BUILDING SERVICES-VI

Contents:
Need
Define ventilation
Type:
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Hybrid ventilation
Air change
Air change rate
Air movement
Orientation
Temperature effects
Minimum requirement
Lecture -2

made by: Neetika Mor Dhanda

VENTILATION
Ventilation Free passage of clean air in a structure.
VENTILATION is the process of changing or replacing air in

any space to provide high indoor air quality.

The systematic removal of heated air, smoke, and gases from a

structure and replacement with cooler, cleaner air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as

well as circulation of clean air within the building.

WHY VENTILATION
Improving thermal comfort and indoor air quality through provision
of fresh air is known to be vitally important to individuals
perception of a space, their health and well-being, and productivity.
Any ventilation system should be flexible because it will need to
work under a wide range of conditions:
I. To remove excess heat from people and equipment.
II. To remove moisture, smells and pollutants generated by people,
pets and cooking, which can be unpleasant or hazardous to health
and/or buildings.
III. To remove gaseous emissions from materials, furnishings,
cleaning agents and, in affected areas, the products of radon.
IV. To act as a carrier for heating, cooling and/or humidity control.

NEED

To provide oxygen for breathing.

To suppress odors ,smoke ,concentration of bacteria, etc.

To maintain desired relative humidity and favorable

ambiance to live-in.
The ventilation of a building can have a significant effect on

energy consumption and a thorough assessment of natural as

against mechanical ventilation should be made as the decision
could significantly affect the energy efficiency of a building.

VENTILATION TYPES

NATURAL VENTILATION
Flow driven by wind and temperature.

FORCED AIR MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Exhaust ,Supply and plenum (An enclosed space in

which the air pressure is higher than outside) process.

HYBRID VENTILATION
Combinations of the above systems.

NATURAL VENTILATION

Natural ventilation includes the

movement of outdoor air through
intentional openings such as doors
and windows and through
unintentional openings in the
building shell such as cracks which
result in infiltration and ex-filtration.

This ventilation type is mostly used

in smaller buildings .

Normally it is driven by wind

pressure and density variations.

The various types are,

single sided ventilation
(density driven)

stack ventilation (density

driven)
cross flow ventilation
(wind driven)

SINGLE SIDED VENTILATION

(NATURAL)

CROSS FLOW VENTILATION

(NATURAL)

This air is replaced by cold outdoor air that

enters near the bottom of the building or
from the ground. This phenomenon is
called the building Stack Effect.
STACK VENTILATION. (NATURAL)

 Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air without

the use of a fan or any other mechanical system.
It can be achieved with open-able windows or trickle vents when the spaces
to ventilate are small and the architecture permits.

Clerestory
are any high windows above eye level . The purpose is to bring outside
light, fresh air, or both into the inner space.

TYPES OF
NATURAL VENTILATION OPENINGS
Windows (Windows sliding vertically, sliding horizontally, tilting,
swinging).
Doors, monitor openings and skylights.
Roof Ventilators (weather proof air outlet).
Stacks connecting to registers (A device attached to an air-distributing

duct for the purpose of controlling the discharge of air into the space
to be heated, cooled, or ventilated.
Specially designed inlet or outlet openings.

FORCED VENTILATION

Mechanical or forced ventilation is used

to control indoor air quality.

Excess

humidity,

odours,

and

contaminants can often be controlled via

dilution or replacement with outside air.

Kitchens and bathrooms typically have

mechanical exhaust to control odours and
sometimes humidity.

Ceiling fans and table fans circulate air

within a room for the purpose of reducing
the perceived temperature because of
evaporation of perspiration on the skin of
the occupants.

TYPES

Supply System
Supplying fresh air by input fans in outside walls.

Exhaust System
Creating partial vacuum by exhaust fans and blowers.

Plenum process
Supply of fresh air by inlet ducts and exhaust of vitiated air
by outlet fans.

SUPPLY SYSTEMS
Components:
Air inlet section
Filters
Heating and/or cooling equipment
Fan
Ducts
Register/grills for distributing the air within the work space

EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Purpose:
An exhaust ventilation system removes the air and airborne
contaminants from the work place air
The exhaust system may exhaust the entire work area, or it may be
placed at the source to remove the contaminant at its source itself

Types of exhaust systems:

General exhaust system

Local exhaust system

GENERAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS

Used for heat control in an area
by introducing large quantities
of air in the area. The air may
be tempered and recycled.
Used

for

removal

of

contaminants generated in an
area by mixing enough outdoor

air with the contaminant so that

the average concentration is
reduced to a safe level.

LOCAL EXHAUST SYSTEMS(LES)

The objective of a local exhaust system is to remove the

contaminant as it is generated at the source itself.

Advantages:

More effective as compared to a general exhaust system.

The smaller exhaust flow rate results in low heating costs

compared to the high flow rate required for a general exhaust

system.
The smaller flow rates lead to lower costs for air cleaning
equipment.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

EXHAUST AND SUPPLY SYSTEMS?
An Exhaust ventilation system removes the air and air borne contaminants
from the work place, whereas, the Supply system adds air to work room to

dilute contaminants in the work place so as to lower the contaminant

concentrations.

