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Al Tamayoz School
Cover
Fig. 1 These are the same type of plant, growing in slightly different
soil. Some flowers are blue, some are pink, and some are violet.
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Key terms
Al Tamayoz School
Key terms
Term
Definition
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Acid, Acidic
Base, Basic
Chemical
Reaction
Decant
Dissolve
Indicator
Indigestion
Neutral
Neutralization
Ph Scale
Pixel
Precipitate
Salt
Sodium
Chloride
Solution
Sour
Tooth Decay
Universal
Al Tamayoz School
Getting Started
Definitions
Chemical reaction: A process where substances change
chemically.
Precipitate: A solid substance that has been separated from
a liquid.
You learned about chemical reactions in Grade 7
Put a tick next to the things that are evidence of a
chemical reaction:
1. Fizzing [ ]
2. A gas forms [ ]
3. Color change [ ]
4. A precipitate forms [ ]
5. Temperature increase [ ]
6. Temperature decrease [ ]
7. You dont see anything happen []
8. The book tells you there is a reaction [ ]
Fig. 2 Fireworks are chemical reactions where a lot of heat and light
is given off.
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Al Tamayoz School
Activity 1.1
Definitions
Dissolve: If a solid dissolves, it mixes with a liquid and
becomes part of it.
Solution: The mixture that is made when a solid has
dissolved in a liquid.
Equipment: Vinegar, baking soda, small beaker, spatula,
glass rod, warm water?
What to do:
1. Baking soda is a base. Use a spatula to put a little baking
soda into a beaker. Pour in a little warm water. Stir with the
glass rod until the baking soda dissolves
2. Add a couple of drops of water to your baking soda
solution. Do you observe anything?
3. Now pour in a few drops of vinegar, which is an acid.
What do you observe? Write down what happens when you
add vinegar to the baking soda solution.
In Activity 1.1:
Notice that the baking soda solution fizzes when vinegar is
added. What does the presence of fizzing tell us? This is
evidence that a chemical reaction has taken place.
You observed a reaction between an acid and a base.
Vinegar is an acid, and the baking soda solution is a base.
In this unit
We will look at what acids and bases are and how they react
with each other.
We will think about how understanding acids and bases is
useful to us.
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Al Tamayoz School
Questions:
1 What do you think this symbol means?
poisonous
eats away
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Al Tamayoz School
Questions:
1 This symbol means the chemical can:
a- damage skin
b- set on fire
c- stain clothing
poisonous
eats away
b- flammable
c- corrosive
b- wear gloves
c- wear a helmet
b- to make them
cheaper
c- to make them
safer
b- it dissolves the
predator
c- it stops the
predator attacking
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Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Sour: A taste which you will know from lemons. It
sometimes makes you narrow your eyes when you taste
something sour!
Equipment: Litmus paper, strips (red and blue), the
substances below to test.
Sour
Not Sour
Not Sour
Substance
Sour
What to do:
You have probably tasted most of these substances.
Remember the last time you tasted each one. Which ones
taste sour?
Substance
1. Lemon juice
Lemon juice .1
2. Tomato juice
Tomato juice .2
Soap* .3
3. Soap*
4. Vinegar
5. Toothpaste
6. Milk
Vinegar
.4
Toothpaste
.5
Milk
.6
Plain yogurt .8
8. Plain yogurt
Fig. 3:
Lemons taste sour.
In this unit
We will look at what acids and bases are and how they react
with each other.
We will think about how understanding acids and bases is
useful to us.
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Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Acid, acidic: Acids turn blue litmus paper red. We say these
substances are acidic
Base, basic: Bases turn red litmus paper blue. We say these
substances are basic.
Equipment: same.
What to do:
1. Touch each substance with a strip of blue litmus paper
and then a strip of red litmus paper.
2. What happens to each strip of litmus paper?
Observation
For each box in Table 1, write stays blue, turns red,
stays red or turns blue.
