a erin rcs ‘eet ad the alt be ach tha utenti ed mnie a6) Mw isthe windinas Determine IH) and the ampere aig ofthe Ung) = 15 +750 BS lag 4 = 18% 80 = 0.0 BVA ‘Opt lowoampere are Un) = 750 3m EMA “he ines i tbe Kowa eating oN 9 ISBIOD AVA the itoransomer Te autramiormer pres eke esting forte se Co cnoscion nf th sme amr, Single phase autotransformer can be connected for Y-¥ hree-phase ‘operation ov» trsephise uit ean Be bull. Treesphase autotransformer re ‘often wwe 10 connect two teansmision tines operating at diferent vlage Tesels. I the transformer of Example 210 were connected as one phase of & threesphase Y-Y autotransformer, the rating ofthe tvee phase unit would be SSO MVA 138/345 KV (or more cut 1385638641 BV) 2.8. PER-UNIT IMPEDANCES (OF THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS ‘dh the pinay and he Secondary windings of wowing transformer hae the same hiowitanpere rating, hut all thee windings of 3 thre sing transformer may have ifeentkieltampere ratings. The impedance of each 2 ranwurnarnescsor natewnino masromins 73 ieding ofa three-winding transformer may be phen ia percent or per wit fused onthe rating Fits own wining. of tess maybe mae to determine the ‘pedances In any case al the per-nitimpedancs must be expressed on the sme kilowltampere hae, AN single-phase teeewinding transformer i shown schemticly in Fig 219), where we designate the tree windings as. primary. secondary. and ‘eran, Fes impedances may be measoed By the standard shr-cieut et, fiom 4, a. ‘Sehage inpedance messored in primary with secondary short-icited and tray open yy leakge impedance measured in primary wih triny shortireite sind secondary open Z, leakage impedance measured in secondary with tertityshrtcisuited and primary open he thee impedances measured in os are referred othe voltage of one of| te windings, the impedinees ofeach separate winging refered {0 that sae winding are related to the measured impedances w referred a follows: 4 ry Dy + Ly Zur By th, 035) Lent+h, Hee ZZ and Z, ae the impedaness ofthe primary, secondary, and try winding, respectively, ered to the primary Ceti Zn Zp AND Za te the mensered impedances fefered to the primary eet Shing Ege (238)Hoy. 4 2-2) B= Woy Ly Ep) 0%) Wop Za ~Zp) “The impedances ofthe thece windings ave connected to represen the guhaleat ctu of the single-phase thve-wining ansormer with magnet ing curren neglected, as showa in Fig. 214). The common pot tions ain unrelated othe neu ofthe system. The pons ps and 1 ae connected to the pars of the peace diagrams representing the pats ofthe stn ennected tothe primay. secondary. and teary wings, especie ofthe transformer. As in taoinding trastrmes conversion fo perant impedance equies the same ilovoltampere hase for all the eicuits and requites voltage tse in the thrce ciate tat are inthe some ratio asthe rated inetoine voltages ofthe thee ics ofthe transformer "when three such transformers ae conneted for three-phase operation, ‘he primary ai eesndary wining ae wuslyYsonnected and the tert windings are connected in 3 to provide a path forthe third harmonic of the ‘ample 211 The trephne ming of tec ining wasorme te: ‘Primary Ycomneted (6, 1S MVA Seconary connected, 182 BV, UMA Tray connected, 23,5 VA eget esse, tbe ahs Inpednes ae 2 = Tan IS MVA, KOAV se 2-6 on WMVA, 152 RV bse Fol the peru anpeancs of he prose eqalent isu fora foe of 5 Solin ith a of 15 MIVA, Vn te primary el the prone ses tortie pecan impedsncs ofthe ceuinlemt cet ase Is MVA 46 AV for ‘rinantheot ques Te MIVA. 82 KV ssonday-ceut eam ad IStIVA, 231 for temo aan. a re reesormmennnarennromca.7§ Since Zp sd Zy 6 med inthe primary ct, they ae ateady sores on he pone forthe cause eri No shange a aap bake Soqked for 2, The rue change in Bne meguctmpere fr Z, made 1 per ait om the seis ae ty $007 + 49.08 = 012) =f per wi 2, = Hunn +012 1008) = 05 per it 2. = $f +012 0.07) = 0.07 pe it Example 212, A contnt-soage source inte ba sp 2 parc ee 5 Mr ES AV sep oadanda TS