Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2012
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Jurandir Primo, PE
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1.0 - INTRODUCTION:
The ASME Code is a forest of mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, non-mandatory guidance
construction activities, calculations and technical formulae. Every day a student or a professional is looking
for a short and timely handbook with practical information and comprehensive calculations the way he can
conclude a work without wasting too much his precious time. This is the main subject of this sketch.
The ASME Code is divided into eleven sections and each of them, deal with particular areas. However,
there are five sections of the ASME Code involved with the day by day to manufacture Pressure Vessels, as
described below:
The Section I Power Boilers provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric,
and miniature boilers; high temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in
locomotive, portable, and traction service
The Section II Materials is divided into four parts:
The Part A: Ferrous Material Specifications - Quality, Chemical Composition, Tensile Requirements, etc.
The Part B: Nonferrous Material Specifications.
The Part C: Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals.
The Part D: Properties for Ferrous Materials.
The Section V - Nondestructive Examination determines the Rules and the procedures for: Radiographic,
Ultrasonic, Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particles and Leak Testing.
The Section VIII Pressure Vessels is divided into three divisions:
Division 1 - Provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification
of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
Division 2 - Alternative Rules, provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing,
and certification of pressure vessels operating at internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig. These rules
cover only vessels to be installed in a fixed location for a specific service where operation and maintenance
control is retained during the useful life of the vessel, by the user, who prepares or causes to be prepared the
design specifications.
Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels, provides requirements applicable to
the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or
external pressures generally above 10,000 psi.
The Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications provides requirements such as Procedure
Qualifications, the Qualification of Welders, Welding Operators and Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers,
and Welding and Brazing Operators.
Once any ASME Stamped Pressure Vessel is manufactured, it is checked, tested and approved by the ASME
Authorized Inspector, who review all the procedures and all the documentation and sign the Data Report
Form before to procedure to Stamp the name plate with the U or UM symbols, which means that the
Pressure Vessel fully complies with the ASME Code rules for construction of Pressure Vessels.
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The National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors uses the NB Symbol as well the R
Symbol to repair or to alter any previous Stamped Pressure Vessel.
Note: Professionals and students should be well versed in conversion practice. Many US customary unit
values presented in the ASME codes do not convert directly into metric values in the ASME editions.
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2. The ASME Academic Extract converts 5 in. to 127mm and in. is converted to 6.35 mm. The
ASME rounds 5 in. to 125 mm and in. to 6 mm. You may convert rounding the values.
(Imperial):
t=
2.75 x 580
2 (12700) + 580
+ 0.005(2.75) + 0
t = 0.075 in
t = 1.9 mm
= 0.075 in
Note: Where the manufacturing process produces only standard plate thickness, so should be used 1/8 in
(3.2 mm) minimum.
2011 Jurandir Primo
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(imperial)
P = 15000 x [(2 x 0.19) - (0.01 x 2.95) - (2 x 0)]
2.95 [0.19 (0.005 x 0.19)] - 0
P = 15000 x
0.38 - 0.0295
2.95 - (0.19 - 0.00095)
P = 1904 psi
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and
and
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t =
3.4 Example: Thin Cylindrical Shells when P < 0.385SE, or, 0.385SE > P
A vertical boiler is constructed of SA-515-60 material in accordance with the requirements of Section VIII-1.
Given:
The inside diameter is 2440 mm [96 in]
The internal design pressure is 690 kPa [0.69 Mpa = [~100 psi] at 230C [446 F].
The corrosion allowance is 3 mm (0.125 in)
The joint welding efficiency is 0.85
Calculate the required thickness of the shell if the allowable stress is 138 MPa [20,000 psi].
Solution:
Equation 1.3 - for circumferential stress (longitudinal joints), when P < 0.385SE =
0.69 MPa < 0.385 x 138 MPa x 0.85 = 45.16 MPa
Then, 0.69 MPa (P) < 45.16 Mpa (0.385SE), or, ~100 psi < 6550 psi
The inside radius in a corroded condition is equal to - R = 1220 + 3 = 1223 mm [48.15 in].
t=
PR
+ corrosion allowance
(SE - 0.6P)
t=
0.69 x (1220 + 3)
(138 x 0.85) - (0.6 x 0.69)
+3
t = 10.22 mm = 0.402 in
The calculated thickness must be less than 0.5R = 0.5 x 1220 mm = 610 mm
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t = 13.34 in
3.5.1 - Example: Thick Cylindrical Shells when P < 0.385SE, or, 0.385SE > P
Calculate the required shell thickness of an accumulator with P = 52.75 MPa [7650 psi], R = 45.7
cm [18 in], S = 138 MPa [20000 psi], and E = 1.0. Assume corrosion allowance = 0.
