mechanical imerlocks ‘or contacts, as an added safety measure assuring absolute discharge of all capacitors. The panel bor itself is considered an endosure and ‘capacitors located inside such a panel box shall not need further enclosure whenthe other requirements ofthe para raph are met. 1243 Locksand Interdocks 1243.1 Doors. All doors and access pandls of all resistance welding machines and the control panels, 3c cessible at production floor level, shall be kept locked or intlocked to prevent access by unauthorized persons 10 live potions of the equipment. A door or access panel shall be considered locked ifakey, wrench, or other instrament is requited to open it. 12.432 Ranotely Located Contral Pands Con- trol panels located on overhead platforms or in separate rooms shall be either locked, imertocked, arguarded by a physical barier and signs and the panels closed when the eqipment is not being serviced. Signs sal be in accor denice with ANSI ZS35 Standards,Forfladh welding equipment, fash puatds of suitable fire resistant material shall be provided to control flying sparks and molten metal 12.44 Spark Shields Pratectionshall be provided from the hazard resuking from flying spacks by methods sich as the installation of a guatd of suitable fire resistant material or the use of approved personal protective eye wear. The Variations in resistance welding oper ations arc such that cach ingallation shall be evaluated individually 124.5 Stop Buttons. One or more safety emergency sop buttons shall be provided on all welding, machines that have the following characteristics (A) require three or more seconds to complete a sequence, (2) have mechanical movemens that can be hazardous to persons if guards were removed, and {G) installation and use of these emergency stop but- tons will not in themselves create addtional hazards to persons. 12.4.6 Groonding, The welding transformer second- ary shall be grounded by onc of the methods in (1) or (2) ‘below, or equivalent protection shall be provided asin 3) below (1) Permanent grounding of the welding secondary ivcuie (2) Connecting a grounding reactor across the second: ary winding with reactor tap(s) to ground (3) Asanaltemative, onnonportable machines, arrarg- ing for an isolation contactorto openboth sides ofthe line tothe primary of the welding transformer. 12S Static Safety Devices. On laxge welding machines incorporating a platen, electrically interlocked safety de- vices sich as pins, blocks, of latches, shall be provided ‘where the platen of the head can move. The device, when ‘used, shall cause the energizing citeuitto be broken, and the device itself will prevent movement of the platen or hhead under static load. More than one device may be re uiced, varying with machine size or accessibility, but each device alone shall be capable of sustaining the full static load iwvolved. 12.7 Maintenance. Periodic inspections and necessary tcpaits shall be made by authorized personnel. The opera- tors oF maintenance personnel shall repom any equipment efecto supervisory personne. £12.44 The primary iment isthe protection of person rel ether than the operator whose protection is discussed inSection 4, Protection of Personnel and the General Area. Suitable precautions shall be taken to avoid fires as sct fost in Section 6, Fire Prevention and Protection. ELAS Theterm segience asused here means the ac- tion and time required by the machine from the time the runbuttons are locked in (interlocked) and canbe released, ‘until the machine stops ofits own accord. E1246 The grounding of one side of the secondary windings on multi-spet machines can cause undesirable circulating currents to flow between transformers when smukiphase primary supplies of different secondary vot- ages orboth are used for the several guns A similar con- dition can azo exist with portable welding machines, when several units areused on the same fire or assembly, oF ‘on one that is neaiby. Such stations may requireuse ofa ‘grounding reactor or isolation contactor. ENDS The inten isto require these devices when the ma. ‘chine ara ie so large thatthe maintenance or setup would requite the inseation of more than hands into the coasre13. Electron Beam Welding and Cutting Processes (EBW and EBC) 13.1 General. These safe practice recommendations are abstracted from the AWS C7.1, Recommended Practices ‘for Electron Beam Welding. 