Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Page No.
1. ACADEMIC CALENDAR
2. ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
45
89
137
6. CONTROL SYSTEMS
184
7. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
233
Analog communications
COURSE
FILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Analog Communications
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course will provide students with the theoretical underpinnings of Analog
Communications, allowing them to work out quantitative values and theoretical descriptions for case
examples in Analog Communications.
Students completing this course should be able to:
Develop and compare the functional blocks and performance parameters of amplitude and angle
modulation and demodulation for communication systems.
Page 4
SYLLABUS
Analog Communications
Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION : Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation, Amplitude Modulation, Definition, Time
domain and frequency domain description, power relations in AM waves, Generation of AM waves, square law Modulator,
Switching modulator, Detection of AM Waves; Square law detector, Envelope detector.
UNIT II
DSB MODULATION : Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, time domain and frequency domain description,
Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators, Ring Modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves,
COSTAS Loop. Radio Transmitters-Classification of Transmitters, AM transmitter block diagram and explanation of each
block.
UNIT III
SSB MODULATION: Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method for generation of AM SSB
Modulated Wave, Time domain description, Phase discrimination method for generating AM SSB Modulated waves.
Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side band modulation: Frequency description, Generation of VSB Modulated wave,
Time domain description, Envelope detection of a VSB Wave pulse Carrier, Comparison of AM Techniques, Applications
of different AM Systems.
UNIT IV
ANGLE MODULATION CONCEPTS: Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency modulation,
Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM, Constant Average Power, Transmission
bandwidth of FM Wave-Comparison of FM a & AM systems.
UNIT V
ANGLE MODULATION METHODS:
Generation of FM Waves: Direct Method: Parametric Variation Method: Varactor Diode, Reactance Modulator, Indirect
method: Armstrong Method, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector, Phase
locked loop, Foster Seeley Discriminator, Ratio detector, FM transmitter block diagram and explanation of each block.
UNIT VI
NOISE : Noise in Analog communication System, Noise in DSB& SSB System, Noise in AM System, Noise in Angle
Modulation System, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System, Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis
UNIT VII
RECEIVERS : Radio Receiver - Receiver Types - Tuned radio frequency receiver, Superhetrodyne receiver, RF section
and Characteristics - Frequency changing and tracking, Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Comparison with AM
Receiver, Amplitude limiting.
UNIT VIII
PULSE MODULATION :Types of Pulse modulation, PAM (Single polarity, double polarity) PWM: Generation &
demodulation of PWM, PPM, Generation and demodulation of PPM
TEXTBOOKS :
1. Principles of Communication Systems H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH, 2007 3rd Edition.
2. Principles of Communication Systems - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2nd Ed.,.
REFERENCES :
1. Electronics & Communication System George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH 2004.
2. Analog Communications-KN Hari Bhat & Ganesh Rao, Pearson Publications, 2nd Edition-2008.
3. Communication Systems Second Edition R.P. Singh, SP Sapre, TMH, 2007.
4. Communication Systems- B.P.Lathi, BS Publication, 2006
WEBSITES: 1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
2) http://www.rfdesign.com
JOURNALS
1) International Journal of Digital & Analog Communication Systems
Page 6
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Analog Communications
LECTURE PLAN
Analog Communications
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
S.No
No of
Periods
Method of
Teaching
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board & OHP
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
OHP
OHP
Black board
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Black board
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OHP
Black board
Page 10
Analog Communications
Lecture Plan
Black board
Black board
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Black board
Black board
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OHP
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OHP
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Black board
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OHP
Black board
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Black board
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Page 11
Analog Communications
54
Animations of FM de modulation
55
Solving previous question papers
UNIT-6: NOISE
56
Noise in Analog communication System- Nois in DSB& SSB System
57
Noise in AM System
58
Noise in Angle Modulation System
59
Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System
60
Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis
61
Animations of FM de modulation
62
Solving previous question papers
UNIT-7: RADIO RECEIVERS
63
Radio Receiver - Receiver Types
64
Tuned radio frequency receiver
65
Superhetrodyne receiver- RF section and Characteristics
66
Frequency changing and tracking, Intermediate frequency and AGC
67
FM Receiver
68
Comparison with AM Receiver, Amplitude limiting
69
Animations of Receivers
70
Solving previous question papers
UNIT-8PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES
71
Types of Pulse modulation
72
PAM (Single polarity)
73
PAM (double polarity)
74
Generation & demodulation of PWM
75
Generation and demodulation of PPM
76
Animations of PAM and PWM Modulation
77
Solving previous question papers
Lecture Plan
1
1
OHP
Black board
NPTEL
Previous question papers
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
OHP
Black board
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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OHP
OHP
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OHP
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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Page 12
NPTEL
Previous Question papers
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Analog Communications
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT: I
INTRODUCTION
UNIT: II
DSB MODULATION
UNIT: III
SSB MODULATION
After completing the lesson, the student will be able to:
UNIT: IV
Analog Communications
UNIT: V
Learning Objectives
UNIT: VI
NOISE
Define Noise
List types of Noise
Identify noise in Analog communication System
Calculate noise in various AM and FM systems
State Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System
Describe Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
UNIT: VII
RECEIVERS
UNIT: VIII
PULSE MODULATION
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
a)Amax +Amin/Amax+Amin.
b) Amax + Amin / Amax.
c)Amax Amin/Amax + Amin
d)A max Amin/ Amax
20. If the Modulation index is M then the ration of total sideband power to the total power in the
Modulated wave is ___
a)M2/ (2+M2)
b)M2 /(1 +M2)
c)M2 /(2-M2)
d)M2 / (1-M2)
21. The total power in the two side-frequencies of the resulting AM wave is only ___ of the total
power in the modulat3ed wave.
