Air fan

Forced draught fans are installed at the inlet to the air pre heater and so
they handle cold air. Power input is given by:
Air preheater
The function of the air preheater is to preheat the air before entering the furnace
utilizing some of the energy left in the flue gases before exhausting them to the
atmosphere.Preheating the air saves fuel that would otherwise be used for that
heating.
Boiler
Function of a boiler is to generate steam at a desired temperature and pressure
by transfering heat produced by burning fuel in a furnace, to water to change it
into steam.
According to ASME Code , a boiler is defined as :
A combination of apparatus for producing , furnishing or recovering heat together
with the apparatus for transforming the heat so made available to water which
could be heated , vapourised and superheated to steam form.
can be operated continuously with complete flame, stability without oil support
(%MCR)
turbin
Steam turbine is the most important prime mover for generating electricity.This
falls under the category of power producing turbo machines. In a turbine, the
energy level of the working fluid goes on decreasing along the flow stream.
The purpose of turbine is to extract the maximum quantity of energy from the
working fluid , to convert it into useful work with maximum efficiency.
Deaerator
There are corrosive effects of water which contain oxygen dissolved from the
atmosphere and thus produces detrimental effects on the boiler tubes , steam pipes
and other items of the plant. Therefore, one requirement of a modern feed water
system is that ,it must supply water which has an almost
zero oxygen content, to the feed pumps for feeding the boiler.
In a deaerator the deaeration and heating is carried out in two domes fitted to the

storage tank.The bled steam is allowed to enter the storage tank above the water
level from the top and flows along the steam space in the storage tank upto the
deaerating domes.As the condensate enters, it passes through sprayers in parallel
into the dome.The condensate is heated by the bled steam and the dissolved gases
in the fluid leave the solution on heating by steam.Approximately 95% of
the heating and deaeration takes place in the spray stage of the deaerator.
Feed water heaters:
There are two types of feed water heaters:1)

Direct contact heater

2)

Indirect contact heater .

Basically these are heat exchangers.The thermal performance of feed water heater
accessed by the difference in temperature between the water leaving the heater
and the saturation temperature corresponding to the heater steam pressure.
Direct contact heater- In this type of heater ,there is direct mixing of bled
steam and feed water,the steam give up its latent heat and condenses and as a
result feed water gets heated.
Indirect contact heater- In this type of heaters , the feed water passes through
hairpin tubes in two,four or occasionally six flows,while the steam is passed over
the tubes.Baffles are provided to direct the flow of steam through the tube nest.
Kondenser
The work done and efficiency of a steam turbine plant is increased if the exhaust
pressure of the turbine is reduced.This is because of the fact that the average
temperature at which heat is rejected in a cycle is reduced.It can be made possible
by employing a condenser in which steam exhausts and gets condensed.
Thus, condenser is defined as a closed vessel in which steam from steam turbine is
condensed by cooling water and vacuum is maintained , resulting in an increase in
work done and efficiency of a steam power plant and use of condensate as the feed
water to the boiler.
Boiler feed pump:
This pump increases the pressure of the feed water upto boiler pressure to push
the feed water into the boiler.Boiler feed pumps are multistage as they increase
the pressure of the fluid flow to a very high value.

Condensate extraction pump:

This pump extracts condensate from the condenser system and pushes the fluid
into the feed water heater circuit.

5.1Analysis with a full load operation condition

Energy and exergy analysis has been performed in details in accordance with
theoretical expression , parameter and assumptions mentioned in chapter 3
and 4 all of the important components , subsystems and the entire system had
been covered in analysis with full load operating condition . The power plant was
analysed using the above relation nothing that the environment reference
temperature and pressure are298.15K and 1.013 bar respectively.the
distribution of exergy addition,exergy losses and exergy consumption for
different ,components has been worked out on the basis of analysis exergetic
efficiency for boiler,turbine and other components have been calculated.
Based on the analysis ,interesting results and innovative ideas are presented here
which directly or indirectly help to improve the performance of exsisting coal
power plants into design more energy efficient power plant for the future.
Inference:- The graph clearly shows that the turbine has maximum exergetic
efficiency while the boiler shows minimum exergetic efficiency and maximum
exergy destruction.
Inference:- the Pie chart shows that a major part of the exergy destruction takes place in
the boiler .of the remaining part of the total exergy destruction condenser, feed water
heaters play a major role.

