Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
in Syria
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE
BY
S.
BUTLER MURRAY,
JR.
EXCHANGE
Hellenistic Architecture
in Syria
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE
THE DEGREE
OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
S.
BUTLER MURRAY,
JR,
'
of
April, 1912
***'*
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*
V* *
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PREFACE
The purpose of
this thesis is to
show
these restrictions,
tion,
all
of the
cluded,
Amman
for reference.
is
possible.
S.
BUTLER MURRAY,
JR.
dem Boden
gut wiegarnichts."
We have,
of material.
and
Little or
tecture of Syria beyond the splendid publication of the monuments by M. de Vogue and by Howard Crosby Butler. References to it fall into two classes; some simply assume it to be
call Roman everything that belongs to our
Roman political supremacy 3 either classifica-
tion being
As was
it
by single monuments
Furthermore, such strong Oriental influence was,
in many cases, present beside the Greek, that only the presentation of the monuments as a whole could lead clearly to the
necessary conclusions. This has caused much borrowing from
striking, that only a presentation of details
could
suffice.
Without his permission to use his mawould have been impossible to present this chapter in
Butler's publications.
terial
it
Syrian architecture.
1
But
it
results:
and
later
as an alien
we
and
find
Antony attempting
hostile city.
to plunder Pal-
myra
The effect of Roman conquest upon the conquered territory
was political reorganization. Laws and government they imposed, but religion and the arts they took unto themselves from
the conquered people. It was as if the Roman obeyed literally
the
command
Parcere subiectis
et debellare superbos.
7
the South
not an art
that
security afforded by
made
Roman
rule
possible the
Romans
possible if for
of
its
Rome as
new environment.
an
Minor
Even the
strongest adherents
Yet we
all
that
it
And
it
is
than receptive,
involves as an individual
Rome had
was used
in
Asia
bequeathing the arch to the other Italian peoples, did not merely
pass on what she herself had received from the East.
It would be absurd enough to speak of Rome introducing
forms of her art upon another, when she had received them
from the common parent ; but a worse field than Syria for such
a transplanting could scarcely be imagined. As Diehl has said
"In spite of the profound influence exin speaking of Syria
erted by Greek civilization, in spite of the long duration of
domination, the country had always remained 'fort par-
Roman
cities,
its
special
Roman
the attempt has also been made to recognize those elements that are Oriental, and particularly to notice original
features, such as the arched intercolumniation, which show that
this Hellenism in Syria was not the last effort of a decadence,
:
the
Roman
is
spirit.
Kasr
and the two temples
at Si
were
all built
before the
Romans
Rome and
We
and
at
Palmyra.
we
hand,
in other
and
dentils at both
Syrian buildings.
Perhaps the most striking characteristic of all the monuments is their purity of proportion. We shall see in the discussion of the various buildings, how much more closely the
entablature was conformed to the Greek proportions than to
Rome. After
all it was only natural that the Hellenisshould remain purer in a country where it was
opposed only by one and a totally different influence, than in
the Imperial city where countless varieties and shades of
those of
tic tradition
artistic
In
that
all
is
characteristically
is
of the crisp
'V
section
earliest Italian
11
Again, in
examples, that are purely Hellenistic, also show.
the acanthus rinceaux, at a time when Rome covered the stalks
versal.
There
is
none of that
florid excess of
ornament that
dis-
The temple
the Imperial architecture.
of Burdj Bakirha to take but one example, is a striking contrast
to that of Antoninus and Faustina and, in the creation of new
tinguishes
or mars
forms
is
retained.
or
The typical Roman temple plan with deep pronaos and one
more columns on the return, does not occur. 13 Still more
development
lie
is,
of the third century but, in the time under consideration, several new features were evolved that were, later, to furnish the
;
material for that marvellous development in church architecture which took the West several centuries to equal.
The arching of
niation
Its
reason, purely theoretical, has been there advanced in support of the direct Hellenistic rather than the Eastern origin, so
Another 'innovation'
is
It
much
An
even
greater handicap has been the lack of any systematic treatment of the development of Roman architecture. However,
the latter can only be of use after there has been a clear recognition of the relations of the Imperial arcnitecture to those of
the countries that came under the Roman sway.
ARAK
The Kasr
il-Abd, at
Arak
IL-EMIR
seen Phoenician influence, while in the frieze of lions we cannot but be reminded of the almost identical one at Susa. 1&
Indeed
it
met
in this
to receive a
monument several
more or less free
shows the same cutting of the entire base, both of the columns
and pilasters, on the lowest drum of the shaft. 21 At a height
of 16 cm. above the base the shaft carries a projecting ring,
which Mr. Butler believes had to do with quarrying or trans22
lies
very
to the
little
upper torus,
23
The
The
28
and the
leaf
restoration.
The
entablature
I '.1.14, is almost
exactly that of the
31
of
at
of
that
the triglyph to
Temple
Epidauros:
Asklepios
on
the
central
block
of
is
about one to one
the epistyle,
metope,
and one
half, the
triglyph groove is
of a curve as in the best period ; but the triglyphs themselves
are flush with the face of the architrave 33 and do not project
as might easily have been the case if they were copied from a
row of
a broad inverted
received a
39
tainly not Attic Greek, but probably of Egyptian
origin, or
40
Persian,
occuring rarely in the Occident, as on the votive
The "Persian"
capitals,
found
in the
porch and
Diana
interior,
at
were
Persian influence. 46
The
is
certainly
not Oriental, nor is the cornice that crowns the restored facade.
These details, with the bases of the lower order, and the entablature, are Hellenic elements in a monument, otherwise
fifth
and fourth
centuries.
SUWEDA
The Tomb of Hamrath,
ca.
85
B.C. 48
in-
49
M. de Vogue found
ing
is
in situ, 51
and in
shows part of a second course. Just such a crownfound above the Lion Tomb at Knidos, 52 thought to
his plate
the
first
course of this
still
I,
at Halikaranassos,
57
the Nereid
59
Sarcophagus of the Mourners, and Theron's tomb at Akra60
show that the general type of rectangular tombs with
gas,
heavy crownings was familiar, and not confined to any one
The
Greek.
architectural
The
in Syria,
mutules from the cornice are provincial traits that may very
probably be due to the extreme hardness of the basalt. The
profile of the echinus, while not that of the best period, is
some
models
is
good Greek
shown. 64
Were
the
tomb
that
and we
The
Hellenistic influence.
