Griffith School of Engineering

Nathan Campus

7411ENG Water and Wastewater Treatment Fundamentals

Semester 1, 2016
Project-based Assessment
April 21, 2016
Submitted to: Qilin Wang

Student Name: Anjan Khanal

Student No: S2930724

Principles for Plant design:

1. Plant area: Plant ought not to be long way from the water source and the fundamental
reservoirs as the pine line expense will increase.
2. Recognizing best Water source: As Bharatpur is associated with Narayani and Rapati Rivers
and the ground water level is high. Both of water sources can be utilized.
3. Water quality check: It is essential to recognize the nature of water that is to be cleaned so that
everybody will be acquainted with the impurities to be evacuated and the techniques to so.
(Major removals involves natural matter like sands, different sediments and minerals like
manganese and iron)
4. Observing: Plant is planned in a manner that the water treated is checked for quality after each
treatment organize in order to ascertain the treatment viability. So when water leaves the plant it
ought to be ideal for drinking.
5. Full Capacity of treating water: The plant ought to have ability to treat more than twice the
water city needs in a day. Furthermore, the limit can be stretched out up to 4 times if required.
6. Capacity of storage reservoir: The on location reservoir ought to have limit as much a city
needs water for a day as though there is any issue in primary supply, the procedure ought not to
stop and an option procedure can be utilized.
7. Extra Infrastructure: Extra backup is required as if there should be an occurrence initial filter
screens with the goal that one can be cleaned when other being used.
8. Chemicals Addition: Perfect measures of chemicals must to be utilized like chlorine,
ammonia, fluoride, potash and so forth as less or more may turn out to create a problem.
Water Sources Characteristics:
As expressed over the natural sources of water are from dual rivers Narayani and Rapati and the
ground water .The ground water level in this area is high and could be utilized as the source for
treatment. Water sources are the waterways which are ceaselessly streaming so can be utilized as
the lasting source. The water in these waterways comes from the mountains so the water quality
is not awful. The significant contaminations are sediments, natural matters and minerals.
Assumptions
From the year 10 to year 15, the population growth gradually decreases each percentage. ie, from
a 10% growth rate in year 10 to a 5% growth rate in the end of year 15.
There is the presence of a pure drinking water reservoir nearby the water treatment plant.
Water is not only required for domestic purposes, but also industrial and agricultural purposes.

The water shares for the different sectors are assumed as:
Domestic 50%
Agriculture 40%
Industry 8%
Others 2%
From Nepalese Bureau of statistics, 550 kL per capita water consumption is assumed in the new
city considering the future development too, to be developed.
It is assumed that two independent power supplies are available for the plant. However, backup
power generators also exist.
Here we use the Mean Day of the Maximum Month (MDMM) method. This is typically 1.5
times the average day.
Per capita water usage per day = 550/365 = 1506litres per day.
But as this accounts to just 20% when considering the total consumption (considering agriculture
and industry), the total consumption = 1506*2 = 3012litres per day.
Total population:
Initially: 5000
Rate of population growth until the tenth year: 10
Number of year: 10
Population at the end of tenth year: 5000(1+10/100)10 = 12970
Population growth from 10th year to 15th year is assumed to decline as 5%.
Thus, Population at the end of 15th year: 12970(1+5/100)5 = 16553
Quantity of water used by 16553 people at the rate of 8080 L/day = 3012*16553
= 49.8Mega Liters per day.
= 49800 cu.meter per day.
Population at the end of 20th year: 16553(1+5/100)5 = 21126
Quantity of water used by 21126 people at the rate of 8080 L/day = 3012*21126
= 63.6Mega Liters per day.

= 63600 cu.meter per day.