132 Potential Hazards. The following potential hazards associated with electron beam welding shall be guarded against (1) BlecuieShock (13.2.1) (2) Gases and Fumes (13.2.2) (8) X-radiation (13.2.3) (A) Visible Radiation (13.24) (8) Vacuum (13.2.5) 132.1 Hlectric Shock. Appropriate precautionary signs shall be affixed to the equipment. ‘All doors and access panels on electron beam welding exnipment shall be properly secured and interlocked to revert accidental or unauthorized access. All high-voltage conductors shall be fully enclosed by grounded, conductive barriers that are also interlocked. A grounding probe shall beused before servicing the electron beam gun and high- voltage power supplies 13.22 Gases and Fumes. Positive exhaost ventilation and filtering from the medium and nonvacuum EB pro- cesses shall be provided Inhigh vacuum EB welding, extra care shallbe taken while leaning the interior ofthe vacuum, ‘hamberto ensure that vapors from the solvents and clean- ing solutions do nct reach hazardous levels ‘Before welding any unfamiliar materials o using any unfamiliar cleaning materials, the Material Safety Daa Shest (MSDS) shall be read to determine whether any hazards exist 13.23 X-radéation. Proper shielding of EBW equip- ment i required to eliminate, or reduce to acceptable levels, xcradiation in the workplace. Any modifications to radiation shielding shall be performed only by the equip ‘ment mamafacturer or a qualified service technician. A radiation survey shall be done after modifications are completed by the equipment manufacturer or qualified technicians, 8 nisi Z E131 AWS C7.1 should be consulted for a complete luvatise of the subject. Also, refer to Patt ofthis standard for general safety considerations associated with welding, and cutting processes and equipment. 132.1 Thevypical primary voltagetoan electronbeam ‘welding machine is 440 voks. Voltages used in the elec tron beam welding processes are much higher than those in most welding processes. ‘Whenever servicing (especially on cnergized systems) is done on this equipmen, a second person should be in the area in case of accidental shock. The primary input ‘voltages stepped up to several thousanel volts fr the elec- tron beam gun and also for the vacuum (ionization) ‘gauge(s). These voltages, and their associated currents are Teshal E1322 Ozone, nitrogen oxides, and metal fomes are gencrated by electronbeam welding. See3.2.1.2for more information onhandling of hazardous substances, Section, 'S, Ventilation, for a detailed description of adequate ‘ventilation systems, and Section 7, Confined Spaces, for information on working in confined spaces. 13.23 X-radiation is produced when electrons col lide with a substance (auch as a gas oF metab. The in tensity of the x-rays produced incecases with increasing, bbeam voltage, beam Guten, and the atamic number of the material being, strick by the beam, The electron ‘beam equipment sheuldbe inspected anda radition aevey made periodically with the results documented and posted. Publications such as ANSI N43.3, General Safety Standards for Installations Using Non-Medical X-Ray and Senled Ganma Ray Sources. Energies Up to 10 MeV, and AWS F2.1, Recomended Sefe Practices for Electron Beam Welding and Cuting, should be ‘consulted for typical precanions and siivey procedures that should be followed in order to provide adequate protection.13.2.4 Nonionizing Radiation. The leaded glass used in dhe viewing. pots shall provide sufficient optical view ing protection from the UV and IR priate filters shall be selected and used to redvce the visible light toa comfortable viewing level 13.2.5 Vacuum. Users of the electron beam welding process shall be aware of the precautions required for ‘working with vacuum systems 14. Laser Beam Cutting and Welding 14.1 General. Cutting and welding operations using, laser beam technology shall follow the applicable sections ofthis standard and ANSI Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers. 15. Brazing and Soldering Safety 15.1 General. This section addresses safe practices for brazing and soldering. 182 Potential Hazards. When conducting brazing and soldering operations, the following potential hazards shall be guarded against: (1) flammable and corrasive substances (see 15.21), (2) bums (see 15.2.2, ) floxes and filler mals (sce 15.2.3} (8) gases and fumes (se 15.24), and (5) equipment maintenance (see 15.25) 152.1 Flammable and Corrosive Substances. Op- crators shall isolate containers of alcahol-based or alcchol containing flux solutions from open flames and heat sourocs during assembly as well as when in storage. As fluxes are corrosive substances, they shall be stored, transported, and disposed of in accordance with regula tory practices for acidic materials Operators shall wear proper eve protection face guard, and protecive clothing, during the transport, handli material safety data sheets for nable