Mr. Butler
first
century
B.C. 69
at
Kanawat,
73
74
origin.
row of
On the sides and rear, however, the capithan a diameter, and the intercolumniations are
equal, except those next to the corners which are widened for
the width of pronaos and epinaos. 77 Mr. Butler informs me
ish
from the
center.
it is
capital is
on the
shaft,
it
may
The
architrave
is
made up
of
is
plain
condition, however,
shows an architrave,
an
member
inner
and
80
a motif that
occurs in the Temple of Dionysos at Pergamon, of the III Cent.
B.C. 81
rosettes in the centers
Doubtless in the rebuilding, the old outer half of the architrave was used for the inner half, and an entirely new outer
member
When
this reconstruction
would also seem to be the case judging by the curious ornamental projecting course above the architrave, with a filleted
on the inner face and panels on the soffit of the
overhanging portion, decorated geometrically, which is no more
cyma
recta
Roman
than Greek.
Oriental.
recall
true,
of
the
niches
here
is
further
shown
by
their
The "raking cornices" at Suweda are carved in reon the single block which stands above the crowning mould86
The upper corners of this block are
ings of the niche itself.
notched out to fit the courses of the wall. On its face in the
"pediment" is an eight-lobed disk, an Eastern ornament precisely like those found by Mr. Doughty far to the south of
disias.
lief
Petra. 87
for later,
when
the arch
is in-
90
the termination of the
temple at Atil,
91
also a niche.
troduced, as in the
niche
is
Littmann. 95
form in the
from
would
seem
Si
show
to
a
that
classic influence
examples
in
older
the
in
was felt even
examples,
spite of their Oriental
form. Just such an influence must have been that which produced the capitals 98 of the peribolos which is walled. 99 The
influence of the Doric and Ionic orders is evident, and the forms
under discussion have been well named "Nabataean" transla11
tions.
100
the borrowing
capital of the "Hershould naturally expect. The architrave, decorated with oblique squares, has been sufficiently discussed under the Temple at Suweda, which see. The leaves
101
mogenes"
type,
as
we
above the bases of the Nabataean "Ionic" columns of the peribolos and those from the temple itself 102 recall very strongly
the examples from Suweda, although the base leaves in the
peribolos are not inverted. In both however the acanthus appears, a stronger classic manifestation, as in the leaves of the
temple
Of
capitals.
greater interest to us
Temple of Dushara.
is
the adjoining
there
capital
is
little
that
and
The
capital,
with
its
great
the nearby
Arak
predominates, and
it is
il-Emir, at
Still
Suweda, and
at
dat-
as
shown
in this
known example of
12
this construction.
Without attempting
Syrians could have borrowed it, along with the other classical
forms, if they did not take it directly from the East.
assembly
hall,
At
itself
was
there
guise of an Oriental decoration that is placed upon a HellenisNo better instance could be cited than this temple
tic form.
of Dushara, with its bare outline of the Corinthian order and
three part entablature, executed in thoroughly Oriental manner.
Strzygowski has also said that the arching of the entablature
was
artistic rather
He
contradicts R.
von
who
its introduction was due to a cenwide for the horizontal architrave. 117
In support of this he cites various examples in which the intercolumniation that was arched is narrower than the rest. 118 But,
of his examples, the only one that is earlier than the third century A.D. is not Eastern, but the Purgatorium of the Isis
temenos at Pompeii 119 and here the arching is the heading of a
niche and the date is the time of Nero. Now the latter is antedated by the Temple of Dushara, and in the Hauran there is
another instance of arched entablature dating from the second
Furthermore in all of
century and probably three others.
Schneider
believes that
so broad that
venience a
list
could be spanned only by an arch. 120 For conof the Syrian examples with their dates is added
it
here.
121
Temple of Dushara
122
Temple
123
Temple of Zeus
124
Temple of Helios?
Si
Atil
Kanawat
Is-Sanamen
Tychaion
125
Damascus
Propylaea
Djerash
Propylaea
Amman
Propylaea
30 A.D.
33 B.C.
151 A.D.
II Cent.
"
A.D.
"
191 A.D.
126
Antonine
150 A.D.
Antonine
127
128
SERMEDA
We
turn
now
monuments of North-
country
is
tention
is
at
seem
threes.
singly,
134
14
in
pairs,
or grouped by
The
A.D. 135
Corinthian capitals, are pure in style and refined in execuJudging by the drawing of M. de Vogue and the
tion." 136
137
photograph of Mr. Butler, the columns, which are unfluted
are about eight and one half diameters high, and the capitals
one.
The
two
ATIL
138
of Dushara at
Si.
is
we have
140
Among
141
Just such an arched
Propylaea of Samothrace, III Cent. B.C.
construction as this at Atil occurs in the podium of the Temple
of
the columns
is
pure.
The
capitals
but very slightly exceed one diameter in height, and the form
console projected from each colof the leaves is Greek. 146
umn and anta at about one half the height. These, doubtless,
were
The
Palmyra.
147
architrave
rosettes,
we
lower niches are sui generis. The upper niches end in conches
below the jambs which are carried over in an arch, and decorated with a most individual treatment of the guilloche.
The niches are in pairs, one above the other. The upper of
these terminate in a conch, framed by the arching of the
151
is thoroughly
jambs. The conch, as Strzygowski has observed
Eastern and a natural step in the evolution of the niche as wall
first appears translated from brick into stone
and nymphaea of Syria and Asia Minor. 152 Fur-
decoration which
in the temples
SITT-UR-RUM
Tomb
152 A.D.,
Syria. This
The
un-Roman.
call the
The pointed
BURDJ BAKIRHA
Temple. The tetrastyle, prostyle temple, called Burdj
Bakirha, on the north slope of the Djebel Barisha in Northern
Central Syria, dates from 161 A.D., 156 and is one of the very
few monuments
fluence
is
to
influence.
Yet
this in-
will prove.