Substance
Blue
litmus
Red
litmus
Red
litmus
Lemon juice
Tomato juice
Soap*
Vinegar
Toothpaste
Milk
Baking soda solution
Plain yogurt
What is the connection between your answers about taste
and the results with the litmus paper?
In Arabic, we use the same word for acid as the word we use
every day for sour food, .
Some yogurts may not change the color of the blue litmus
paper. Did you think yogurt had a sour taste? Some yogurts
taste sourer than others.
Some acids are more acidic than others. Some bases are
more basic than others.
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Blue
litmus
Substance
Lemon juice
Tomato juice
Soap*
Vinegar
Toothpaste
Milk
Baking soda solution
Plain yogurt
Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Indicator: An indicator shows whether a substance is an
acid or a base. Litmus paper is an indicator.
Decant: If a solid is heavier than the liquid, you can separate
the two by pouring out the liquid slowly. This leaves the
solid behind.
Equipment: 250 g chopped red cabbage, large beaker,
conical flask, funnel, filter paper, kettle and water.
You are going to make your own indicator solution.
You can use it to test whether something is an acid or a base.
What to do:
1. Boil 1 liter of water in the kettle. Put the
chopped cabbage into the beaker. Add enough
hot water to cover the cabbage. Leave the
beaker for at least 20 minutes.
2. Now decant the liquid contents of the
beaker through a filter paper and funnel into
the conical flask. This is your indicator
solution. The filter will keep any smaller
particles out of the indicator solution. Throw
away the cabbage
3. Write down the color of your solution. Is it
the same as the color of the cabbage?
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Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Universal: Something that is true everywhere and at all times.
pH scale: A numerical scale for describing how acidic or basic a
substance is.
Equipment: Homemade indicator, 8 test tubes, test tube rack, a
pipette, a piece of white card, Liquid substances to test: vinegar
lemon juice baking soda solution indigestion tablets (calcium
carbonate) liquid soap distilled water sparkling mineral water
In this activity you will be using the indicator which you have
made.
What to do:
1. Pour some indicator into each test tube. Each test tube should
have about a 2 cm depth of indicator in it.
2. Now add a few drops of vinegar to the first test tube. In Table 2
(opposite) write down what you observe.
Substance added
Color of indicator
Color of indicator
vinegar
lemon juice
baking soda solution
indigestion tablets
(calcium carbonate)
liquid soap
distilled water
mineral water
Substance added
vinegar
lemon juice
baking soda solution
indigestion tablets
(calcium carbonate)
liquid soap
distilled water
mineral water
Observation
1. Add a few drops of each test liquid to a test tube. In Table 2
write down what you observe.
2. Hold up the test tube containing liquid against a white
background. This lets you see the color clearly. This will also
make it easier to compare colors.
Universal indicator and pH
Your indicator worked when showing which substances were acids
and which bases. You looked at some stronger and weaker acids
and bases, and saw slightly different colors.
Universal indicator shows known colors for acids and bases.
By comparing the color to a chart, you can see how acidic or
basic a substance is.
Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Neutral: Neither acidic nor basic. Distilled water is neutral..
Equipment: 7 strips of universal indicator paper, 7 test tubes, test
tube rack, a pencil, spatula, glue, Substances to test: vinegar
lemon juice baking soda solution ground-up, indigestion
tablets (calcium carbonate) liquid soap distilled water
sparkling mineral water
In this activity You will find out the pH of various substances.
What to do:
1. Draw a table with four columns, and eight rows. Your table
should take up a piece of A4 paper. Make sure there is plenty of
space in the fourth column. Your table should be a little like this:
Substance
pH
Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Neutralization: A reaction between an acid and a base which leaves a
neutral product.
Equipment: Homemade indicator solution, vinegar, baking soda,
small beaker, glass rod, spatula, pipette, warm water
In this activity You will be repeating Activity 1.1. But this time, you
will add the vinegar more slowly, and use your homemade indicator to
observe what is happening..
Before you begin, discuss these questions in your group.