22. The recovering of Modulating signal from Modulated signal is called as ___
23. With modulation index m is the upper side frequency of lower side band frequency power is
___
24. The unmodulated carrier Amplitude is Ac and Modulating signal is m(t) then Modulated carrier
Amplitude is ___
a) m2 Ac2
b) m2 Ac2/8
c) m2 Ac2/2
d) m2 Ac2/4
25. The total radiated power due to AM with modulation index m and carrier power Pc is ___
a)Pc (1+m2 /4) b)Pc (1 + m2 /2)
c) Pc(1+m2) d)Pc(1+m2 /8)
26. The Amplitude Modulated signal is Ac(1 + 0.2cosmt) cosct, the modulation index of AM is
___
a)20%
b)40%
c) 80%
d)60%
27. Low power AM Modulators are ___
28. A carrier is simultaneously modulated by two sine waves with modulation indicates of 0.3 and
0.6 of the carrier power is 10Kw, the total modulated power will be ___
29. For a signal amplitude Modulated to a depth of 100% by a sinusoidal signal the power is ___ as
power of un-modulated carrier.
a) 1.5 time
b)2 times
c)same
d)2 times
30. AM is used for ___
a) Short radio wave Propagation
b) Medium-radio wave Propagation
c) long radio wave Propagation
d) a&b
ANSWERS
1)
2) d
Modula
3)
Pc
4)
X 100
tion
5)Short
6)
wave and
Excess
medium
bandwidt
wave
h and
propagatio
wastage
of power
16)per
volt
26)a
11) a
12)d
13)b
14)a
15)b
21)b
22)de 23)d
modul
ation
or
detect
ion
24)b
25)b
7) C
8)
9) A
Envelop
detection
10)
d
17)c
18)d
19)c
20)a
29)a
30)
27)Switchi 28)12.25
ng
KW
modulator
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
(b)PM
(c)DSB-SC (d)FM
2.
2)b
3)Point to
4) c
point
communication
8)b
9)d
10)d
11)b
UNIT-III: SSB MODULATION
1.The bandwidth of VSB is ___
a) fm-fv
b) fm + fv
c)fm fv
5)c(t) m(t)
6) b
12) c
13) c
7)a
d) none
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
a)5 KHz
b) 10KHz
c) 15 KHz
d) 20 KHz
The amplitude of the side band of SSB with carrier amplitude Ac and modulating amplitude
signal is Am
a) Ac Am
b)
c)
d)
25.
26.
If you want to extract lower side band from DSB, the frequency range of filter is ___
a) fc fm f fc
b) fc f fc + fc
c) fc f fc fm
d) fc +fm f fc
If you want extract upper side band from DSB, the frequency range of filter is
a) fc fm f fc
b) fc f fc + fc
c) fc f fc fm
d) fc +fm f fc
27.
ANSWERS
1)b
2) c
3)b
10)c
11)coherent
detection
12)for
frequency
multiplexing
19)b
20)c
21)a
4) line
5) a
communication
13) audio
14)c
signal
22)c
23)b
6) d
7) 83.3%
8)
15)b
16)a
24)a
25)c
26)a
9)b
Acms(t) sin
c t
27)b
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
39. FM signal is 10 cos (2105t + 15 sin 2100t) with Modulating signal, m(t) = 5 cos 2100t. Then
the FM bandwidth is ___
a) 0.1 KHz
b) 1 KHz
c) 3.2 KHz
d) 100 KHz
40. The maximum frequency deviation for NBFM is ___
a)l0K
b)15K
c)5K
d)20K
ANSWERS
1) Angle
2) a
modulation
11) 8
12) b
3) a
4) c
5) a
6) c
13) a
14) d
15) 16
16)
>> 1
7) Phase
modulation
17) Mobile
8) a
communication,
police wireless,
9) b
18)
19)
Radio
2
broadca
sting
10)
NBFM
20) c
ambulance, taxi
cabs, short range
VHF, ship to
shore
21) c
22) c
23) b
24) b
31) 0 to 5
K
32) 3
33) b
34) b
25) to
26) c
avoid the
distortion
due to
interfacing
signal
35) c
36) c
27) 5 KHz
28) a
29)
b
30) a
37) c
38) d
39) c 40)c
UNIT-V:ANGLEMODULATONMETHODS
1. Direct method for generating frequency modulated signal is using
a) FET
b) BJT
c) Varactor diode
d) All
2. 2. ln direct method of FM the electronic device is ___to tuned circuit
a) Series
b) Parallel
c) Both
d) None 1
3. For generating WBFM from MBFM the multiplication factors are
a)2&.3
b)2&.5
c)2&.4
d)4&.3
4. WBFM is generated using NBFM modulator by using ____ method
5. The slope detector is used for converting ___
a) FM to AM
b) A to FM c) FM to PM
d) PM to FM
6. Balanced slope detector uses___
a) single tuned circuit b) two tuned circuits
c) four tuned circuits d) three tuned circuits
7. The advantage of balanced slope detector is____
8. Drawback of slope detector is ____
9. Ratio detector is widely used as FM detector because of
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
2)b
9)d
17)b
10)Long
period
variationin
signal
strength
18)b
3)a
4)Filter
method
5)a
6)b
11)b
12)a
13)FasterSeley
14)a
19)b
20)a
21)b
22)c
7)avoidsthe
amplitude
variations
15)b
8)Amplitude
variations
16)a
UNIT-VI:NOISE
1. Base band communication system output signal to noise ratio is ____
a) PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO
c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
2. The output SNR of DSB is ___
a)PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO
c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
3. The output SNR of SSB is ___
a) PR/2WNO b) PR/WNO
c) PR/4WNO d) PR/8WNO
4. The output SNR of DSB compared with output SNR of SSB is ___
a) greater
b) smaller
c) equal
d) none
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
ANSWERS
1)b
10) a
19) c
2) c
3) d
11) a
12) b
20)
21) b
boosted the
high
frequency
signal
4) c
5) a
13) a
22) a
14) c
23) b
6) ni(t)
7)
8) arc.