MVA. 123 RV syehonous motor vi airamsnt reins of "= 7% The sures homed he pir of the thee wing rarsfometdescbed In Exe 211. The mora este Ios are oracle! To the second) ad tri of the tansorme. Draw the lnpeance Saga th wtom ad mark he pecan ngedances fora Be of (EWS MIVA she primary Neglet exci suet an all sane cep (ha of he ese Satin. The constant -okage ous canbe represen ya generator vig 0 “The ssn fhe oa 10 pe nto hase of MVA, 2.3 Kin te ‘ening Exar oS MVA,23 AV be the lad restore 10S «soperant “The recs of he motor on ae 15 MV 132 Ke xr 02085 = oanpernit ‘ue 220 the eoued diagram. We must remember, however, the phase Si sich asus between he Yeanaeced mayan the Soon tet pens dra fo ame 2129 TAP-CHANGING AND REGULATING ‘TRANSFORMERS Transformers which provide a all atment of voltage magnitude, usually in the range of Hand others whieh shi he phe angle ofthe Hine volages {te important components of por stem, Some transorms eaulate Doh the magnitude and phase apg ‘Ame ll tansforcts provide taps on windings 1 aden the rato of transformation by changing tape when the rasormer i decnersze. A change in tap can be mae wile the ranslormer h eneyaed and sich transormers be called lou to-chansing (LTC) transformers iophunigander toad (TCUL) ransformere The fap changing automatic and operated by metors ‘which resend to relays set to hold the voltage st the prescribed evel Special [Sout lon the change ta be mae without snterapting the cUTEN. "A tape of anwormer dened for small adjustment of wage rather than fare changes wotage level called a regan transorer Fie 2231 shows a replating transormer for ontol of vofage magi, and Fi 222 shows relating tanslormer for phuseangle cond. The phasor ‘ingramof Fig225 helps to explain the hil In phase ale Each of the thee ‘windings 19 which taps are made 1 of the same magnetic core a6 the phase Irinding whove vltage "ot of phase with te vape Rom etal 1 the Doin connected to the center of the tapped winding For instance the wotage {oneoral P, is inerene hy component AF which cin phase or 190 oat ‘of phase wit, Fuse 228 shows how the he He vag are shied in phase ans with very litle change in magnitude. beaten + TaLcUONG SD REGULATNGTRAORNERS 77 The procedure to determine the bus aaitance mati Yin pe unit for «network containing a regulating tasformer i the same as the procedure Scount for a8) tansformer whose tras rao is ether than the falo used 0 Sele the rat af base voltages on the to sides of the transformer. We defer ‘nidration of the procedure until Chap. 9. We can, Dowever. investigate the (hefulnens of tapchangng and epusting transformers by a simple example we have wo buses conneted by a transformer, and ifthe rato ofthe ‘inetosinevolages of the Mansormer isthe same a the ratio ofthe base ‘nitages ofthe tw bases, the per-phase equivalent cca vith the magnetizing ‘Sent negleted) ie simply the transformer impedance in per nit on the ‘honen tse comectedetween the buses. Figure 2240) sa onetine diagram ‘ot two teasers in parte Let us assume that one of ther as the wage tate 1/ne ish fa the rato of hase wollagx on the fw sidex of the Transformer, and thatthe olage eatioof the other i 1! The equlalent ‘ut then that of Fg, 2246), We need the sdal (30 impedance) Wans- fecmer mth the ato 1/1 inthe per-on reactance dagram to take cae of the ‘fEnominal turns ratio ofthe second transformer besuse bas volages aex c a ie See aa ctrmined hy the turns rato of the fist ransformer. Figure 2240) may be interpreted as tn tanemison ines parle with a regulating Wansformer ‘me tne ample 213, Tv ransom ae sonnet in pall spay ap impedance to neural er pve of 08 pv untae tag of P= 1.0/7 eeu "Famer 7 hashes rat ef he at he ane ano the {hor fhe aioomer the amfomer ha at imgeanceo 0. per unt ‘hhc appointee Th ce fre hs an peda o 0 1 econ wings 08 8 ap pe 225 shot suse cet wh tore T repented by is imetinc andthe iron sf sage AP" ind te oper omer Truman he nu tea cack nlm ale eit fr Eom 28, An aor ton oh