and corrosive “a E1324 Ditect viewing of the weld zone during electron beam welding can be harmful 10 the eyesipht since visible, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) radi ation are produced. See also 4.2.2. ANSIZ87.1, Occupy ‘ional and Educational Eye and Face Protectin Devices, shuld be consulted for guidance inthe selection of optical fikers. E1325 Allelectron beam welding, machines require a ‘high vacuum for beam generation. In addition, most machines require some level of vacuum environment for the workpiece. User shoold be aware that high levels of noise can be generated by EBW vacuum systems. A de- tailed description of these precautions is provided by the ‘American Vacuum Society publication Vacuum Hegards Manual. E1S.1 The hazards encountered with brazing and soldering are similar to those associated with the welding and cutting processes. The safe practices imple- mented for welding and cating are equally applicable to brazing and soldering regarding the prtcton of person nel andthe general aca, venison, fie prevention and pretection, and confined spaces (see Sections 4,5, 6, and. 152.1 Numerous fluxes for stuctusal and electronic applications contain alcohol asthe vehicle or asa diluting ‘agent, causing the fluxes to be highly flammable, More ‘over, fluxes ate corrosive materials The level of corrosivity ranges from very mild (e., pure rosin) to highly active (ee, solutions of hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and so oath), however, even the mild acids can cause burn inju- riestothe operator, Some stop-off materials, cements, and binders comtain solvents and are flammable.aalstances shall be consalted before these substances ate used, ‘Brazing furnace atmospheres shall be purged using sae procedures before the introduction of flammable gases (these include fuel gases, hydrogen, and dissociated ain- rmonia) ofien used as atmaspheres (55.6). 152.2.1 Marking Hot Materials. Operators shall label all assemblies, tools, and surfaces that are at high temperatures with the appropriate sign (sce 3.23.4). 152.22 DipBrazing, When dipbrazing, assemblies and fixtures to be immersed in the molten salt bath shall be completely dey. 12.2.3 Aluminum. Operators shall take precau- tions when handling alviinum to prevent serious bums from very hot assemblics 15.2.2.4 Hydrogen. Opentors shalltake precastons ‘when using hydrogen as a fuel gasto prevent burns tothe personnel 152.3 Floxes and Filler Metals. Operators shall remove all food (including coffee, soft drinks, and other beverages) from the woek area in which brazing, filler metals, solder alloys, and fluxes are being. han- dled. Casual contact between the hands, face, nose, for mouth shall be avoided when handling filler metals, solder, fluxes, or base materials. Gloves shall be worn ‘when possible. The material safety datasheets for brazing, fluxes and filler metals shall be consulted before these ‘substances 15.2.4 Gases and Fumes Operators shall use adequate ‘ventilation during brazing and soldering procedures (sce Sextion 5). Nonevacuated furnaces shall be purged fol lowing brazing or soldering procestes to remove harmfil fumes prior tothe removal of assemblies. 15.25 Equipment Maintenance 152.5.1 Cleaning, Suitble eye fe, ad body pro tection shall be worn by operators when cleaning assem bilice with any solvent, including tap water. Gloves stall bbe woen to prevent injury ftom acidic or caustic residies eenerated inthe cleaning agent as well as the possibte in gestion of metals ribbed off joints and base material 4s ANSI 2491 9005 E152.2.1 High temperaures are thosetemperatures ‘at which the particular item cannet be catried by the bare hand. E18.2.2.2 Any presence of moisture on the assem- blies or fixtures will cause an instartancous generation of steam that may expel the contents of the dip pot with ex: plosive force to create a serious burn hazard, 1E152.2.3 When aluminum is very hot, it docs not change color like steel does; thus, hot aluminum is deceptive 152.24 Flames of burning hydrogen are almost invisible. E1523 Solder typically contains heavy metals (cg., antimony, lead, silver, and so forth) that are toxic 10 humans. The ingestion of small amounts of these metals over extended periods can cause chronic health complications, E1524 Temperatures can be used that cause some et ements in the filler metal o vaporize. Blememts, such as antimony, berylivm, cadmium, ead, ormeraury actoxic tmattils. Zine fumes can cause metal fume fever. Some filler metals contain suspected carcinagens auch as nickel and dhromivm These can oxidize athigh temperate and ‘rcate hazardous fumes. Fluxes that contain