Solution:
Thick cylindrical shells when P > 0.385SE = 0.385 x 138 x 1.0 = 53.13 MPa > 52.75 MPa (P).
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Including a manufacturer's allowance of 12.5%. Therefore, 7.95 1.125 = 8.94 mm [~0.35 in].
4.1.1 - Example: Steam Piping - Using the Outside Diameter
Calculate the maximum allowable working pressure for a seamless steel pipe of material SA-209-T1. The
nominal pipe size is 323.9 mm [12.75 in] (~12 in. pipe) with a wall thickness of 11.85 mm [0.46 in]. The
operating temperature is 450C [842F]. The pipe is plain ended. Assume that the material is austenitic steel.
Note: Check PG-6 and PG-9 for materials before starting calculations; the information will direct you to the
correct stress table in ASME Section II, Part D. The material SA-209-T1 is alloy steel.
Solution: Use equation 2.2.
In cylindrical vessels, the stress set up by the pressure on the longitudinal joints is equal to twice the stress
on the circumferential joints.
2011 Jurandir Primo
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DRUM
TUBESHEET
Note:
This is a common example of a water tube drum fabricated from two plates of different thickness. The
material SA-515-60 is carbon steel plate.
Solution:
This example has two parts:
a) The drum - consider the drum to be plain with no penetrations.
a)Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R).
SE (t - C)
Drum P = R + (1 - y) (t - C)
Where:
S = 115 MPa [16600 psi] - SA-515-60 at 300C [572F])
E = 1.0
t = 38 mm [1.49 in]
C=0
R = 500 mm [19.68 in] (Drum)
y = 0.4 (ferritic steeel less than 480 C [896F])
115 x 1.0 (38 - 0)
Drum P =
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Note: In cylindrical vessels, the stress set up by the pressure on the longitudinal joints is equal to twice the
stress on the circumferential joints.
b) The tubesheet - consider the drum to have penetrations for boiler tubes.
b) Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R).
Where:
S = 115 MPa [16600 psi] - SA-515-60 at 300C [572F])
E = 0.56 (circumferential stress = 30% and longitudinal stress = 56%; therefore, 0.56 < 2 x 0.30)
t = 59.5 mm [2.34 in]
C=0
R = 475 mm [18.7 in] (for the tubesheet).
y = 0.4 (ferritic steel less than 480C [896F])
Note: The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) is based on the lowest number.
Where:
t = minimum thickness of head (mm, in).
P = maximum allowable working pressure (MPa,psi).
L = radius (mm) to which the head is dished on the concave side.
S = maximum allowable working stress (MPa, psi).
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Paragraph PG-29.2 states: "The radius to which the head is dished shall be not greater than the outside
diameter of the flanged portion of the head. Where two radii are used, the longer shall be taken as the
value of L in the formula.
5.2 Example: Segment of a Spherical Dished Head
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, blank unstayed dished head having pressure on the concave side.
The head has a diameter of 1085 mm [42.7 in] and is a segment of a sphere with a dish radius of 918 mm
[36.1 in]. The maximum allowable working pressure is 2500 kPa [2.5 Mpa = 362 psi] and the material
is SA-285 A. The temperature does not exceed 250C [482F]. State if this thickness meets Code.
Solution: Use equation 3.1.
Therefore, to determine if this head thickness meets the Code, the minimum thickness of the piping
must be calculated.
Use equation 2.1.
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This thickness is for a blank head. PG-29.3 requires this thickness to be increased by 15% or 3.0 mm,
whichever is greater. As 17.088 0.15 = 2.56 mm [0.1 in] is less than 3.0 mm [0.12 in], so the thickness
must be increased by 3.0 mm [0.12 in].
Required head thickness = 17.088 + 3.0 = 20.088 mm [0.79 in] (Ans.)
5.4 Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head
The following equation applies to drums or headers with a full-hemispherical end. The thickness of a
blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head with the pressure on the concave side shall be calculated by the
following formula:
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Check if this thickness exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius: 190.5 0.356 = 67.8 mm [7.5 x 0.356 = 2.67
in]. It does not exceed 35.6%, therefore the thickness of the head meets Code requirements.
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Hemispherical Heads
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Torispherical Heads
Dished Discs
Toriconical Heads
and
and
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Solution: Since 0.665SE > P = 78 MPa [11313 psi] > 0.690 MPa [100 psi], use equation 3.4. The inside
radius in a corroded condition is equal to - R = 1220 + 3 = 1223 mm [48.15 in].
The calculated thickness is less than 0.356R; therefore, equation 3.4 is acceptable.