problem ound y recon that Fi. 225 th ‘seh Sloe cat equslest cea for he pole he ape AV ich Inthe tanc ofthe seu cqulnt owamtormer ym eq 0 tT in pet hi Inoter word 7, pring vane ra he than Tt cl 1 and SV equal 5 pe an we suse thatthe current up Y- ‘Sots ound the lepine Toe ih site open el hat wah ‘sed ol er) small acon 9 ta erent ors hou he od edn ‘hess hc eer han te trpfomer impel the ne at the aw = 2S 025 prvi lac" Fog 7 IS and with AV shor cit, he cet sah ph al te oad carent,o Ae Toten spermine elsing cen hes 1 = 04 j03 ~ (7928) = 04 ~/008 per nit 04-03 + (1925) 04/055 per unt 5, = 040+ jos peat, 5), = 040+ 055 perunit ‘This example shows thatthe transformer with the hier tap sting i supplying most ofthe reacine jower tothe load, The reat power ding quill between the tansormers Since oth transformers have the Same npc they woud sare both the real and reactive power equally they hd the same tors rai. that case ach would Be represented bythe same Dent eactance of 0.1 between the two buss and woul ary equa current‘When to transformers are in paral, we can vary the distribution of reactive power between the tarsormers by austin the vllge-magnitde ratios When two praised transformers of equal Klvltmperes do ot share the icwotamperes equally because their impedances die, the klvolampercs ray be more neatly equslized by adjustment ofthe wolagesmagnide ratios {hough tp chains ample 2.4 Rept Fample 218 exe that Tins oth» trom GEE tree 1p) THe pede he we components Ty 8 per nt on the be oT Solin, As in Example 21, ein bin at appoints soitin of the some TT opr porn wag | pera iade afer = asinisy/ ors ~o0sr4/o1st anse/aus tage SEE 0a + nr et 403 = (0282+ /00T) = 0186 — 0.307 peru y= 4 + (0382 + jos = Wed — 0288 peru & 5), 0438+ 0.37 peri 5), — 0042+ 0295 perunt “The example shows tht the phaso-shiting transformer i useful 0 conta the amount of real power Now but as fs flect om the fo of reactive power. Both Examples 2.13 aad 210 ae kta of two trasision Kies in parallel swith reslating ansormer ia one of the ines. 2.0. THE ADVANTAGES OF PER-UNIT Compurstions ‘When bases respected propery forthe vatous pars of ici connected by {ransforme, the per-unt luc of pedances determined i thei om pate Sf the stem are the same when viewed from another part. Therefore necesary only to compte each apedance om the hase o sow part of the ‘evi The erst advantage of wing per-univalus is hat no computations are Teauired to telee an impedance fom oe side ofa Cansfrmer 1 he othe. “The folowing pints should he Kept i nd 1, A base kovlts and base Kowoltamperes i selected in one part of the fone. The base values for a three-phase stem are unrstod t0 Be Tne hilools and he phase hlovoltmperes or megavolamperes For ther parte af the stem, that oho sides of ransformer, the hase ‘cite for each pact & deterngd according tothe ie-tosine woltape faton of the transformers THe Base Kloolamperes wil Be the same in all puts of the stem Ie wl beep to mark he base kilos ech part nf the aptem on the one-line digra. Impedance information avaiable for three-phase transformers wll usally be ‘per unit or pereent onthe base determined by their ow ratings. 4 For tae single-phase transformers connected as a three-phase unit the fhreesihse ratings ane determined from he single-phase ating of cach ‘nail tansformer. Impedance in pereent forthe threrphase unit ithe ‘Sea that for esch inl transformer, 5, Pernt impedance given ona bate other than that determined for the part ‘ofthe system in which the clement i osted must be changed othe peopee tase by Eq (150, Making computations fr electric stems in terms of perunit values simples the mor gett Are appreciation ofthe value ofthe pean method comes tinoush experience, Some ofthe advantages ofthe method ave summarized Pri below 1. Manofacurers usualy spi the impedance of a pie of apparatus in Detent or per uation the fate of the mmepat rating 2. The peut impedances of machines ofthe same type and widely diferent, fing anual