9) d
cosctTan( nQ(t)
nq(t)sinct
/nI(t))
15) c
16) b
17) c
18) b
24) a
25) the rapid fall on (S/N)b when the
(S/N0o fall below at a particular level
UNIT-VII: RECEIVERS
1. The image channel rejection in a super heterodyne receiver comes from
a) IF stage only b) RF stage only
c) detector and RF stage only
d) detector, RF and IF stages only
2. The main advantage of super-heterodyne receiver is ___
(a) simple circuit
(b) better tracking
3. improvement in selectivity and sensitivity (d) better alignment
4. The received signal frequency of a super-heterodyne receiver having IF = 456 KHz, is 1
MHz. The corresponding image signal is
a) within its medium band
(b) outside the medium band
(c) depends on modulation index (d) depends on modulating frequency
5. The resonant frequency of an RF amplifier is 1 MHz and its bandwidth is 10 kHz. The Qfactor will be ___
(a) 10
(b) 100
(c) 0.01
(d) 0.1
6. A ___ is an electronic circuit that picks up a desired modulated radio frequency signal, and
recovers the base band sgnal from it.
a) radio transmitter
b) amplifier c) radio receiver
d) attenuator
7. 6.The disadvantage of TRF receiver is ___
a) poor selectivity b) high gain c) no signal d) all of the above
8. The radio waves contain electrical energy in the form of ____
9. 8.The process of selecting the desired signal and rejecting the unwanted signal is called ____
a) sensitivity
b) reproduction
c) amplification
d)detectin
10. ___ is the process of recovering a baseband signal from a modulated carrier
a) sensitivity
b) reproduction
c) amplification
d)detectin
11. ___ is the process by which an electrical signal is converted into a desired physical message.
a) sensitivity
b) reproduction
c) amplification
d)detectin
12. TRF receiver works satisfactorily at ___ wave frequencies
a) very high
b) medium
c) high
d) all of the above
13. 12.The performance of a receiver is judged from its various features such as ___
a) selectivity
b)sensitivity c) fidelity
d) all of the above
14. ___ is the receivers ability to distinguish between two adjacent carrier frequencies
a) selectivity
b)sensitivity c) fidelity
d) all of the above
15. The ability of a receiver to detect the weakest possible signal is known as ___
a) selectivity
b)sensitivity c) fidelity
d) all of the above
16. The ability of a receiver to reproduce faithfully all frequency components present in the
baseband signal is called ___
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
17. The RF amplifier in a radio receiver is a class ___ tued voltage amplifier
a) class A b) class B
c) class C
d) class D
18. 17.Hetrodyning is a process of ___ translation.
19. The relation between quality factor, Q, resonant frequency, fo and band width, B is given by
__
20. 19.In super-heterodyne receiver al the incoming carrier frequencies are converted into fixed
IF frequency of ___ KHz
a) 124
b) 245
c) 356
d) 455
21. 20. The adventages of TRF receiver are ___
a) simpler b) cheaper
c) both a and b
d) none of the above
ANSWERS
1)a
2)c
3) a
4) b
5) a
6) a
11)b
12)d
13) a
14) b
15) c
16) c
7)electromagnetic 8)a
9)d
waves
17)frequency
18)q=fo/B 19)d
10) b
20) c
(b) PPM
(c) PDM
(d) PLM
6. In the present day standard digital voice communication, the amplitude of the voice signal is sampled
at a rate of around
(a) 2000 samples/sec (b) 800 samples/sec (c) 16000 samples/sec (d) 8000 samples/sec
7. Four independent messages have bandwidths of 100 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, and 400 Hz, respectively.
Each is sampled at Nyquist rate, and samples are Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) and transmitted.
The transmitted sample rate (in Hz) is ____
(a) 800
(b) 1600
(c) 400
(d) 3200
(b) aliasing
(d) none
Analog Communications
(a) 2 fm
(b) 3 fm
Essay Questions
(c) 2.5 fm
(d) 1.2 fm
(b) an integrator
3. (c)
13. (a)
4. (a)
14) b
5. (d)
15) b
6. (d)
16) a
7. (d)
17) b
8. (a)
9. (d)
18) pulse 19) b
width
modulatin
l0. (b)
20) b
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
2.
a)
b)
a)
What are the main objectives of a communication system design? What are the primary
resources of any communication system.
The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000 pF capacitor in parallel
with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth that can be handled for
sinusoidal modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if diagonal peak clipping is to be
avoided.
A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50 KW of carrier power. What will be the radiated
power at 85 % of modulation and what is the side band power?
b)
c)
3.
a)
b)
c)
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
b)
6.
Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages.
A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate a carrier
of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the side lengths
L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and 12 A
when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in terms of
Vmax and Vmin voltages
The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and 12 A
when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index.
Explain the collector modulation method for generating AM wave with a neat circuit
diagram and waveforms.
An AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100% modulation. The internal loss is
20 W
i. What is un-modulated carrier power?
ii. What is the side band power?
a)
b)
c)
Analog Communications
7.
8.
a)
Explain operation of square law detector with circuit diagram and waveforms.
b)
a)
b)
9.
a)
b)
10.
Essay Questions
Define communication. Explain with block diagram the basic communication system.
Write about modern communication system.
A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak value of 10 V is amplitude modulated by
a 5 KHz sine wave of amplitude 6 V. Determine the modulation index and draw the one
sided spectrum of modulated wave.
a)
An AM wave is given by s(t) = 25(1 + 0.7 cos 5000t - 0.3 cos 10000t)sin 5*106 t.
i. What are the amplitudes and frequencies of the carrier and the side bands?
ii. Draw the one sided amplitude spectrum.
iii. Determine the bandwidth.
b)
A diode envelope detector with a load resistance R = 250 K in parallel with a capacitor
C = 100 pF is used to detect an AM carrier with 60 % modulation. Find the highest
modulation frequency that can be detected without distortion.
a)
Draw the circuit diagram for balanced ring modulator and explain its operation
indicating all the waveforms and spectrums.
b)
In an AM-SC system, modulating signal is a single tone sinusoid 4 cos 2_ 103t, which
modulates a carrier signal 6 cos 2_106t. Write the equation of modulated wave. Plot the
two sided spectrum of the modulated wave. Calculate the amount of power transmitted.
Considering the modulating and carrier waves as sinusoids, Explain the single tone
modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC wave with necessary expressions, waveforms
and spectrums and explain how only one side band is necessary for transmission of
information
2.
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
Analog Communications
5.
6.
7.
Essay Questions
a)
b)
a)
Consider the wave obtained by adding a non coherent carrier Ac cos (2fc t + ) to
DSB-SC wave m(t) cos (2 fc t ) where X (t) is the message waveform. This waveform
is applied to an ideal envelope detector. Find the resulting detector out put. Evaluate the
output for.
i. = 0 and
ii. 6= 0 and |X (t)| << Ac/2.
Explain the DSB-SC generation by balanced modulator using FET amplifiers.
b)
8.
a)
b)
9.
a)
b)
10.
a)
Classify radio transmitters according to the type of modulation and according to the
frequency range involved.
With the help of block diagram explain AM transmitter with modulation at low carrier
power level.
b)
11.
a)
b)
a)
b)
2.
3.
Describe the time domain band-pass representation of SSB with necessary sketches.
Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared with AM system.
a)
b)
c)
Prove that the modulating signal can be completely recovered if the cut-off frequency of the
filter is fN < fo < 2fc.
Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cos[c t+ ].
Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cosct.
Analog Communications
a)
b)
4.
c)
Essay Questions
5.
a)
6.
b)
7.
a)
b)
8.
a)
b)
9.
10.
a)
b)
Explain with block diagram, the phase discrimination method of generating SSB modulated
waves.
Explain about Diagonal Clipping in a diode detector. How to avoid it?
A 45Volts(rms) sinusoidal carrier is amplitude modulated by a 30Volts(rms)
sinusoidal base band signal. Find the Modulation index of the resulting signal.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
An FM wave with modulation index = 1 is transmitted through an ideal band pass filter with
mid band frequency fc and bandwidth is 5fm, where fc is the carrier frequency and fm is the
frequency of the sinusoidal modulating wave. Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter
output.
An angle modulated signal has the form v(t) = 100 cos (2fct+4 sin 2000 t) when fc =10 MHz.
i. Determine average transmitted power.
ii. Determine peak phase deviation.
iii. Determine the peak frequency deviation.
iv. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.
Analog Communications
4.
a)
b)
c)
Essay Questions
Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a frequency
deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3 kHz.
Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth if the deviation is
reduced to 15 kHz?
Determine the Bandwidth occupied by a sinusiodally frequency modulated carrier for which the
modulation index is 2.4 and modulating signal frequency is 3 KHz.
a)
b)
2.
3.
a)
b)
4.
Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram and draw
its response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of combining the outputs
of the individual diodes. In what way is this circuit an improvement on the slope
detector and in turn what are the advantages?
Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a
frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
a)
b)
c)
Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram and draw
its response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of combining the outputs
of the individual diodes. In what way is this circuit an improvement on the slope
detector and in turn what are the advantages?
Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having a
frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz.
Explain the operation of limiter circuit in fm demodulation.
An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz. The modulating frequency is 3
kHz. Calculate the bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth if the
deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
Determine the Bandwidth occupied by a sinusiodally frequency modulated carrier for
which the modulation index is 2.4 and modulating signal frequency is 3 KHz.
5.
a)
b)
6.
a)
b)
7.
a)
b)
8.
UNIT-VI: NOISE
1.
a)
b)
Analog Communications
Essay Questions
Ac Cos [2 fct + kpm(t)] where kp is a constant and m(t) is the message signal. The
additive noise n(t) at the phase detector input is n(t) = nI(t) cos (2fc t)nQ (t) sin 2fc t
Assuming that the carrier-to-noise ratio at the detector input is high compared with
unity, determine
i. the output signal-to-noise ratio and
ii. the figure of merit of the system
2.
3.
Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM system for large case.
4.
Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is unity.
5.
6.
a)
b)
Explain the equivalent model of a generalized communication system for noise calculation.
Explain the noise performance of DSB -SC scheme with the help of block diagram.
a)
Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and prove its S/N Ratio is
unity.
Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of AM system.
b)
a)
Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single stone modulation with 100% modulation
is 1/3.