Plenum Process

Hybrid ventilation is a two mode system combining of natural ventilation and

mechanical ventilation.
Mechanical ventilation is used when natural driving forces cannot fulfill the
required ventilation level.

Hybrid Ventilation-Advantages
Hybrid ventilation systems offer many advantages:
Relative low running costs for energy conditioning the ventilation
air
Energy savings compared to full mechanical ventilation systems
Easily controlled by the inhabitants compared to natural ventilation
Relative low maintenance
Reduced use of mechanical equipment compared to mechanically
ventilated building

Hybrid Ventilation-Disadvantages
Disadvantages include:
Relative high initial costs
Depending on climatic conditions, hybrid ventilation is not suitable
for many types of buildings where mechanical ventilation might be
the only solution
Room space for equipment might be needed (space for ducting)
Building design might impose restrictions to the use of hybrid
ventilation
The urban aspects (noise, outdoor pollution, wind velocity,
humidity) might limit its use

SELECTING THE VENTILATION STRATEGY

SELECTING THE VENTILATION STRATEGY

BASIC DOMESTIC SCALE MVHR SYSTEM.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NATURAL AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

AIR CHANGES
The volume of fresh air (make up air) required for proper
ventilation is determined of the size and use of the space.

AIR CHANGE RATE

The air change rate refers to the number of times in a 1-hr period that the volume of
air in a space is renewed.

Design Consideration:
The factors affecting air change rate are:

The presence of air pockets or dead space in the Controlled area.

The relative positioning of Supply and Return air grills.

Type of Machine and Equipments placed inside the area

AIR MOVEMENT
Air movement is affected by the following:
Differences in air pressure as air moves
from areas of high pressure to areas of low
pressure.
Circulation- heating and cooling
equipment both use blowers to
distribute conditioned air throughout
buildings.
Ventilation fans for bathrooms,
laundries all vent conditioned air to
the inside which must be replaced.
Combustion processes- appliances
such as boilers, furnaces, heating
stoves and water heaters pull air from
the home interior as they exhaust the
products of combustion to the
exterior.
.

AIR MOVEMENT
Differences in temperature
Thermal buoyancy- describes the action of air as
it is heated. Because heated air is less dense it
rises, moving from a cool, high-density area to
ward a warm, low-density area.
Stack effect- describes the action of warm air
rising through a building. As warm air rises, it
pulls cold make-up air into the home through the
lower building envelope and pushes warm air out
through the upper building envelope.
Convection currents- The movement of cooler
air moving in to replace rising warm air will
establish convection currents in any place in the
home in which temperature differentials exist,
with main areas of concern being the living space
and attics.

EARTH TUBES
One further approach to the provision of fresh air to a building, and that can be used with either a
mechanical or natural system, is the earth tube. The temperature of the ground a few metres below the
surface is typically similar to the mean annual air temperature . This means that if the supply air is
brought to the building via a long tube buried in the ground it will adjust its temperature closer to the
ground temperature. Thus in winter cold air will be slightly warmed and in summer hot incoming air
will be slightly cooled. Thus free heat of cooling is provided, but is far more popular in locations where
there is a much greater swing in annual temperature.

CHILLER BEAMS
There are two types of Chilled Beams: Passive and Active. Common to each, is a cooling
coil which provides radiant cooling via circulated cool water.
Chilled beams can be either recessed in the ceiling or exposed below the ceiling. MultiService Chilled Beams are also available.

Passive Chilled Beams consist of a cooling coil in an enclosure.

Active Chilled Beams provide ventilation air to a space in addition to cooling.
Multi-Service Chilled Beams can be either Active or Passive. They can integrate a wide
variety of other building services such as lighting, speaker systems, IT systems, Sprinkler
heads, photocells, etc.
Four Pipe Heating and cooling chilled beams are available.

ACTIVE CHILLER BEAMS

Active beams contain a supply air

plenum making heat transfer more
effective due to forced convection.
Primary air is supplied directly into
the plenum where it exits via nozzles
along its length. Air leaving the
nozzles induces room air through the
heat exchanger.

PASSIVE CHILLER BEAMS

Heat transfer of passive beams occurs mainly by natural convection with a minor part
by radiation. Warm room air in contact with the cooled surface of the heat exchanger
flows downwards through the beam into the room. Passive chilled beams are not
connected to the ventilation system and can be positioned fully exposed, recessed
within a suspended ceiling or above a perforated ceiling. Supply air can be introduced
either from high or low level.

MULTI SERVICE CHILLER BEAMS

QUESTIONS
1. What is the need of ventilation in a building? Write a short note on natural and
mechanical ventilation.
2. How will you incorporate mechanical ventilation in buildings?
3. How natural and traditional means of ventilation are helpful to us and how they are
considered in our design process?