5.2 Analysis of steam

generator(boiler)
Boiler is the location for most of the exergy destruction in the plant and needs
maximum attention on its designing and operation forn an optimum use of
available energy of the fuel.
.
Adiabatic combustion of coal in boiler to convert its chemical energy to thermal
energy ,results in consumption of exergy.further this thermal energy is transferred
to working fluid( in the form of heat)across a larger temperature difference ,which
invites excessive exergy conversion steam urbine at boiler outlet at conventional
0

plant varies from 435 C to 460 C with feed water inlet turbine of

140 C to 195 C while the furnace temperature is around 850-1150 C in radient

0
0
zone and flue gas varies from 350 Cto 750 Cin conventive zone.
In boiler,various heat exchangers (sensible heat exchangers i.e. economizer,
vaporizers i.e. super heaters,prmary super heaters,de super heaters and secondary
super heaters and air preheater) are arranged in a manner to obtain maximum heat
transfer through an optimum combination of radient and convective heat
transfer.water is added to steam (at first and second stage of attemperation)on its
way of super heating for an effective control of steam temperature at different
locations.
Based on energy conversion and energy losses,thermal efficiency of the boiler is
found to be 48.70% in case of present working data. Based on exergy losses and
destruction ,exergetic efficiency of the boiler has been worked out as 21.708% in
case of present working data.
In the analysis of the plant the cycle was assumed to be operate at steady state
with no heat transfer from any component to its surrounding and negligible
kinetic and potential energy effect. Certain compound such as boiler stop valve,
fuel oil pump coolers, induced draught and forced draught fan neglected in the
analysis and pressure drop along pipe line were assumed to be negligible.
In order to perform the exergy analysis of the plant ,the details steam
properties , mass ,energy , exergy balance for the unit were conducted.
The exergy value of each component was calculated by the energy component is
in an open (control volume ) system and there are only physical exergy associated
with material steam for this calculation , specific enthalpy and specific entropy are
due to the difference in temperature and pressure between streams .this mean that
the exergy input of each component was calculated by the difference between two
streams .
It is apparent from the boiler analysis ,energy efficiency is 48.70% and exergy
efficiency is 21.708% for working data .In boiler subsystem the maximum exergy
and energy efficiency is obtained for combustion in the boiler. This large exergy
loss is mainly due to the combustion reaction and to the large temperature
difference during heat transfer between the combustion gas and steam .

Analysis of turbine
Based on the exergy associated with incoming and outgoing streams and mechanical output
generated by the turbine.thermal efficiency and exergetic efficiency of turbine have been
worked as 63.857% and 96.463% for the working data.

5.4 Study of performance of boiler and air preheater

with the usage of different grades of coal in the power
plant
It is observed that as the grade of coal used in the power plant is changed ,a change
in
exergetic efficiency and exergy destruction of two components :-Boiler and
Air Preheater takes place.
This change in performance is mainly due to inability of the components to
harness the exergy thus leading to higher exergy destruction and low
exergetic efficiency.
Inference:-it is observed that the best exergetic efficiency of the boiler is seen when
bituminous coal (designed coal) is used. This is maily because of low exerg destruction
,while for higher grades of coal there is poorer combustion leading to poor exergetic
efficiency .
Inference:- it is observed that highest exergetic efficiency of 39.18% is obtained for calorific
value of 3500kj/kg while efficiency of 21.7%is observed when high grade coal with calorific
value of 6454kj/kg is used
AIR PREHEATER
Air preheater is also an important component of the power plant in which the flue gases
after combustion in the boiler are used to prerheat the primary and secondary air used in
combustion processes.
Hence ,a clear change in exergetic efficiency of this component is observed with use of different
coal grades.
Inference:- The effect of exergetic efficiency with different grades of coal has been shown.
It is observed that as the calorific value of coal increases the exergetic efficiency
decreases.this is because the exergy utilization in the component decreases for the higher
grade of coal.
It is obsereved that the exergetic efficiency of the air preheater is the highest at 62% when a
low grade of coal (3500kj/kg) is used ,while an efficiency of 54.906% is observed when high
grade coal (6454 kj/kg ) is used