An AM system with envelope detection is operating at threshold. Determine the power gain in
decibels needed at the transmitter to produce (S/N)o = 30dB for tone modulation with m = 1.
7.
8.
9.
b)
10.
a)
b)
11.
UNIT-VII: RECEIVERS
1.
a)
b)
With the aid of the block diagram explain TRF receiver. Also explain the basic superheterodyne
principle.
List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF receiver.
Analog Communications
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
b)
Essay Questions
Describe the circuit of an FET amplitude limiter, and with the aid of the transfer characteristic
explain the operation of the circuit.
What can be done to improve the overall limiting performance of an FM?
receiver ? Explain the operation of the double limiter and also AGC in addition
to a limier.
Discuss how the of an ac gain amplifier can be controlled by a dc AGC level, Give the relevant
circuit details to support your answer.
When a super heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555 KHz, its local oscillator provides the mixer
with an input at 1010 KHz what is the image frequency ? The antenna at receiver is connected
to mixer via a tuned circuit whose loaded Q is 40. What will be rejection ratio for the calculated
image frequency ?
Explain the working of TRF receiver with its block diagram.
A TRF receiver is turned to 1000 KHz AM radio broadcast signal by a variable tuned circuit
with 1 KHz bandwidth. Find the bandwidth when receiver is returned to 1550 KHz and 550
KHz. Determined the recovered baseband.
What is meant by the term tracking error? Draw a typical tracking error curve. What is meant
by the term adjacent channel selectivity?
Find the image frequency for a standard broadcast band AM receiver using a 455 kHz IF and
tuned to a station at 640 kHz.
6.
a)
b)
7.
a)
List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the intermediate frequency for a radio
receiver.
What is simple automatic gain control? What are its functions?
b)
8.
a)
b)
9.
a)
b)
a)
b)
Describe the synchronization procedure for PAM, PWM and PPM signals.
Discuss about the spectra of PWM and PDM signals.
2.
a)
Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM with the help of block diagram and hence
discuss its spectral characteristics.
Define and distinguish between PTM and PAM schemes. Sketch and explain their waveform
for a single tone sinusoidal input signal.
b)
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
What is the fundamental difference between pulse modulation, on the one hand, and frequency
and amplitude modulation on the other?
Analog Communications
b)
Essay Questions
What is pulse width modulation? What other names does it have? How is it demodulated?
Why is cross talk present in PTM system? Explain the generation and demodulation of PDM
signals with suitable diagrams.
5.
6.
a)
b)
7.
a)
Why is cross talk present in PTM system ? Explain the generation and demodulation of PDM
signals with suitable diagrams
How a PPM signal can be generated from a PWM signal.
b)
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Analog Communications
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-1: INTRODUCTION
1. Distinguish between negative peak clipping and diagonal peak clipping in anenvelope detector.
The output of a diode envelope detector is fed through a DC blocking capacitor to an amplifying
stage, which has an input resistance of 10 kilo-ohms. If the diode load resister is 5k-ohm,
determine the maximum depth of sinusoidal modulation the detector can handle without
negative peak clipping.
2. Define amplitude modulation? And describe the basic operation of an AM modulator?
3. A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50kW of carrier power. What will be the radiated power at
80percent modulation?
4. Describe the relationship between the carrier and sideband powers in an AM wave?
Analog Communications
Assignment Questions
Analog Communications
Assignment Questions
**** End****
ANTENNAS &WAVE
PROPOGATION
COURSEFILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course will provide students with the theoretical underpinnings of Antenna and Wave
Propagation, allowing them to work out quantitative values and theoretical descriptions for case
examples in Antenna and Wave propagation.
Students completing this course should be able to:
List Maxwells equations and solve them for specific regular geometries
Understand general electromagnetic wave propagation and how the plane wave
solution can be used to approximate real situations
interpret the dielectric and magnetic properties of given materials
Describe the boundary conditions for electric and magnetic fields at dielectric
interfaces
Interpret the effects of lossy and low loss dielectrics upon the propagation of
electromagnetic waves, and predict this process in specific applications.
Solve the performance of specific transmission lines, and state what characteristics are optimal for
termination of the line.
Work out simplified solutions to waveguide and antenna example problems in regular geometries.
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
Antenna Basics: Introduction, Basic Antenna Parameters - Patterns. Beam Area, Radiation Intensity.
Beam Efficiency. Directivity, Gain- Resolution. Antenna Apertures, Effective Height. Illustrative
Problems. Fields from Oscillating Dipole. Field Zone, Shape-Impedance Considerations. Antenna
Temperature. Front - to-back Ratio. Antenna Theorems, Radiation- Basic Maxwell`s Equations,
Retarded Potentials- Helmholtz Theorem
UNIT-II
Thin Linear Wire Antennas -Radiation from Small Electric Dipole. Quarter Wave Monopole and Half
Wave Dipole - Current Distributions. Field Components. Radiated Power, Radiation Resistance, Beam
Width. Directivity. Effective Area and Effective Height. Natural Current Distributions. Far Fields and
Patterns of Thin Linear Centre-fed Antennas of Different Lengths, Illustrative Problems. Loop
Antennas - Introduction, Small Loop. Comparison of Far Fields of Small Loop and Short Dipole,
Radiation Resistances and Directivities of Small and Large Loops (QualitativeTreatmerrt).