He within narrow range although the ohmic values fer ‘matty for machines of ifxent ratings For thie reaton when the Itypedace isnot awn defies, it gencrally posse to select fom {Sbulated average stacy 4 poranitinpedance which sil he rersonably ortet Experience in working wth per-unt vals ings fait withthe rope values of pert ipedance for diferent types of apparatus When impedance n ise specified nam equivalent cult each impedance rst be refered tothe same cite by multiplying it by the square of the Tato the rated wages of he two side ofthe transformer connecting the feferenceelguit and the ste comining the impedance. The perunit Impedance. once expressed onthe proper tse the sme refered to ether se of ay teansforner 44 The nay in which transformers are connected in three-phase cites does fate the peranit impedances of the equvalent cut although the Transformer connection docs determine the tlation between the wokage thss on the wo sides ofthe ransom.2.1 SUMMARY ‘The invoduction in this chapter of the simpli equivalent iu for eke mansfrmer is of pret importance. Perunit elclatins ate sed sen continuously throushou the chapters to fellow. We have seen how the tanh Tovmer is elininate inthe equivalent ist hy the use of pou xeon Wis important to remember that 3 does nol enter the detaled percent computations because of the speciation of a ase ine-one volage and bane Tine-to-neuta voltage related by 13. “The caneept of proper sleton of base inthe varioas pants of cicit linked by transfers andthe calelton of parameters in pet unit onthe se ‘specified forthe pat of the rat in which the parameters ens fundamental In building an eaualent cea rom 3 snsletne dinar. PROBLEMS, 2. A sn se arrested 72VA 1.21¥/13 Vat pinay wing ot fitar Desens a ete omy nding (the carer ye to ne ne lore {ethos dere VA woe lage Hose ey Ee 22 The tamer of Pa 21 dering # AVA te ted oar ad 08 poser ic ni) Detemie te tpn, sme aos fase ‘eau termi () What ae he peace ee he pay ‘Se'Ge. Zs) Uae te vars 7, ohne mp (ace he teri py cat nthe EVA spe oy hm 2 Win rte Fe 22 comer tt he oc dey ine etre oe Teme htm fi rb B= Byte whee wih Pesta he sso x dey ihe pei gney He ‘Soe ety anformy Sied er be occa erm he scmeriey Some {2'Te tans a 0) em Ba fA a (5) Te maaan nse) ng 3.20) {© Hee, sn a he on map of ee ae he iy tenby eye vEese (ay Ht a o,f =H y= 15 7, and N= 10 tr, comp 24 Forth pi fmt ould ok Sow ne 24 er ot y= 18 [get stot in =0athand nrc Shean oe {5 we einen fom (224 of ese aos Nee norm 4 na any penta hi th inde = 00/0" es as de are beter om fi see pret va She i 3S ‘Ste athe tr io east ae te the aap ‘esto fhe winding nd he maps wena he piel omnes 8 2 A sng phase anor rt 1.2 KV/120V.712 AWA bas the oie wining parameters 7, 08 fy = 12 flry~ 00) and y= Of Determine (eh "Toe camined winding ean’ and esape reactance reed To te (ny Te aes th eon parame led 4th sso si, (6) The wage ela the taatermer when it ering 1S AVA to 2. A single phe wasormer ated 40/250 VSD KVA. When he lo ole fesse oS Vapi the Mebane sed cent Fenn of fhe ih- and wage wings te power le and of Teacane ores eth same in th wins, {U4 Asingephe tanstomer red 12 KV 30.72 KVA de the lowing tt perc et pinay ops) Sor se tt esos) Y=20V; caren = 6A; power Wy = 36 (oy Teele othe shove parameter he second se {e) Te fen ofthe tanormer whee i bes © AVA at 12D Vand 09 29. A sng hae tanomer rated 1.2 AV/120-¥, 72, AVA i ragsefecd (Gh Determine the ese od tua ofthe tastonbe me des 72 VASE Ts 130 Vand ome fc of 0708 gig ond) D8 ean (oy Fors ane ot voltage an poet at an be ov hat the ellen of nome tis eam sea the HVA Td el wih es the FR wing owes ea tothe cre ls Using Ns est eter the Isimum eas ofthe shove wraermer tried wae nd 08 poser 2 Ape pm nih hl ven Fg 210 i res 48 {nd pamela of he eamponens e “Tamtormer 4) S9OV/1S AV, 96AVA leshagerentance = Ste ‘Tamormer BC: L2V/IBIV,72RVA leahagerentnce = 5 ne 6 sees impedance = (08 +80 8 toad € EDV, 6RVA at omer gene24 carn rommrome (a) Deumine he vale of he a