16
In the plan 157 the depth of the pronaos is hardly Greek, yet
a Roman temple would have one or more columns "on the return/' 158
to be
in the
Antonine 161
Antonine 162
Antonine 163
16 *
191 A.D.
its
It
may
be that
its
sud-
in
168
The example
at
Burdj Bakirha
is
very simple.
wall,
of the
in the
is
an extremely small
However
similar.
construction
is
very
As
is
thus formed.
between such
many
Chris-
sion and
is
Roman
slightly
The
however, are
certainly Greek, not only from their purity and simplicity, but
also from the restraint that the builders showed. There is not
a trace of that profusion of elaborate ornamentation that characterizes Roman work of the same period, as for example, the
highly decorated
Faustina. 176
The
frieze
capitals of the
of
the
178
Those of
very elegant treatment of the Corinthian order.
the pilasters, consisting of a row of four stiff acanthus leaves,
180
on both the Arsinoeion 181 and
early as the III Cent. B.C.
182
Ptolemaion
at Samothrace, and then a more developed form
Rome. 185
soffit
Palmyra.
MUSHENNEF
18 *
Temple.
of the great
It is
assigned to
from an
inscrip-
The
189
plan,
distyle in antis, is
very simple.
The temple
is
upon a podium, lower than that at Atil, projecting farther beyond the cella walls, and with a more elaborate cap
raised
At
moulding.
the antae
is
Attic.
The upper
torus
is
The
Attic, undecorated,
antae caps,
better understanding of this type
posite.
For a
it
will be well
little
drawn.
At Naukratis in the Temple of Apollo, a fragment of anthemion necking was found 195 which is nothing else than a pro19
196
Some one,
totype of the developed capital of the Erectheion.
feeling that the regular Ionic capital was not high enough to
give a sufficiently dignified conclusion to the shaft, added the
199
and carried
"Hermogenes" capital, arising in Asia Minor
from there to Rome. 200 The necking, which is now part of the
Temple
at Aizanoi.
202
It is
203
for a comparison of the
dated, as of the time of Hadrian,
forms of the entablature with those of the Laodicea theatre
arcliitrave's
much
simpler ornament. The decoration of the fillet, joining the volutes of the temple capitals, is
very similar to that on the capitals of the Ptolemaion of Samotion of the theatre has a
205
thrace, III Cent. B.C.
That
this
Aizanoi example
is
one of
posite capitals are used in company with the Ionic. The type
then was not yet fixed as a form, but it .must have been popular
207
which
enough to develop rapidly. For, at Myra, the theatre
208
has capitals with two rows of
was restored in 155-156 A.D.
acanthus leaves. The feeling that this form was akin to the
Corinthian capital is manifested by the use of an acanthus leaf
20
turn inward just below the echinus, as the inner volutes of the
Corinthian capital. This developed form, with a double row
"flos," and returning central
predominant type found at Rome. However,
209
examples, in the earliest, on the Arch of Titus
in the
and
Roman
its
210
together.
is
always raised
that
member, and
architectural significance, or else it disappears alAgain, in the capitals of the Titus Arch, the Arch
of the
latter.
the Asia Minor examples, where the purity and proper function
of the elements of the Ionic capital are maintained. Now the
significance of this is that at Laodicea, Aizanoi and Myra occur
stages in the development of the composite form that are peculiar to the East,
and which we
214
At Mushennef we find a distinct type, equally foreign to that of the West at this time. Here the form shows a
stronger feeling of kinship to the Corinthian. For the volutes
Dmer.
corners of the
egg and dart has been added above the second row of acanthus.
The
not complete.
Yet the
frieze
shows an excellent
classic design,
KANAWAT
is no direct evidence for the datof
the
two
at
Kanawat
in the Hauran. Inscriptions
ing
temples
that have been found there from the reigns of Hadrian, 215
Marcus Aurelius/ 16 and Commodus, 217 indicate that the temSince at this
ples belong about the end of the II Century.
It is
21
other, in each of the anta walls, are all rectangular and, as the
The
Helios
?,
marked
and
at
entasis
the Hauran.
diameters.
5 meters,
Mushennef
;
222
The
show
still
This
is
up-
bands
224
The plan shows seven columns in the
Temple of Helios?
225
The interior of
rear, as in the peripteral temple at Suweda.
the podium was built up with arches covered by slabs. 226 The
on the North and Middle TemRome. This treatment Delbrueck refers to Hellenistic influence from Asia Minor. 227
The columns stand upon pedestals that are only paralleled by
those beneath the two central columns at the entrance of the
so-called Diocletian Basilica at Palmyra. 228 Behind the ruins
are fragments of a large conch which may have covered an apse
at the end of the cella.
below the columns,
ples in the
recalls that
Forum Holitorium
at
DMER
A study of the architecture of Syria,
Temple f
from the fourth century on, shows a development
229
especially
to forms
most strikingly "Romanesque." The Temple? at Dmer in the
Hauran, dated 245 A.D. by an inscription of Philip the Arab, 230
22
to the east of
Damascus.
The
is unique.
The
recessed portal, flanked by "tower-like chambers," suggests the
232
The Syrian Helportal of the Temple of Baal Samin at Si.
lenistic
careful examination of the photograph 233 from which the illustration on page 402 of Mr. Butler's work was made, shows that
234
they follow the Asia Minor-Hellenistic form,
although the
leaves are uncut. The abacus is left free without any intru-
sion of the
fillet
The
form as found in the Aizanoi type, and not the Corinthian volutes as found at Mushennef
The portal arch is heavier than any that we have seen, and its
Ionic
a plain band that might have been carved with dentils, which
cella.
The whole en-
is
Bosra. 238
The
the publication.
The
still
hand, there are even more than the beginnings of the new step
in architectural development that was to reach fullness in the
23
At
the time
when
ence finally waned, when, if ever, we might expect the influence of Rome, it is not the Imperial architecture of Italy that
appears in this distant province, but an independent native development, growing out of the foundations that were laid in
the continuous survival of Hellenistic forms, decoration, and
construction. And finally, there was such power in the artistic
spirit that
was
its
con-
PALMYRA
In treating the monuments of Palmyra it has been
necessary to go into detail even more than in the case of the
In spite of the magnificence of the ruins there
rest of Syria.
Note.
is
but one publication, that of Wood. While his plates, espewith his restorations, are not always trustworthy, and
cially
summer
Baalbec.