UNIT-III
Antenna Arrays: Point Sources -Definition, Patterns, arrays of 2 Isotropic Sources - Different Cases,
Principle of Pattern Multiplication, Uniform Linear Arrays - Broadside Arrays, End fire Arrays. EFA
with Increased Directivity. Derivation of their Characteristics and Comparison. BSAs with NonuniforrnAmplitude Distributions - General Considerations and Binomial Arrays, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT-IV
VHE UHF and Microwave Antennas-I: Arrays with Parasitic Elements.Yagi-Uda Array. Folded
Dipoles and their Characteristics, Helical Antennas - Helical Geometry, Helix Modes. Practical Design
Considerations forMonofilar Helical Antenna in Axial and Normal Modes. Horn Antennas -Types.
Fermats Principle, Optimum Horns. Design Considerations of Pyramidal Horns. Illustrative Problems.
UNIT V
VHF, UHF and Microwave Antennas- II: Micro strip Antennas -Introduction, Features, Advantages and
Limitations, Rectangular Patch Antennas-Geometry and Parameters, Characteristics of
MicrostripAntennas. Impact of Different Parameters on Characteristics, Reflector Antennas Introduction, Flat Sheet and Corner Reflectors, Paraboloidal Reflectors-Geometry, Pattern
Characteristics. Feed Methods, Reflector Types- Related Features, Illustrative Problems.
UNIT VI
Lens Antennas-Introduction. Geometry of Nonmetallic Dielectric Lenses, Zoning. Tolerances,
Applications. Antenna Measurements: Introduction, Concepts-Reciprocity, near and Far Fields,
Coordinate System, Sources of Errors. Patterns to be Measured, Pattern Measurement Arrangement,
Directivity Measurement, Gain Measurements (by Comparison, Absolute and 3-Antenna Methods)
UNIT-VII
Wave Propagation -I: Introduction, Definitions, Categorizations and General Classifications, Different
Modes of Wave Propagation. Ray/Mode Concepts. Ground Wave Propagation (Qualitative Treatment) Introduction, Plane Earth Reflections, Space and Surface Waves, Wave Tilt, Curved Earth Reflections.
Space Wave Propagation -Introduction, Field Strength Variation with Distance and Height, Effect of
Earths Curvature, Absorption. Super Refraction, M-Curves and Duct Propagation, Scattering
Phenomena, Tropospheric Propagation, Fading and Path Loss Calculations.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
UNIT-VIII
Wave Propagation- II: Sky Wave Propagation -Introduction, Structure of Ionosphere, Refraction and
Reflection of Sky Waves by Ionosphere, Ray Path. Critical Frequency, MUF. LUF. OF, Virtual Height
and Skip Distance, Relation between MUF and Skip Distance, Multi-hop Propagation, Energy Loss in
Ionosphere, Summary of Wave Characteristics in Different Frequency Ranges.
TEXTBOOKS :
1. Antennas for All Applications - John D. Kraus and Ronald J. Marhefka, TMHl, 3rd Edn., 2003.
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems - E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, PHI, 2nd ed.,
2000.
REFERENCES :
1. Antenna Theory - C.A. Balanis, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd ed., 2001.
2. Antennas and Wave Propagation K.D. Prasad, Satya Prakashan, Tech India Publications, New
Delhi, 2001.
3. Transmission and Propagation -E.V.D. Glazier and H.R.L. Lamont, The Services Text Book of
Radio, vol. 5, Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi.
4. Electronic and Radio Engineering F.E. Terman, McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 1955.
5. Antennas John D. Kraus, McGraw-Hill, SECOND EDITION, 1988.
WEBSITE: http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
LECTURE PLAN
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
S.No
No of
Periods
Method of
Teaching
Black board
Black board
Black board
Effective height,problems
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
duality theorem
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Lecture Plan
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
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Black board
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24.
25.
26.
27.
29.
30.
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Problems
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Problems
Black board
Black board
Black board
Lecture Plan
Black board
Black board
Black board
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
Troposphere propagation,
Fading- definition, different types of fading(multipath
fading,path loss calculations
Comparisions between ground wave propagation and
tropospheric propagation
LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
Antenna measurements-range
Gain measurement using two antenna method and three antenna
method
Radiation pattern measurement
Lecture Plan
atmosphere
Different mode of wave propagation-reflection, refraction and
transmission
Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space
and surface waves
Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space
and surface waves
Ground wave propagation-reflections from plane earth, space
and surfave waves
Problems
LCD
Lecture Plan
LCD
LCD
Ray path
LCD
Critical frequency
LCD
LCD
69.
LCD
70.
Skip distance
LCD
LCD
LCD
Multihop propagation
LCD
LCD
LCD
Problems
LCD
Revision
Black board
65.
66.
67.
68.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT- I
At the end of this unit the student will be able to
UNIT- II
At the end of this unit the student will be able to
State what the electromagnetic field is and what components make up the electromagnetic field.
Derive equations for Current distributions and evaluate the Field components
State the difference between the induction field and the radiation field.
Calculate the radiation power density and magnetic field intensity at specific distance with the given
antenna gain and received power.
Derive and calculate the Radiation Resistance of the Small Electric Dipole, Quarter wave Monopole
& Half wave dipole.
State the Antenna theorems and prove the Antenna Theorems
Explain what is a Loop antenna?
Design the loop antenna based on different Parameters.
Explain the Operation of the Loop Antenna
UNIT-III
At the end of this unit the student will be able to
Define Multiplication of Patterns
Explain why Multiplication of Patterns is required?
Calculate progressive phase shift if given uniform linear antenna array to direct the main lobe to
certain direction,
State pattern multiplication and use it to determine radiation pattern for the same element array.