puns i ts the atl obi sno tne cd ti (01 Granny LEEW a he voage te or cst an 10 AVA a he Src WA eta cm gcse wy Atnled ome oie df AW ccd ewan 2h Qt suf a.3 name ed IHN LWA T8/LA4 A id he instance oss cath pine semen fo to newea he Wigner the emt Neglet some meen dtm {Se tne apd he me ry ‘un Sue 2 he ones erence iY. 2b Tee uansomer ach aed SRVA, 23 Von the econ lee comes PSone en ppm ced 1840 prc reat aw 220A ‘Rance me whi teste od to 1 EW, sl pre rete oe ime, Sonnets wih ih ome raster en ‘conned andthe scm canbe etd ape fanateepe Sassi esp ed set eine ea os Shot id ise (o)Find cat neon tee an) wh he 1 aad {tater been anf ome Cane Vp 20/0 V3 (0) Find stomp sy cick fhe emg aoe. 12) Mine rsttan nce pedo he ad ne apn-h aeration wh hee “amiomer (ay Ta hot ny the nda some ioetampete aes nee» @ mporet sien head i pur eee 214A amen ed 390 MUA, AISY/3N88 AV const fled fon ed {haa 2st bs ports to tna Boe Deine (2) Th ting 0 nh fee se gnc tamerer nh neo ope omni be eqnsn othe dane hee ae tooo (oy The camps instant th ad pri he epee apa {few ihe tans e100 VA, 3B 2 erin ne § AVA 8/182 tn erie ‘Eun tne whch con he epee ty atin Impede per poe of than lbenno sts OMA, TAL. Thee tyne {Uh bw a ten ereat ote som cng inpeenes per i Chose WAAC ELVA ste ve tele. {oy Whe wtagaiepinay ssa tem Held ott 118 Wiss ate ccm cn ff Suse: Phe ae Tov tage rena of 04 pr nt ae comet tert fora Mes hn, Aandi ao ee paw 5 comet octet hn Detain ute er hse imene monn 8 ‘Gn ss ai er vid ee on te pinay ie when te tsorme bank ‘anes (a) V(b) Ya te) Sra cd) Be Use Tale 21 Figure 2%) sows cess secrtorspphing 3 ad hog de ple ansomer tts AVA/6ID VY. 4 VA. The tase as Ferse lage watance of 10%, The ie trie slo andthe ne cre ithe seneratr terminals pe IL9 KV 390 0 8 respecte. The poms factor Sent the generator 08 aging ad the pase Seance of sup = AAC (@) Devrmiethe ine stent an theese sag The add the per pae quale V) peda of te. (©) Ding the neo seeralwhage te tsi primary a etree sam compete pepe pase dagen a il vekaps and curent Sn the cot pose ans between puny ad scandy gues (6 Coopat be els reste power pple ye seer 4 med 218. Soe Prob. 2.17 wth phase seuense ACR 219. A sleghse tortor rated 30 XVA, 200/120 Vi comet 8a aut (Gy Deas dar of he wane noneion howing the play to the dings and decom chon pote or et ch Minne tha Ie eure wl er ae (6) Mero the agra he vac of rad cent the wining nd tthe (Gtr the een of the tansomer sates for 128/150 V eeron a ‘ated land iy perfor 9, deli f eficrey as att Former wih ate cata the wins se operating rated alge 1 ‘tpt loa tual per to 2.20, Sle Prob, 2:19 the teaser 0 spey 18D V rom 120 Vb 221, Two bes» and b ae sonnet to ach ter tough impedances Xj =) and ‘Xp 0a porunktin gual Bas bis lod bu spying erent = 107-30" per an. The perant rv = 1.0/0. Find Pan Q to bos boosh ch ofthe pall branches a) in tect Sse 8) i 9 rang ‘ore sommes bu inh ne fhe enact ave kat [in walkape angie toward the al a = 103) an() te elaine trae soc te prea = £* 7) Ute cei ue eth fers (5) apd eh and atome tha, ade for exch pt he ble 25 that emis constant ia 22's the single ine gram song se Jedd henner pase Nee ete Pra NaanTosca and bins per aptom: = LIS" and ¥,~ Lul/ por un, ‘hank ete tare rai the repairer 1 eine sees Sih Xs at ht nar fw int a 0 he ach woe reste INK? Use the Ganingcorem metho and nel the resetnce he ‘plain anirmer Pan of ted and Female stn 2223 Tn ramomer gah fe 15¥/1328 bVsopcate ia pre! apy oad 13S MWA, TRE} at 08 pert lage Trnrer Ii ted 0 MWA, Sth A> 00 po un and loner? aed 3 MVA with X= 407 pet, ht Fa the masa othe caret po at hough each ase he Imersthamre cup each rarer an the meses ch Mh land mate is at nether esr oe Ne os Am tamer atest {IL AV So pe 436° fot age Wear te Teste eo that rantrmer compared wo tafe hi ema ot Ihe SAV tp. tg the megwotnper oop ef each taformer fr the ‘iin 381A to lad tthe mstnm mepantampere of the to a ‘Tih nil ot nso the raromers Use a ce of 3S MWA, 132 RV onthe Ibsen The ceuatingcurem method sit otis prebem