It will
in the great temple. This has been done both out of deference
to
and also to avoid confusion with the eastern and
Wood
The
plan of the cella must have been originally of Greek form. Its
proportions are classic, as those of the peristyle, with eight
alteration.
the peristyle
was
244
Had
24
columns
As
it
was,
directly
when
the
change was made, one column had to be removed from the flank
to provide an entrance which was necessarily "off center."
That this was felt to be a necessity, and was not a choice, is
clearly
cella wall.
the plan, were not a part of the original plan, and, when intro245
An
duced, did not serve as adyta as Puchstein has asserted.
24T
it was rebuilt in
175 A.D?
more
else,
probable, during the repairs after the
sack by Aurelian in 273. The florid ornamentation of the ceil-
and
or
this is
ings of the vestibules also points to a late date for their construction.
248
for a
first definite
to the
No.
No.
21
No.
17 A.D.=328
above. 251
A.D.=333
Sel.
Sel.
Bilingual,
Palmyrene.
25
on
In
same stone as
situ
on column
portico.
5,
by
Litt-
70/71
A.D.=382
Sel.
255
256
Bilingual.
In situ on
bracket of column
eastern portico,
No.
No.
No.
No.
/|
southern portico.
259
127 A.D.
439 Sel. Bilingual.
of column in southern portico.
142 A.D.
umn
No. 10
453
Sel. Greek.
In situ on bracket
260
by Wood.
Greek. In situ on bracket
in portico, discovered
167/168 A.D.
479
Sel.
No.
II
Note A.
Wood. 261
A.D. 263
marked 30
in the
same
plan, and, if
268
sites,
but they
Such are the "altis" at Olymand the peribolos of the Olympieion at Athens. 270
269
In the Hellenistic East, however, a single temple is frequently surrounded by a walled peribolos. This is the case
with the Temple of Baal Samin at Si, 271 the Temple of Jupiter
at Aizanoi, 272 the Artemis Temple at Dj crash 273 and the Tem.
274
ple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias.
At
Amman
there are
temple
at
Djemila
in Algiers.
He
lists
also a
278
peum,
necessary to add the examples of the Iseum et Serain direct imitation of Egypt, and Aurelian's Temple
289
of the Sun 290 with its Syrian prototypes. All other instances
of temple enclosures in Rome are simply open colonnades without walls, 291 another case of Rome's altered treatment of an
idea borrowed from the East. It is well worth noting that the
earliest
architect,
Hermo-
east,
On
the other three sides the portico had a double row of columns.
27
before
we may
consider
only
the
wall
in
its
and
entirety,
its
decorations.
The
298
precisely like the exterior.
ever,
and of
its
It is
unfortunate that
we have
on the
cornices. 301
the entrance in the west wall, a double row of niches and doors,
some with profiled archivolts, conches, 302 and elaborately carved
303
an essentially Eastern scheme. 304 The frieze of
mouldings,
the north, south and east walls, both inside and out, seems to
have been undecorated. 305 While this was copied on the ex306
terior of the new west front,
on the interior there was an
entablature very characteristic of the middle of the second
307
century.
numbered
A.D.,
309
The
Peribolos, then,
28
gate in the western side of the court. This is entirely supported by an examination of the details of the temple altera-
was
set in the
alternating with a huge bunch of grapes. The third has rinceaux of a plant not easily identified. Outside of these comes
first a cyma recta with the leaf and dart, then an egg and dart
on an ovolo, and
finally
after 85 B.C.,
it is
when
Samin
much
at Si. 320
Temple
cella
ning of the
first
century A.D.
The Temple
decoration.
winged
323
figures.
is
The proportions
the
Vesta T.
Bel T.
Vespasian T.
Capital height
1.12
i.oo
1.23
Architrave height
Field of frieze
0.5
0.64
Cornice height
Entablature
0.5
0.53
0.66
0.62
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.7
1.7
2.2
profile,
A.D. 325
as
was
Temple
at Srir of
in
116
326
and in the Theatre 327
as the fourth century in the Tholos
later example is that from the Theatre at
at Epidauros.
In Rome, however, instances are rare, 329 the earliest being the pulvinated friezes of the Portico of the Argo331
both dating probably
nauts 330 and of the Temple of Neptune,
Aizanoi. 328
of
all
We
wall.
second century.
The
333
be expected, considering the other examples of arched entablature in Syria. 335 Yet the use of the arch, known in Palmyra
at least as early as the beginning of the second century, 336 did
not find as ready acceptance and as free use as in the Hauran.
The niches at Atil showed a round head with a conch, 337 and
at Musmiyeh a full entablature was carried above the conch 338
;
is
carried
We
Roman forms
show
that the capitals of the western peribolos colonnade approach the Greek much more closely than
and
will suffice to
upper row of leaves double the height of the lower, is characteristic of the Roman form, as shown in the examples from
342
343
and Castor. 344 Inthe temples of Mars Ultor,
Vespasian,
deed Wood's drawing makes the capitals compare not unfav345
The flat
orably with those from the Olympieion at Athens.
section of the leaves
shown
in his plate
Furthermore, Berthone
in
like that at
this
recall,
connection,
interesting
Rivoira's statement about Corinthian capitals in the East, assuming them to be, of course, examples of Roman workman-
He
capitelli
The
is
convex,
Yet, even
if
352
and
is
That
ornamented with
Nero." 354
distinction
the Agrippa Baths, 357 but leaves with their ends rolled over
in a flat, snail-like form.
This is the universal form at
358
Palmyra, and of very great frequency.
Summary. We have, then, four periods of architectural
activity on the site of the Bel Temple.
I.
Not
later
than end of
first
century, B.C.
and peristyle.
Temple
Not later than 21 A.D.
cella
II.
31
peristyle
III.
175 A.D.
exedrae
desired
reddi" 359
"templum ad
Such repairs
earn
as
consisted chiefly
down in the sack of the city.
TOMBS
Wadi il-Kebur, to the south-west of the city, are the
remains of many tombs. 360 Two of these have been sufficiently
In the
Tomb
361
83 A.D.
of lamlichus
Both
this
also mentions in his text "sculptured friezes, and coffered ceilings with heads in relief," probably very similar to the carving
of the
soffit
'W
later
367
368
of Elabelos
103 A.D. This tomb, dated
twenty
years later than that of lamlichus, shows a more severe f agade,
but with a beautifully profiled archivolt spanning the upper
niche.