6.1.2 - Example: Spherical Shell
A spherical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 3048 mm [120 in] has a head thickness of 25.4
mm [1]. Determine the design pressure if the allowable stress is 113 MPa[~16400 psi]. Assume joint
efficiency E = 0.85. No corrosion allowance is stated to the design pressure.
Solution: Use equation 3.5 since t < 0.356R.
The calculated pressure is less than 0.665SE; therefore, equation 3.5 is acceptable.
6.1.3 - Example: Thick Hemispherical Head
Calculate the required hemispherical head thickness of an accumulator with P = 69 MPa [10007 psi], R =
460 mm [18.1 in], S = 103 MPa [~15000 psi], and E = 1.0. Corrosion allowance is 6 mm (0.25 in].
Solution: As 0.665SE < P= 68.495 MPa [9934 psi]< 69 MPa [10007 psi], use equation 3.6.
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This is the minimum thickness for fully corroded state. Total head thickness is 167.3 + 6 mm (corrosion
allowance) [6.58 + 0.125 in] = 173.3 mm [6.80 in] (Ans.).
6.2 Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads
The commonly used ellipsoidal head has a ratio of base radius to depth of 2:1 (shown in Fig. 2a). The actual
shape can be approximated by a spherical radius of 0.9D and a knuckle radius of 0.17D (shown in Fig.
2b.) The required thickness of 2:1 heads with pressure on the concave side is given in paragraph UG-32 (d).
Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1
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Dimensions:
Inside Diameter of Head (Di) 18.0 [in]
Inside Crown Radius (L) (18.0 x 0.9Di) [in]
Inside Knuckle Radius (ri) (18.0 x 0.17Di) [in]
Corrosion Allowance - 0.010 corr [in]
Straight Skirt Length (h) - 1.500 skirt [in]
Material and Conditions:
Material - SA-202 Gr. B Room Temperature.
Internal Pressure - 200 P [psi]
Allowable Stress - 20,000 S [psi]
Head Longitudinal Joint Efficiency - 0.85 E
Radius L - (18.0 x 0.9Di) = 16.20 [in]
Radius ri - (18.0 x 0.17Di) = 3.06 [in]
Variable:
L/r = L/ri = 16.2/3.06 = 5.29 [in]
a) Required Thickness:
t=
b) Maximum Pressure:
PD
+ corrosion allowance
2SE 0.2P
200 x 18
2 x 20,000 x 0.85 0.2 x 200
0.106 + 0.010 = 0.116 in
216 psi
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Note: Ellipsoidal heads and all torispherical heads made of materials having a specified min. tensile
strength > 80 000 psi shall be designed using a value of S = 20 000 psi at room temperature and reduced in
proportion to the reduction in max. allowable stress values at temperature for the material (see UG-23).
6.3 - Torispherical Heads
Shallow heads, commonly referred to as flanged and dished heads (F&D heads), can be built according to
paragraph UG-32 (e). A spherical radius L of 1.0.D and a knuckle radius r of 0.06.D, as shown in Fig. 4,
approximates the most common F&D heads.
FIGURE 4: Torispherical Head
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and
0.885PL
SE - 0.1P
t=
0.885(350)(78)
(11,200)(0.85) (0.1)(350)
= 2.54
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L = Di/(2 cos )
L = Outside spherical or crown radius
Di = Internal diameter of conical portion = D -2 r (1- cos )
r = Inside knuckle radius
ASME B31.1 Power Piping & ASME B31.3 Process Piping:
Many professionals are confused about the difference between ASME B31.1 and ASME B31.3.
a) The ASME B31.1 Code defines procedures for power piping. It is intended to cover the fuel gas and oil
systems, electric power generating stations, geothermal heating systems, central heating systems and cooling
plants.
b) The ASME B31.3 Code defines procedures for process piping. It is intended to cover petroleum
refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants
and terminals.
7.2 Resume of Pressure Vessels Formulae ASME Section II, Table 1A:
OBS.:
D = Shell/Head Inside Diameter, E = Weld Joint Efficiency (0.7 -1.0), L = Crown Radius, P = Internal Pressure, h =
Inside Depth of Head, r = Knuckle Radius, R = Shell/Head Inside Radius, S = Allowable Stress, t = Shell/Head
Thickness.
2011 Jurandir Primo
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7.3 Resume of Maximum Allowable Stress (for the most common materials).
a) Carbon and Low Alloy Steels:
References:
ASME B31.1 - Power Piping
ASME-B31.3 - Process Piping
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings at: http://mss-hq.org;
American Petroleum Institute at: www.api.org;
Engineering Tool Box at: www.engineeringtoolbox.com;
Pipe Flow Calculations at: www.pipeflowcalculations.com;
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