chemical ‘compounds of fluorine ot chlorine are harm if they are inhaled or they contact the skin. The application fof heat to faxes and filler metals can generate toxic gases and Furies, Stop off materials ae generally fine ‘ceramics and should be considered 9 dst particulate terial : E152.5.1 Protection is especially important when cleaning the assembly. Even though the solvent may be hhannless(¢..tap water) itquickly becomes comaminated with Fux residues, thereby forming caustic eracidie solv tons that can impaic vision or cavse skin burns This dan ger is especially prevalent during the drying phase ofthe cleaning ep, which may use high-pressure gases (ce.asi z491 24 Operators shall dispose of all cleaning solutions in ccotdance with environmental reputations and corporate procedutes 152.52 Removal of Magnesium Buildup. The buildup of magnesium from brazing furnaces shall bere moved periodically. Protective clothing (fire-resistant jackets, pats, and gloves) shall beusedaswellas adequate ‘ventilation oF respirators (sec 54) to prevent the inhala- tion of magnesium and magnesium oxide dust accumulated doing the scraping operation, Nonsparking tools shall be used to serape the map rnesivm and magnesium oxide off the walls and other ‘internal parts of the furnace. At regular intervals the accumulated debris shall be pot into a metal box and removed ftom the furnace area to prevent igniting the ‘magnesium by an accidental spark. “The arca around the furnace shall be kept clean at all times. Several pails of sand and the propes fire extinguisher shall be available to extinguish possible magnesium fires. Under no circumstances shall water be used to extinguish ‘a magnesium fire. At no time shall any one person work ‘alone on this removal procedure. Another person shall always be present in the immediate arca in case of an accidental fire. 46 ‘compressed air or nitrogen) to displace th liquid cleaning ‘agent from the assembly. 182.52 Magnesium, a highly Nammable metal, is added to brazing filler metals to facilitate alumina brazing.ans1 249 1 2008 Nonmandatory Annexes Annex A American Welding Society Safety and Health Standards List (This Annex is nota part of ANSI ZA9,1:2005, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and “Allied Processes, but is incladed for informational purposes only.) Standard Welding Terms and Definitions Method for Sampling Airbome Particulates Generated by Welding and Allied Processes Laboratory Method for Measuring Fume Generation Rates and Total Fume Emission of Welding and Allied Processes Evaluating Caminantsin the Welding Environment: A Sampling Strategy Guide “Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Gases from Welding and Allied Processes Guide jor Estimating Welding Emissions for EPA and Ventilation Permit Reporting Lens Shade Selector Specification for Use and Performance of Transparent Welding Curtains and Screens Vartilation Guide for Weld Fume Recommended Safe Practicesfor the Preparation for Welding and Cutting Containers and Piping 7“This page is intentionally blak. 48Annex B _ ~~ List of Other Sources 7 (This Annex is not a part of ANSI ZA9,1:2005, Safery in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, but is included for informational purposes only.) “The following codes, standards, specifications, pamphlets, and books contain information which may be useful in recting the requirements of this standard, Inquiics as to the availability and cost of any ofthese publications should be ‘addressed directly tothe publishers in Annex C. acct ‘Theeshold Limit Vetus (LVS) for Chemical Subsances and Physeal Agents nthe Workroon Esronnent Industria Venton Manual AGA Purging Principles and Practices ANSI AIL Scheme for the Henican of Piping Systems Bit Softy Reguironent for Consruction, Care. and Use of Mechanical Pover Presses Bis Safty Standard for Mechanical Power Transnissin Apparatis (with ASME) pau Power Piping (with ASME) zs354 Standard for Product Safety igs and Labals zs Occupational and Educational Byeand Face Potecion Devices 782 Practice for Respraory Protection 791 Industria Head Protection APL 04 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facies PUBL 2009 Safe Welding Cating and Other Hot Work Prices in the Petroleum and Pero chemieal ndusries PUBL 2013 Cleaning Mobile Tanks in Flammablecr Combustible Ligh Service sms Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks PUBL 2001 Safe Hol Tapping Practicesin the Peioleum and Petrochemical Industries — avs Vacuum Hazards Mansa con 7 Gude Pern of Prenaonry Lacing and Mango Comore Gx BI Standard Conections for Regulator Outlets, Torches and Fite Hoses for Welling