The interior has beautifully channeled Corinthian pi-
Tomb
thian,
The
ceiling
was
CROSS COLONNADE
It is unfortunate that in no case have we a photograph of any
column from which a particular inscription has been taken.
32
However,
Location
Date
I29A.D.
9
10
2 593
163
of four standing, 179
with double consoles.
next to above
11
2 594
12
2595
13
2592
fi rst
"
"
179
"
179
4506
179
19
23-
373
inscription on a column of the pronaos, dating the tem131 A.D., and also Hadrian's journey to Palmyra, are
discussed by de Vogue. 375
It may be added that the space
between the first numeral and the "vinculum" of the second
374
ple,
be a five
year 442
found on
The
date
but Lidzbarski, on the basis of other dated inscriptions containing the same name, has restored it as 390 Sel.
or 79 A.D. 376 This would not be surprising in view of the
is
incomplete
The Temple
return.
crisp
Greek
section.
The
entablature
is
simple.
The
frieze
is
Forum
in
Roman
considerably less
is
cornice,
than that of
378
lower diameters,
is relatively
themselves
first
century A.D.
THE NYMPHAEUM?
The
Wadi
379
il-Kebur,
one 382 "grand edifice ruine, qui parait avoir ete un temple au
sud: ouest de la grande colonnade. Sur le linteau." Wood's
plan of the city shows but one such ruin, namely that of the
To this it may very probably have
Diocletian building. 383
;
46
It is
The
Palmyrene
text 384
is
Unfortunately there
probably
figures
such
filled
had
by the
is
date as
it
name
is
of the month.
Yet, even
if
more
that, in the
Palmyrene
notation, at the
maximum,
stands in the
460, which
187/188 A.D.
34
five,
Sel.
is
there
and four
which is
386
Were
the building
to cause
any doubt of
its
it
On
Vitruvius. 387
388
the other hand, a comparison of the elevamore striking differences. The singular
show
plan would seem
tions
will
still
form such
as a
389
Nymphaeum.
The superstructure stood upon a high podium, approached
by sixteen steps. The central part had the form of a tetrastyle,
prostyle temple. The four columns of the entrance stood upon
high pedestals, with base and cap mouldings. These are carried as a continuous base course beneath the columns of the
'wings.
The Corinthian capitals are slightly less than a lower diameter in height, 390 a proportion that no Roman example shows. 391
leaves have the crisp Greek 'V section, as even the small
392
In place
photograph of the American Expedition will show.
of the 'flos' on the abacus there is a small bust, probably that
The
The
of the founder.
nated frieze
tian.
is
entablature
is
396
Baths of
Temple, Priene
Nymphaeum?
architrave
field
.62
of frieze
cornice
entablature
.35
.5
.7
.92
is
1.12
.78
.93
1.53
2.2
1.6
Diocletian
3.6
is
richer than
we have
seen at Palmyra, for the building, dating from the latter half
of the second century, is later than any that we have considered.
On
397
and on the
398
side of the
is
401
niches.
wall of the apse that terminated the cella. The exterior of the
latter might be called octagonal, but reference to the plan will
of stone.
Now
We
at Spalato, 404 the Baths in Rome that bear his name, 405
or the Basilica of Maxentius 406 to realize how impossible it is
work
Though we only
carried out on an
immense
GRAND COLONNADE
Colonnaded
streets
were a feature
in the
Greek
cities
of the
408
but
it
We
the second century. 409 While but two inscriptions with assured
century have been found on the consoles of the
-dates of that
its
con-
must have
inscriptions
A complete
follows
list,
so far as
we know,
Wadd 4 ^
Wood"*
deVogue 4
Location
c.I.G.
On
Date
or 327 414
as next
2596
Western part
Next above
2597
2591
6
IV
15
4 415
22
158
193
224/225
second arcade
,9
2598
,10
2599
and tetrapylon
4490 Near center
V.n
2600
242/243
247
17
VI, 12 26bl
4484
254
VII, 13 2603
2602
4486
257/258
2604
4495
23
20
,14
18
2605
24
X,i9 2607
Beside
"
26*18
27
28
vill,i6 2610
26o8 419
4497
IX, 17 2609
4498
262/268
262
264
4499
East part,
s.e.
2611
of
deV No. 26
265
267
Near center
The
258
258/259
No. 17 259
262
2 6o6
29
deV
4496
26o6a6
25
deV No. 22
to left
deV No.
271
23
271
37
the columns.
the logical
on
block, similarly
d8
Nymphaeum.
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
1 P.
184.
2
P. 185.
As
Puchstein, in Jhb.,
Puchstein, op.
Delbrueck,
11
1902, p.
no.
pp. 109-110.
cit.,
in,
II, pp.
V.
lib.
112, 176.
Diehl,
10
XVII,
p. 22.
and of Minerva
Wood
13
and see
and
at Palmyra, p. 31,
XI.
tab.
There
at Assisi
is
14
Amman
ARAK IL-EMIR
de Vogue, Temple de Jerusalem, pp. 38-43 pis. XXXIV-XXXV.
16
Irby and Mangles, Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and the Holy
See also Josephus, Antiq. Jud., XII, iv, n; De Saulcy,
Land, p. 146.
Voyage en Terre Sainte, pp. 211-235; Conder, Survey of Eastern Pales-
" PUAES
18
at
P.
&
cit., p.
25.
21
Butler,
op.
Priene,
p. 92.
cit.,
Magnesia,
p.
135.
22
Op.
23
cit., p.
10.
of these
overhang.
24
25
26
27
Butler, op.
cit., ill.
5, 6,
frag.
No.
I.
1914, p. 56
39
and note
I.
28
Delbrueck,
them
159, refers
II, p.
to
Alexandria; so Wiegand in
Marquand,
fig.
Butler, op.
cit.,
31
Epidaure,
32
Marquand,
ss
Choisy,
ss
ZDPV,
37
No.
frag.
8.
138.
p.
cit.,
ill.
5,
No.
frag.
4.
pp. 322-3.
I,
Butler, op.
36
5, 6.
ill.
p. 55.
Butler, op.
34
258.
cit., ill. 5, 6,
frag.
No.
8.
38
&
P.
VIII;
pi.
cf.
42
C.,
Butler,
44
45
46
I, pi. XV.
Monuments de Nimes, pi.