Will the baking soda solution be an acid, a base or neutral? What
color will the indicator show?
When you add vinegar, what color will the indicator show?
What color is the homemade indicator solution, before you start?
.
What to do:
1. Use a spatula to put a little baking soda into a beaker.
Pour in a little warm water. Stir until the baking soda
has dissolved. Add a few drops of your indicator
solution.
2. What color is the content of the beaker?
.
3. Use a pipette to add a few drops of vinegar. When the
fizzing stops, add more vinegar. Continue adding a few
drops of vinegar, and waiting for the fizzing to stop.
.
4. After the fizzing stops each time, look at the color of
the content of the beaker. What do you notice?
.
5. Continue to add the vinegar. After a while, the fizzing
will stop. Why do you think this is?
.
.
.
6. Add a few more drops of vinegar. What color are the
contents of the beaker now?
.
Activity 3.1 shows a chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
What is left is a neutral mixture. We say that neutralization has
happened.
Put a tick in the box.
When you added just a little vinegar (before the fizzing stopped), was
the mixture in the beaker acidic, neutral or basic?
acidic [ ]
neutral [ ]
basic [ ]
When you added just enough vinegar for the fizzing to stop, was the
mixture in the beaker acidic, neutral or basic?
acidic [ ]
neutral [ ]
basic [ ]
When you added a little more vinegar, was the mixture in the
beaker acidic, neutral or basic?
acidic [ ]
neutral [ ]
basic [ ]
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Al Tamayoz School
Other examples of
neutralization
Definitions
Salt: Neutralization always produces a salt. Sodium chloride and
sodium sulfate are both examples of salts.
Sodium chloride: The salt that we eat and can taste in the sea. It
is important for living things.
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Worksheet 1.3a
Al Tamayoz School
The acid usually has acid as part of its name. The base is
often a hydroxide. Water is always water!
The salt takes the first part of its name from the base (in the
examples above, this is sodium). It takes the second part
from the acid: hydrochloric acid makes a chloride; sulfuric
acid makes a sulfate; nitric acid makes a nitrate.
Cut out these cards and rearrange them to make some
neutralization reactions. For each equation you need four
chemical names, two + signs and one arrow.
lithium chloride
hydrochloric acid
sodium fluoride
potassium hydroxide
sulfuric acid
sodium chloride
potassium nitrate
hydrofluoric acid
lithium nitrate
Water
lithium fluoride
+
+
potassium sulfate
nitric acid
sodium citrate
lithium hydroxide
potassium chloride
sodium sulfate
potassium fluoride
sodium hydroxide
sodium nitrate
lithium sulfate
What was the name of the salt you didnt need?
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Al Tamayoz School
The acid usually has acid as part of its name. The base is
often a hydroxide. Water is always water!
The salt takes the first part of its name from the base (in the
examples above, this is sodium). It takes the second part
from the acid: hydrochloric acid makes a chloride; sulfuric
acid makes a sulfate; nitric acid makes a nitrate.
Cut out these cards and rearrange them to make some
neutralization reactions. For each equation you need four
chemical names, two + signs and one arrow.
hydrochloric acid
lithium chloride
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
sodium hydroxide
lithium hydroxide
lithium nitrate
lithium sulfate
sodium sulfate
sodium chloride
Water
sodium nitrate
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Neutralization Applications-
Al Tamayoz School
Indigestion
Definitions
Indigestion: Pain caused when stomach acid rises from the
stomach.
1-Indigestion
Our stomachs produce acid to help digest our
food. Stomach acid can move up from the
stomach and cause indigestion.
Many indigestion tablets are made from
calcium carbonate.
Look back at your work in Activity 2.3 and
2.4. Use the words in the box below to explain
how indigestion tablets work.
acid
base
neutralize stomach
Indigestion is caused by
produced in the .
This normally helps digest food, but it can
escape from the stomach and cause discomfort
when it rises up the food pipe between the
mouth and the stomach.