and Cuting Ba ase Line Check Votre Sanderds jor Welding and Cuting on Commie Speciation for ir 9Ns 2491 amp pa vA Bwi Ewa NFPA 50 701 NIOSH 78-138 NSC OsHA RMA PT RWMA, u 252 Sst Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers Standard for Compressed Gas Crliader Vab'e Outlet and Inlet Connections Blecirc Are Welding Power Sources Graphic Symbols for Are Welding and Cutting Apparatus Guidelines for Precautionary Labeling for Are Welding and Cutting Products Standard for Bulk Oxygen Systems at Consuner Stes ‘Standard for the Design of Oxygen Fuel Gas Sysiems for Welding. Cutting, and Allied Processes — Standard for Fire Prevention Daring Welding. Cuting and Other Hot Work National Electrical Codé® Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels Swaxdard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers Without Entry Standard Methods of Fie Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles and Fils Safety and Health in Are Welding and Gas Welding and Cusing Certified Eeuipment List Accident Prevention Manual Fundamentals of Indusril Hygiene Occupational Safety and Heath Standards for General Industry (29 CFR Patt 1910, Subpart Q) Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Construction (29 CFR Patt 1926, Subpart) Specification for Rubber Welding Hose Resistance Welding Machine Standards Standard for Compressed Gas Regulators Standard for Tranfomer Type Are Welding Machines 50ACGIE: AGA: ANSE Annex C _ List of Publishers (his Annet is not a part of ANSI Z19.1:2005, Safety in Welding. Cutting, and “Allied Processes, but is included fox informational purposes only.) ‘American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240 (telephone. 513-742-2020; website: www acgih.tB) ‘American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Stroct, NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20001 (tetephione: 202- 824-7000; website: worw.aga.o%@) American National Standards Institute, 25 West 42nd Street, 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036 (telephone: 212.612.4980; website: www-ansi org) American Petroleum Instant, 1220 L Street NW, Washington, DC 20005 (telephone: 202-682-8000, website: worw.api.o) ASME International, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 (telephone: 800-843-2763; website: ‘ww asme ore) ASTM International, 100 Bar Harbor Drive P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2559 (telephone: (610-832-9585; website: wow astm. org) American Vacuum Society, 120 Wall Steet, 32nd Floor, New York, NY 10005 (telephone: 212-248-0200; ‘website: wwrw.avs org) ‘American Welding Society, $50 N.W. Leleune Road, Miami, FL.33126 (telephone: 800-443-9053; website: ‘wor aS 08) Compressed Gas Association, 4221 Walncy Road, Sth Floor, Chantilly, VA 20151-2923 (telephone: 703, 412.0900; website: www.cganet com) Mine Safety and Health Administration, 1100 Wilson Boulevard, Adlington, VA 22209 (telephone: 202- (693-9400; website: www.nsha.gov) National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 Noxth 171 (clephone: 703-841-3200; website: www.nema org) National Fize Protection Association, One Baterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101 (telephone: 800- 340-3555; website: www.nfpaorg) National Institute for Ocaupational Safary and Heakh, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226 (tcleghone: 800-356-4674; website: www.cde.gov/niashyhomepage htm!) ‘National Safety Council, 1121 Spring Lake Drive, lasca, IL €0143-3201 (telephone: 630-285-1121; website: we nscore) Steet, Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22200 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 Aclephone 800-321-4742: website: www esha gov)WMA RMA: UL: us; Resistance Welder Manufacturers Association, 100 North 20th Street 4th Floor, Philadelghia, PA. 19103 clephone: 215-561 MBk; website: worw.rwma.0) Rubber Manufacturers Assoxiation, 1400 K Surcet NW, Washington, DC 20005 (telephone: 202-682-4800; website: worw.rma.ore) ‘Underriters Labcratorics, Incorporated, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL. 60062 (telephone: 847-272-8800, website wwwulcom) —” US. Government Printing Office, 732 Noxth Capitol Street NW, Washington, DC 20101 (telephone: 202 ‘512.0000; website: worw.gpo.g0")Annex D Master Chart of Welding and Joining Processes and Master Chart of Allied Processes (This Annex is not part of ANSI Z49.1:2005, Safety in Welding, Cutting. and “Allied Processes, but is included for informational purposes only.) Master Chart of Welding and Joining Processes oH re ith cn | — witthlibie: | j di ty Hi Hi a aeobter he | Laut Gua | sabesterd Tent ly {gg thi 331st 249 s 5 PROCESSES