Clerisseau,
PUAES,
BCH
Homolle, in
AI,
II,
ill.
(1884), VIII,
C, V,
47
fig.
311
PUAES,
II,
No.
XVII.
pi.
&
C.,
AI,
p.
LVI.
and
11,
P.
cf.
LIII,
frag.
5, 6,
V,
pis. I,
and
legs, see P.
&
IV.
Temple de Jerusalem,
p. 41,
p. 342.
SUWEDA
48
de Vogue,
pi. I.
See
also,
p. 119,
pi. 59.
50
As pyramid
&
P.
C., I, p.
221
at Sakkara, P.
;
the
&
C., I, p.
51
de Vogue,
52
Branchidae,
53
54
55
I,
214; pyramid at
P.
&
Medum,
p. 29.
at
pi. 63.
p. 226.
Reinach,
B-D,
I,
figs.
117-173.
56
1910.
Arch.
57
Marquand,
58
59
pis. 4-1
60
61
62
3
p. 374.
i.
Marquand, p. 60.
Cf. Marquand, p.
133.
I, p.
316;
Cf. Choisy,
I,
p. 316, fig.
15.
40
65
66
Marquand, p. 321.
Knackf uss, das Rathaus von
67
de Vogue,
68
Durm,
69
II, 195.
70
de Vogue,
56, p. 120
PP. 327-334
71
30.
p.
R., p. 378.
pi.
B-D,
Butler, Arch.,
72
Butler, Arch.,
73
74
118.
fig.
cf.
Benoit, p. 142.
75
on Arak il-Emir.
77
In the agora at Magnesia, the outermost intercolumniations measMagnesia, p. 115, abb. 118-119.
1.80, the rest, 1.30.
ure
78
See pp. n,
79
80
12.
81
Pergame,
82
83
Bell,
on
fig.
55.
p.
on
Am.
cf.
Rivoria,
Le
Less clearly
illus.
p.
1904, p. 263.
89
Strzygowski, op.
90
91
taf
cit.,
VIII.
this as true
when
was
SI
92
pis. 2, 3, 4.
93
Butler, Arch., pp. 334-340 ; his conclusions have been found to be in
perfect accord with the date of the Temple, discovered since the pubmore complete publication by him is found in
lication of this work.
PUAES,
94
9*
AAES,
II,
i.
p. 581.
PUAES, IV
97
98
de Vogue, pi. 4.
For a discussion of periboloi, see pp.
99
p.
100.
330.
100
26, 27.
Mushennef,
pp.
19, 20.
41
102
de Vogue,
"3 PUAES,
104
i 5
pi. 3.
II,
Pp. 79-91.
But
33/32-13/12
scription,
IDS
109
110
p.
Priene, p. 229.
Conze,
56; and
and
p.
II,
44,
fig.
20.
Beitrdge zur
Curtius,
in
illus.
Geschichte
u.
Typographic
Kleinasiens,
Durm,
I,
p. 519,
112
brueck,
116
117
II, p. 134.
pp. 44
ff.
118
See
119
d. Kunst, p. 419.
Kanawat, Temple of Zeus, central span about 5 meters, Butler,
120
n. 115.
Sybel, Weltgeschichte
Arch.,
p.
352.
p. 357-
121
See
122
123
PUAES,
124
125
n.
II,
92.
more
fully pub.
fully pub. in
PUAES,
"8
Butler,
PUAES,
II,
II,
Ai,
p. 46,
and. ill. on
p.
45; for
SERMEDA
129
130
de Vogue,
131 II
132
Chron,
pi. 93.
III, 17.
133
Humann
34, taf.
134
u.
Nord
Syrien, abb.
u.
Nord
Syrien, abb.
XV.
Humann
u.
XVI, XVII.
42
"5 AAES,
III,
136
Kasr il-Abd
at
Arak
il-Emir.
AXIL
138
<le
(PUAES, III, 64, No. 1092), from Burdj Bakirha (AAES, III, No.
48) and from Hebran, mentioned above. On the other hand they found
but one dated building of the time of Caracalla, and that is a fortress.
Inscriptions of any sort, of the time of Caracalla, in Syria are very
scarce.
140
141
142
p.
22.
143
called
Sun
cit., p.
112.
145
See pp.
148
von Oppenheim,
1 49
iso
F or
clearest
153
i* 4
155
cit.,
loc.
cit.
JHS, XXVII,
1 52
op.
1907,
PP.
114,
521, taken
from
US-
Kleinasien, p. 38.
Jhb.,
1914, p. 64.
de Vogue,
d e Vogue,
pi. 94-
SITT-UR-RUM
PUAES, II, BS, pp. 259,
pi. 92,
92
260.
bis.
BURDJ BAKIRHA
156
By an inscription on
XXXVIII, p. 118.
1 57
158
the pylon,
Choisy,
I,
p.
566.
43
AAES,
III,
No. 48
Hermes,
159
160
161
162
43
ff.
See
See
Puaes,
and
pp. 94-99
but
cf.
Wiegand, Jhb,
1914, pp.
Koldwey
p.
56 n.
in
Unteritalien
2.
II,
"5Serv. Aen.
166
5,
p. 90.
163ZDPV,
164
112.
n. 219.
and
p.
II,
115.
u.
Tempel
u. Sicilien, p. 79.
167 See last note.
168
169
ZDPV,
170
See n. 219.
de Vogue, p.
See n. 164.
171
172
46.
173
174
175
176
177
178
5.
d'Espouy,
pi. 92.
See pp. 4, 6.
See n. 157.
179
MUSHENNEF
186
187
188
AAES,
III,
lintel
of
12.
193
d'Espouy,
See pp. 4,
194
Anderson and
pi.
6.
Spiers, Architecture
196
197
198
199
170.
Petrie,
d'Espouy,
d'Espouy,
pi.
I, pi.
III.
12
pi. 78.
Antiquities of Ionia,
II, pi.
L.
164 note
2.
44
(Priene,
p.
215)
2.
Propylon of Athena
Delbrueck, D.T.
201
See
202
Reinach, pi. Archit. Asie Min. pi. 30 bis. Texier, Ruins, pi. 14.
Koerte, das Alter des Zeus Tempels in Aizanoi, in the Festschrift
203
fiir Otto
204 For
Min.