Design of Sedimentation Tank:
Sedimentation tanks are required to expel the coarseness and sand from the water from the
supply. For that, settling speed and overflow rate must be computed.
Now for the design of water treatment plant in respect to the population of 15 year is as follows:
Qfuture = Population future * Consumption future
Thus, Qfuture = 16553* 3012
= 49.8Mega Liters per day.
= 49800 cu.meter per day.
= 2075 cu.meter/ hour
We assume that the flow is laminar,
Then settling velocity,

Where, the higher density is the particle density and the lower one that of water.
D is the particle diameter.
: the kinematic viscosity of water = 1.002*10-3 Ns/m2 at 20C.
Assume the average diameter of the sand particles to be .03mm and its density to be 2600kg/m3.
As all the values are given, substituting the value for the settling velocity
Vs = 9.81(2600-1000)/(18*1.002*10-3 )*(0.03*10-3 )
3.6*10-4 m/s.
Thus Overflow rate = Settling velocity = 3.6*10-4 m/s
= 31.1 m/day
=31m3/m2day.
Assume 9 sedimentation tanks,
Flow per tank = Q/7 = 2075/9 = 230 cu.meter/hour

= .064cu.meter/second
But, V0 = Q/As = Q/w*l
As= Q/V0
= .064/3.6*10^-4
=177sq.meter.
W : width of the tank
L : length of the tank
Assume the width to length ratio to be 1:4,
Thus As = W*4W
As = 4W2 = 177
This gives W = 6.65meters and L = 26.60 meters.
We assume a detention time of 4 hours here.
The height of the tank, H = t*V0
= (4*31)/24
H= 5.16meters.
Thye horizontal velocity ,Vh = Q/(W*H)
= .064/(6.65*5.16)
= 0.01865m/s
= 1.11meter/minute.
Thus, Volume of the tank = Q*td.
= .064*(30*60)
= 115.2m3.
The weir loading rate : RWL = Q/Perimeter
= Q/2(W+L)
= 230/2(6.65+26.60)

= 3.45(m3/m)/day
= 115(m3/m)/day.
Design of the sand filtration bed:
Total capacity of the plant : 2075cubic meter per hour.
Assuming a filtration rate of 9 meter per hour, and the area of the filter bed to be 10m*5m,
Number of filters required:
Filtration Rate, Rf = Q/Stotal.
Stotal = Number of filters * Area of one filter
Area of one filter = 10*5 =50 sq.meter
Rf = 2075/(50*number of filters)
9 = 2075/(50*number of filters)
Number of filters = 2075/(50*9)
= 4.61 ~ 5 sand filters.
PROCESS FLOW SHEET

1: The water is pumped from the Narayani and Rapati River with pipeline to the major
sedimentation tanks. High power water pumps are utilized for this process.

2 : In the sedimentation tanks, the water is kept unmoving for 3 hours, which is the detention
time of the tank, and the overwhelming particles like dirt, mud, sand, residue and so forth are
made to accumulate in the base and after that evacuated by utilizing another pump.
3: The remaining pollutions are evacuated by the accompanying thickening tanks. A thickening
synthetic can be added to the water so that all the polluting influences get connected each other
to shape a knot. This is then expelled from the tank.
4 : The following step is the disolved air floatation. Little air pockets are infused from the base of
the water level at a high weight. This air bubbles get joined themselves to the coarse and even
the fine particles and they glide as they are went with the light air bubbles. The top layer of the
water is isolated from the base layer so that clearer water free of coarse particles is secured.
5 : Sand filtration: the base layer of water originating from the air floatation chamber passes
through a bed of fine and immaculate sand. The sand layer goes about as a fine sifter (or
channel) and hinders the finest pollutions in the water. The sand bed is completely backwashed
to make it clean in order to utilize it once more.
6 : Next, the pH level of the water is controlled in order to ensure that it is consumable. Lime can
be added to the water to adjust the pH level.
7: The following step is sterilization. In this stage, Chlorine is included for the sterilization
process.
The processes 5 and 6 keep the erosion of the channels which is created because of consistent
water pumping and scale development which expands the support cost.
8: This is the last procedure of the water treatment process in which Chlorine and Ammonia is
added to the water to make Mono chloramines. These mono chloramines have the merit of being
held in the water for a more extended time than typical chlorine. Fluorine can likewise be
included exact amount as a dental wellbeing measure.
Waste water treatment:
The waste water from steps 2, 3 and 4 is gathered in a radial machine to further press out
immaculate water from it. The immaculate water is bolstered back to the framework while the
strong residue like mud and sand is saved over the area. These debasements are good fertilizers
that can be utilized for horticulture purposes.