sebibizes adits if | TAKE 4Annex E Guidelines for Preparation of Technical Inquiries for the Z49 Committee (This Annet is nota part of ANSI ZA9.1:2005, Safety in Welding Cutting. and Allied Processes, but is included for informational purposes only.) EL. Introduction ‘The AWS Board of Directors has adopted a policy whereby all official interpraations of AWS standards will be handled in a formal manner. Under that policy, all interpretations are made by the committe that is tespon- sible for the standard, Official communication cancem ing an interpretation is through the AWS staff member ‘who works with that committee. The policy requires that all requests for an interpretation be submitted in writing. ‘Such requests will be handled ae expeditiously as possi ble but die the complexity of the work and the proce- ‘dures that must be followed, some interpretations. may requite considerable time. E2. Procedure All inquiries must be directed to: ‘Managing Director, Technical Services ‘American Welding Society 550 N.W. Leleune Road Miami, FL 33126 Al inquiries must contain the name, address, and affiliation ofthe inquirer, and they must provide enough formation for the committee to fully understand the point of concem in the inquiry. Where the point is not early defined, the inquiry will be returned for claifica- tion. For efficient handling, all inquisies should be type ‘written and should also be in the format used her. 2.1 Scope. Bach inquiry must address one single provi sion of the standard, unless the point of inquiry involves [BO oF mote interrelated provisions. That provision must bbe identified in the seope of the inquiry. along with the dition of the standard that contains the provision that the inguiter is addressing. 2.2 Purpose of the Inquiry. The purpose of the inquiry must be stated in this portion of the inquiry. The purpose ‘can be cither to obtain an interpretation of a requirement of the standard, of to request the revision of a particular ‘provision in the standard. E23 Content of the Inquiry. The inquiry should be concise, yet complete, to erable the committee to quickly and fully understand the point of the inquiry. Sketches should be used when appropriate and all paragraphs, fig- ‘ures, and tables (or the Annex), which bear on the inguity must be cited. Ifthe point of the inquiry is to obtain a revision of the standard, the inquiry must pro- vvide technical justification for that revision. Preferably, the inquiry should be propounded such that the commit. tee could respond with @“Yes" or"'no” answer. 2.4 Proposed Reply. The inguiter shauld, as a pro- posed reply, state an interpretation of the provision that isthe point of the inquiry, ox the wording fora proposed revision, ifthat is what the inquirer seeks E3. Interpretation of Provisions of the Standard Interpretations of provisions of the standard ate made by the American National Standard Committee Z49. The seoretary refers all inquiries to the chairman of the com- mittee. The committee reviews the inquity and the pro- posed reply todctemine what the response tothe inquiry should be. Upon approval by the committee, dhe interpt- tation will bean official inteeprctation of the Society, andthe secretary will transmit the response to the inquirer and to the Welding Journal fox publication. E4, Publication of Interpretations All official interpectatons will appeat in the Welding Journal. “ES. Telephone Inquiries ‘Telephone inguties to AWS Headquarters concem- ing, Safery in. Welding Cutting, and Allied Processes should be limited to questions of a general nature oF to ‘matters direaly related to the use of the standard. The Board of Directors’ policy requires that all AWS staff members respond to a telephone request for an oficial interpretation of any AWS standard with the information that sich an interprctation canbe obtained only through 2 56 written request, The Headquatters staf! cannot provide consulting services The staf to any of those consulants whose manic AWS Headquarters n, however, efor a caller on file at E6. The American National Standard Committee Z49 The ZA9 Committee's activities, in regard to interpre tations, are limited strictly to the interpretation of the provisions of the standard or to consideration of revi sions to existing provisions on the basis of new data or technology. Neither the committee nor the staff is in a position to offer interpretive or consulting services. on requirements outside the scope of the standard or points not specifically covered by the standard. In such cases, the inquiter should seck ass:tance from a competent per- ‘son experienced inthe panticular field of interest.