54 ; Delbrueck,
p.
II, p. 162.
n. 196.
pi.
Archit. Asie
30.
pi.
205
Conze,
206
Reinach,
XXVII
II, pi.
pi.
pi.
14
45 of same.
p.
Texier, Ruins,
pi. 20.
207
d'Espouy,
dans
210
Two
Museum,
similar example at
showing
capitals,
Announa; Expl.
Scient.
17.
pi.
II,
this,
211
d'Espouy
212
Princeton Art
97.
pi.
!9ltIRgGThe 1-24.
213
Durm, R, abb.
214
95.
pi.
I'Algerie,
School,
Coll.
Photo.
Arch.
Anc.
Rome
5,
2.
449.
KANAWAT
215
Wadd. No.
216 Wadd. No.
2" Wadd. No.
in
2330.
2331.
23313.
218
219
More
224
346-350.
9.
354-357,
227
228
See
229
23
AAES,
p.
35-
DMER
III,
No.
357.
45
231
Butler, Arch.,
fig. 144.
232
As
236
237
238
Delbrueck,
PUAES,
II, pp.
Ai,
II,
p. 51.
189.
p.
p. 222.
"
"
227.
p.
p. 44.
PUAES,
239
240
found
on
"
164-167, 175.
capitals.
241 This is
illus.
"
Rome
at
II,
florid
composite
P- 473-
PALMYRA
Bel Temple
242
Wood,
tab.
No. 436-439
A,
I,
438
C,
III-XXI;
tab.
reproduced
in
Photo.
posed on
243
(437,
Butler,
268.
p.
Wood,
Strzygowski, Kleinasien,
cf.
tab.
245
Jkb, 1902,
246
247
See
248
Wood,
24
tab.
AAES,
253 S. B.
Photo.
No.
439.
Pal.
IV, Pal.
pp. 242-244.
A. W., 1887,
AAES,
I,
i,
No.
102.
M.
5.
XIX.
22 See AAES, IV
254
note
n. 262.
250AAES, IV,
251
130,
113.
p.
A. VIII, 1883,
J.
p.
XVI.
This date
inscription
we
25; Lidzbarski,
II, p.
12,
10.
AAES,
No.
2,
12-14,
26; Lidzbarski,
II,
p.
MDVG,
ii.
257
Clermont-Ganneau, VII, pp. 10-11; Lidzbarski,
Sobernheim, MDVG, 1905, II, p. n, No. 5.
46
II,
p.
280,
H.;
258
2 x
264
2
IV,
p.
2.
I,
61.
in.
Jhb., 1902, p.
5AAES,
268
cf.
266
2
F;
Butler, Arch.,
illus.
on
p. 51.
27
271
See
p. 41,
AAES,
and AAES,
Mushennef,
Arch.,
272
273
p. 47,
Texier, Ruins,
ZDPV,
281
282
283
284
285
27.
II,
and plan on
Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
FUR,
Jordan, III,
p. 429.
V.
p. 574.
Prop.
81.
p.
p. 81.
B.C.,
15.
II, 31, 2, 9.
286
I,
12.
XXXVI,
4,
23.
For conjectural
287
Jordan, III,
288
289
FUR,
FUR,
29
p. 42.
Pliny, H. N.
Mitt. 1806, p. 200.
291
XXXI.
Ai, p. 35,
276 Altchristliche
Architektur, p. 10.
277
280
pi.
279
i,
n.
pi.
274
278
II, ch.
n. 92.
15,
plan,
see
Rom.
p. 66.
p. 445.
21.
16.
III, p. 581.
FUR,
Claudius
21.
Mart, de Sped.
II,
9.
Jordan,
FUR,
33,
but
cf.
Jordan, III, rp. 233, and FUR, 29, 30, 35, 36.
Divorum in aede Divi Titi Jordan, III, pp. 564, 565.
lupiter Stator and luno Regina Jordan, III, pp. 538-542.
FUR,
21.
47
Jordan,
Delbrueck,
II, p. 125.
293
tab.
I,
29
tab.
XII,
Wood,
*Wood,
29 5
Wood,
296
pp.
545.
p.
FUR,
407-410.
16.
FUR,
29.
I,
No.
Bonfils, Photo.
duced
297
tab.
Jordan, III,
III,
389.
Wood,
298
299
Butler, loc
300
Bonfils, Photo,
301
See
302
3 s
Wood,
304
305
306
307
s 8
and Wood,
No. 389.
tab.
XIV
and XI.
294.
and
n.
153.
No.
310 No.
311 No.
C/.
tab.
IV.
in.
Jhb. f 1902, p.
3 9
3i2
n.
cit.,
3.
4.
5.
AAES,
IV,
p. 65.
313
314
Bonfils, Photo,
No.
1323, 1326.
Wood,
XVII
tab.
(omits decora-
tion).
315
316
317
sis
319
Princeton University.
820 de
Vogue, pi. 3,
32
iWood,
322ZDPV,
323
Wood,
324
Wood,
'A'.
XVI.
tab.
1902, pp.
137, 138.
XVIII, T.
XVII, 'F.
tab.
tab.
325
PUAES,
326
Epidaure,
pi.
327
Epidaure,
ill.
328
Reinach,
329
Choisy,
830
331
332
333
B.C.,
B5, op.
II,
pi.
I,
1878,
p. 106.
p. 210, date, p.
I.
p.
p.
551.
fig.
i.
24.
Wood,
p. 236.
VII, date,
and restoration
48
in tab.
XIV. N.B.
The plan
is
taken
334
Sturgis, Diet, of Arch. Ill, p. 728. It must be remembered that
the upper part of Wood's restoration is entirely a matter of conjecture.
See tab. I, 'B', for the condition of the entrance at the time of Wood's
visit.
335
See pp.
336
Tomb
337
See
16.
p.
338
R. abb. 465.
Durm,
33
9Wood,
s
12-14.
*Jhb.,
tab.
IX, XI.
PP.
1914,
37-50,
58-63.
341
Wood,
342
XV.
tab.
pi.
LXXIII.
d'Espouy,
343
344
345
34 <5
347
^ 48
349
Nuova
sso
pl.
LXXXI.
LXXXVI.
Antologia, 1904,
Delbrueck,
85i
Wood,
352
Wood,
II, p.
165.
XV.
tab.