Calcium carbonate is a , so it
can the acid and reduce
indigestion.
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Al Tamayoz School
Neutralization Applications-
Definitions
Tooth decay: Damage to a tooth caused by acid in the
mouth.
2-Tooth decay
You know that it is important to clean your teeth.
But why?
The answer is that brushing removes food
particles, and food particles contain sugar.
Bacteria known as plaque live on our teeth and
feed on the sugar in our mouths. When they do
this, they produce an acid which causes tooth
decay.
Brushing your teeth removes food particles. How
does this reduce tooth decay?
...
...
...
You found in Activity 1.2 that toothpaste is basic.
This means that toothpaste reduces tooth decay.
Can you explain this?
...
...
...
3-Gardening
Acids and bases in the soil affect how plants grow.
Sometimes, gardeners add calcium carbonate to the soil.
Al Tamayoz School
Garden soil
Shaikhah has a rectangular plot in her garden. She wants to grow
some vegetables and fruit in the plot and has tested the soil.
Some of the soil is acidic and some alkaline (basic), as shown in
the diagram.
Melon
67
Questions
1 Use the information in the table to plan Shaikhahs garden.
Choose the best place to construct a path and add to your design.
Label your diagram or make a key to show which plants are
growing where.
2 Shaikhah would like more space to grow cucumbers and
eggplants. She has seen these products in the local garden centre
Garden lime
Garden sulfur
Garden lime
Garden sulfur
use 1 kg per 8 m2
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Eggplant
56
Squash
67
Lavender
78
Sweet potato
55.5
Al Tamayoz School
Garden soil
Khalid has a rectangular plot in her garden. He wants to grow
lavender and roses in the garden.
Lavender grows well in soil with pH 78.
Roses grow well in soil with pH 67.
Questions
1 Complete these sentences.
The pH tells us how . or alkaline the soil is.
Lavender prefers . soil and roses prefer
. soil. Khalid should plant lavender in plot
. and roses in plot .
2 Khalid would like more space to grow more roses. He has seen
these products in the local garden centre.
Garden lime
Garden sulfur
Garden lime
Garden sulfur
use 1 kg per 8 m2
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Al Tamayoz School
Definitions
Pixel: The smallest unit of an image.
S9: M: Construct S9: D: Construct S9: E: Construct
an appropriate
a chart to display an appropriate
and complete
data.
chart to display
chart to display
data.
data.
1- Your Team Presentation Task
Your team task is to use the results from your activities in this unit
to produce a color chart for your own indicator.
You might want to prepare test tubes of the indicator mixed with
the different acids and bases, and photograph them against a white
background.
You can use image-editing software (such as Photoshop) to
sample the color of the pixels in each photo and produce your
chart.
When you sample the pixels, you should judge by eye whether the
color you have sampled is right. If not, sample again from
somewhere else in your photo.
Compare the results with a universal indicator to work out
the pH represented by each color.
Present your chart with examples of acids and bases for each
color. How accurate do you think your chart is?
7 Science I have learned in this unit
Acidic foods taste sour (do not taste an acid unless your
teacher says it is safe).
Basic foods taste bitter (do not taste a base unless your teacher
says it is safe).
A bitter taste is a sharp taste it is different from a sour taste.
The pH scale is a numerical scale for describing how acidic or
basic a substance is. It shows the strength of an acid or base.
Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn blue litmus paper red.
Bases have a pH more than 7. They turn red litmus paper blue.
Neutral substances are neither acids nor bases. They have a pH
of 7.
Neutral substances do not change the color of red or blue
litmus paper.
Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base that
makes a salt.
Indigestion tablets are basic. They neutralize stomach acid.
Toothpaste is basic. It neutralizes acid that damages teeth.
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Al Tamayoz School
E
Skill Learning Outcome
Missions
What are your targets for improvement? Select two Learning
Outcomes to focus on and set yourself a target. For example, if
you have reached developing, what do you need to do next time
to achieve mastery?
Learning Outcomes
Target
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