Design and analyze antenna arrays
Derive the equations for the Beam width of Broadside, and End fire Arrays
Learning Objectives
UNIT IV
At the end of this unit the student will be able to
Identify various special antennas presented, such as long-wire, V, rhombic, turnstile,
Ground-plane, and corner-reflector; describe the operation of each.
Explain qualitatively the operation of wire antenna, Yagi-Uda array, spot antenna, log scale
bipolar array and discuss their advantages and disadvantages
Sketch a simple yagi, phased array, log-periodic and co-linear television antenna
Describe the operating characteristics of simple yagi antenna.
Compare the performance of each antenna for various reception conditions
State why baluns are required for most antennas and sketch
the circuit of a simplified transformer balun
Sketch the Helical Antenna and Design the Helical Antenna
Explain the operation of Helical Antenna
UNIT- V
At the end of this unit the students will be able to:
UNIT-VI
At the end of this unit the students will be able to
UNIT-VII
At the end of this unit the students will be able to
Learning Objectives
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Objective Questions
Objective Questions
13. The ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the current at the feed point is --a. antenna losses b. radiation intensity c. radiation resistance d. antenna resistance
14. The radiation resistance of antenna is a
[
]
a. dc resistance b. ac resistance c. combination of ac and de resistance d. loss resistance
15. The radiation lobe containing the direction o maximum radiation is called
[
]
a. side lobe b. back lobe c. mirror lobe d. major lobe
16. A radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe
[
]
a. back lobe b. major lobe c. side lobe d. main lobe
17. A radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle o approximately 1800 with respect to the beam of
an antenna
[
]
a. Major lobe b. Minor lobe c. Back lobe d. Main lobe
18. The largest lobe minor lobes is called
[
]
a. Major lobe b. Side lobe c. Back lobe d. Main lobe
19. Generally the horizontally polarized antennas are preferred at high frequencies because most of
manmade noise is
[
]
a. vertically polarized b. horizontally polarized c. linearly polarized d. circularly
polarized
20. In relation to the directional characteristics o the dipole antennas the terms and O polarization
are synonymous with and may be used for the following terms in that order
[
]
a. Horizontal and vertical polarization b. Vertical and Horizontal polarization
c. Circular and elliptical polarization d. Elliptic and circular polarization
ANSWERS
1.A
11. B
2.B
12.D
3.A
13.C
4C.
14.B
5.B
15.D
6.B
16.C
7.A
17.C
8.B
18.B
9.D
19.A
10.A
20.B
UNIT-2
1. At intermediate distance, the an Er of eclectic dipole approach time phase quadrature so the
total electric field exhibiting the phenomenon of
[
]
a. Electric field b. Magnetic field c. Cross field d. No field
2. If the ground is good conductor, it converts grounded dipole into
[
]
a. a dipole of twice the height b. Two dipole array c. not effect on it
d. dipole of same height
3. If the ground is good conductor, it converts grounded dipole into
[
]
a. a dipole of twice the height b. Two dipole array c. not effect on it
d. dipole of same height
4. The directivity of a short monopole is
[
]
a. 1.5 b. 1.64 c. 3.00 d. 3.28
5. Find the radiation resistance o an infinitesimal dipole whose overall length is l= [
]
2
a. 30 b. 73 ohms c. 36 ohms b. 0.316 ohms
6. . The 3-dB beam width o a dipole o length is
[
]
0
0
0
0
a. 87 b. 64 c. 78 d. 47.8
7. The 3-dB beam width o a dipole o length is
[
]
a. 870 b. 640 c. 780 d. 47.80
8. The 3-dB beam width of a monopole antenna is
[
]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
2.A
12.A
3.B
13.C
4.C
14.B
5.D
15.A
6.C
16.B
7.B
17.C
8.A
18.A
9.B
19.B
10.D
20.D
UNIT-3
1. The initial pattern of the following will be a figure of eight shape
a. Two elements with spacing b. Two elements with spacing /2
c. Two elements with /4 spacing d. Two elements with spacing 0
2. The elements of array are placed equally spaced and fed in same phase from same
Source than the array is called
a. broadside array b. end fire array c. binomial array d. Two element array
3. The elements of array are placed equally spaced and fed in uniform phase difference
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
3.B
13.D
4.B
14.C
Objective Questions
6.C
16.D
7.C
17.D
8.A
18.B
9.B
19.B
10.D
20.B
UNIT-4
1. To achieve the unidirectional characteristics, the wire of the V antenna must be
[
]
a. Resonant b. Non resonant c. Series d. Parallel
2. In the normal mode the helix consists of (N turns)
[ ]
a. N small loops b. N short dipole
c. N small loops and N short dipoles connected together in series
d. N small loop and N short dipoles connected together in parallel
3. A helical antenna is used for satellite tracing because of its
[
]
a. circular polarization b. maneuverability c. broad bandwidth
d. good front-to-back ratio
4. If the circumference of helix of helical antenna is very small compared to a wavelength then the
radiation is
[ ]
a. a combination of small dipole and a small loop b. only due to a small dipole
c. only due to a small loop d. equal to a wire
5. When a mono- filar helical antenna is operated in normal mode, the maximum radiation occurs in
the plane
[ ]
a. parallel to the helix axis
b. perpendicular to the helix axis
c. located at450 to the helix axis d. artritiarily located in respect to the helix axis
6. The axial ratio AR= =1 in helical antenna operating in normal mode, the radiated fieldIs
[ ]
a. linearly polarized wave of horizontal polarization
b. linearly polarized wave of vertical polarization
c. circularly polarized d. elliptically polarized
7. The bandwidth of helical antenna in normal and axial mode correspondingly
[
]
a. narrow and greater b. greater and narrow c. both greater d. both narrow
8. An antenna that is circularly polarized is the
[
]
a. helical b. small circular loop c. rhombic d. V antenna
9. Helical antenna is used at frequencies of
[
]
a. Low frequencies b. high microwave frequencies
c. VHF and UHF d. Ku and Ka bands
10. Helical antenna will accept the polarization of
[
]
a. only vertical
b. only horizontal c. both vertical and horizontal d. only circular
11. Helical antennas are often used for satellite tacking at VHF range because of
[
]
a. Troposcatter b. Super refraction c. Ionospheric refraction d. the faraday effect.