XI.
tab.
1897, p. 400.
p. 266.
Cf., that at
353 Photo..
fig.
55 of
85.
Tropaeum
this point.
354
356
357
d'Espouy,
pl.
d'Espouy,
80.
75.
pl.
sssQn doors; Wood, tab. VIII 'B', XII 'A', XLVIII on windows
and niches, X 'B', 'C, XII 'B', L.; on cymatia of cornices, XXIII,
;
XLVI.
359
Tombs
ssoWood,
361
362
tab.
23,
II,
38.
36.
Wadd. No.
C.I.G.
No.
Insc. Pal.
No-
2614.
4504.
363
8.
Cf. p.
364
Wood,
3 s
Wood,
366
Wood,
3 7
Wood,
sea
Wood,
XLII.
tab.
I.
LV
SV'm.
tab.
op
Insc.
cit.,
'A',
Marmor.
Pal.
446.
371
372
architraves.
373
The Palymrene
Wood,
tab.
Location in tab.
Vogue, Sem. Insc. Pal. No. 16. See also Wadd. No. 2585;
Clermont-Ganneau, VII, pp. 14, 15 and C.I.G. No. 4482.
376
Lidzbarski, II, p. 287, P. cf. MDVG, 1905, II, p. 21, No. 14, and
Clermont-Ganneau, VII,
377 See note
353378
p. 14.
of Pan-
Nymphaeum
379 Called "Diocletianische
Standlager,
1897,
p.
395,
SBAW,
3 2
1885, p. 671
No.
p. 93, n. 2.
14.
Marked 18 on tab. II. Nos. 15, 16, and 17 even in his time were
much ruined that we could not even guess at their plan." No one
383
"so
5Wood,
Wood,
386
387
also,
XLIV.
tab.
tab. LII.
Vitruv. V,
i,
des
Prestel,
17.
M.
I,
Fanum
Fortunae,
Strassburg, 1901.
sss
Wood,
389
See
tab.
note
Nymphaeum
at
XLV,
LII.
and
381
Amman,
Durm, R.
compare
Butler in
abb. 701.
the
restoration
PUAES,
II,
Ai,
ill.
of
38,
the
and
(later)
pi.
V.
390
"
"
"
"
"
"
Vespasian,
Castor,
Pantheon, interior,
No.
393
The fragment
i.i i
"
"
1.14
"
exterior,
392
"
1.23
1.12
"
442.
p.
276, is
from a
50
undoubtedly
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
taf.
2.
XLIV.
403
404
II,
LII
see also
Am.
Adam, Ruins of
Niemann,
Palais de Diocletian.
405
Paulin,
Thermes de
406
Diocletien.
Bunsen, Beschreibung,
Grand Colonnade
407
As
408
Rivoira,
III, p. 291.
Dj crash, Amman.
Lombardic Architecture, I, p. 50.
at Ephesos, Antioch,
409
Arabic to
412
See n. 371.
Clermont-Ganneau, V, pp. 92-94, No. 638.
414 Wolfe
Expedition to Babylonia Papers of the American School
413
416
44.0.
262/268.
417
neau, VII,
4 *s
AAES,
IV,
p. 84.
Clermont-Gan-
p. 38.
1864,
267.
419
Palmyrene text
VII, pp.
420
in
AAES,
10.
Cf. Clermont-Ganneau.
34, 35-
Very
close to the stem are the 'eyes' between the leaves of the
Mars Ultor, Vespasian, Concord, Vesta, Antoninus and Faustina, and of the Pantheon portico.
typical Greek
example with the 'eyes' far out from the central stem is the capital
51
Bonfils, Photo.
No.
395.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Periodicals
ten zu Berlin.
A J.A.
Ath. Mitt.
..
B.C.
. .
munale
BCH
Hermes
J.A.
Jhb.
Roma.
di
Journal Asiatique.
des K.
Jahrbuch
Deutschen
archaeologischen
Instituts.
Jhb. Preuss.
JHS
MDVG
Rev. Arch.
Rev. Bibl.
Rom.
Mitt.
Revue Archeologique.
Revue Biblique.
Mitteilungen des Deutschen archaeologischen In-
Rom.
stituts in
SB AW
ZDMG
. .
Sitzungsberichte der K. P.
schaften zu Berlin.
Ge-
sellschaft.
ZDPV
Publications of an
Books
AAES
Arch.
q. v.
Benoit
B.-D.
Bruennow
Arabia.
Butler, Arch.
. .
von Domaszewski
u.
die
Provincia
52
to
Expedition
Archaeological
'
Sytia'
212'
1899-
1900. q. v.
Benndorf
Benndorf
Karien.
Choisy
Choisy
Niemann
u.
Reisen in
Lykien und
2 vols.
Vienna, 1884-1889.
Histoire de 1'Architecture, 2 vols. Paris,
1899.
Clermont-Ganneau
Clermont-Ganneau
tale, 7 vols.
Conze
Conze
II
Delbrueck
Paris, 1888-1906.
vols.
Delbrueck, D. T.
in
Didymes
Durm, Gr.
Rom. Rome,
am Forum
Holitorium
1903.
Pontremoli et Haussoullier
Didymes, Fouilles
de 1895 et 1896. Paris, 1904.
Durm die Baukunst der Griechen, 2te auflage.
:
Darmstadt, 1892.
Durm, R.
Epidaure
d'Espouy
Durm
die
FUR
Jordan
Jordan
FUR
Koldewey
Lanciani:
Jordan
thum.
vol.
Jordan
Koldewey
I,
3 parts, 1878-1907.
Puchstein
in Unteritalien
Lidzbarski
Magnesia
Lidzbarski
und
Berlin, 1874.
die Grieschischen
Sicilien, Berlin,
Tempel
1899.
Berlin, 1904.
Marquand
Pergame
Pergamon
Priene
Marquand Greek
:
Pontremoli
et
&C
PUAES
1895-1898.
.
Berlin, 1904.
Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expedition to Syria in 1904-5, and 1909.
Leyden, 1907
53
Reinach
..
Lehasr.
Mineure.
Texier, Description
Texier
de
Description
1'Asie
Mineure,
Paris,,
1839-49-
Texier, Ruins
de Vogue
et religieuse,
Wadd.
Waddington
la Syrie.
Wood
Wood
54
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