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CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS

INTERNACIONALES

Gilberto Bosques

MXICO Y LA DIPLOMACIA
PARLAMENTARIA:
mbitos de accin, relevancia actual y tendencias globales

Marzo del 2015

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Documentos de
Anlisis

CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS

INTERNACIONALES

Gilberto Bosques

MXICO Y LA DIPLOMACIA
PARLAMENTARIA:
mbitos de accin, relevancia actual y tendencias globales

Marzo del 2015








   
     
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http://centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx

@CGBSenado
Madrid 62, 2do Piso. Col. Tabacalera
Delegacin Cuahutmoc. C.P. 06030
Mxico D.F.
Tel: (52) 55 5130-1503

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