12. The pitch angle alpha = 00 then the helix antenna reduces to a
[
]
a. linear wire b. dipole c. loop d. half wave dipole
13. The pitch angle alpha = 900 then the helix antenna reduce to a
[
]
a. linear wire b. dipole c. loop d. V- antenna
14. Which of the following antenna is called Beverage antenna
[
]
a. Dipole b. Loop c. Rhombic d. Long wire
15. The radiation pattern of long wire antenna is
[
]
a. Single major lobe b. Figure of eight c. Spherical d. Multilobe pattern
16. As the length o long wire antenna increases then the angle of the maximum to the major lobe
approaches zero degrees then the structure becomes a
[
]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
a. near end fire array b. near broadside array c. binomial array d. scanned array
17. The radiation patterns for travelling and standing wave long wire antennas respectively
[
a. Un directional and Bidirectional b. Bidirectional and unidirectional
c. Both area in unidirectional
d. Both are in Bidirectional
18. A long wire antenna is mostly used for receiving than transmitting because of its
[
a. Poor radiation efficiency b. High gain c. Good sensitivity d. Low radiation resistance
]
]
19. As the wave travels along the long wire from the source toward the load, it continuously
[ ]
a. radiates energy b. leaks energy c. Amplifies energy d. remains constant
20. A long wire antenna is
[ ]
a. Circularly polarized b. Linearly polarized c. Elliptically polarized d. Spherically polarized
ANSWERS
1. B
11. D
2.C
12.C
3.A
13.A
4. A
14.D
5A.
15.D
6A.
16.A
7.A
17.B
8.A
18.A
9.C
19.B.
10.C
20.B
UNIT-5
1. The distance between reflector & driven element in yagi - uda antenna is
[ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. The length of reflector of yagi - uda antenna is
[ ]
a. 0.48 b. 0.28 c. 0.18 d. 0.3
3. The driven element in yagi-uda antenna is
[ ]
a. folded dipole b. reflector c. lens d. horn
4. The length of first director of yagi -uda antenna in meters is
[ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ polarization results in more signal strength
[
]
a. horizontal b.vertical
c.left circular d.right circular
6. The diameter of elements in yagi Uda antenna is
[ ]
a. 1 to 1.2 cm b.2 to 10 cm c.3 to 5 cm
d.10 to 20 cm
7. Less reflection & reduced ghost images possible with _ _ _ _ polarized yagi uda
[ ]
a. horizontal b.vertical
c.left circular d.right circular
8. The adverse effect of closer radiators in yagi uda array is
[
]
a. lowering of input impedance of array
b. increasing of input impedance of array
c. lowering of output impedance of array
d. constant input impedance of array
9. For maximum pickup, the receiving yagi uda antenna is mounted
[
]
0
0
a. horizontally
b.vertically c.30 inclined d.60 inclined
10. For 5 element yagi Uda (UHF & VHF TV channels) reflector length LR is
[
]
a. 0.15
b.
c.0.1
d.2
11. The field pattern
in the horizontal plane for corner reflector at a distance r from antenna is
a.
b.
c.
d.
12. If the feed to vertex distance d is made equal to side length L in reflector then the aperture width is
a. L
b.2L c.1.6L d.1.334L
13. The corner angle for passive reflector is
[
]
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
a. 900
b.500 c.100 d.800
14. Compared to isolated /2 antenna, corner reflector antenna power gain will be _ _ _ _ times higher
[
]
a. 10 to 20
b.30 to 50
c.20 to 60
d.40 to 50
15. If corner angle is 900 then range of corner to dipole spacing is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. The relative field pattern E in the plane of the driven /2 element of a square corner reflector is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. A square corner reflector has a spacing of /4 between the driven /2 element and the corner. The
directivity is
[
]
a. dBi
b.15.8 dBi
c.121.8 dBi d.19.8 dBi
18. A square corner reflector has a driven /2 element. The distance between the driven element and
corner is /2 . The terminal impedance of driven element is
[
]
a. 125 ohm b.150 ohm
c.100 ohm
d.200 ohm
19. A square corner reflector has a driven /2 element. The distance between the driven element and
corner is /2 . The half power beam width in is
[
]
0
0
0
0
a. 60
b.90
c.45
d.120
20. A square corner reflector has a driven /2 element. The distance between the driven element and
corner is /2 Directivity from HPBWs is
[
]
a. 1dBi
b.20.4 dBi
c.3dBi
d.15.3 dBi
21. For large circular apertures, the beam width between first nulls is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
22. The directivity D of a large uniformly illuminated circular aperture is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
23. The field intensity ratio in the aperture plane for parabolic reflector is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.1
24. The beam width between half power points for a large circular aperture is
[ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
25. The F/D for parabolic reflector is
[
]
a. 0.25 to 0.5 b.0.5 to 5
c.5 to 10
d.4 to 8
26. The distance from any point P on a parabolic curve to a fixed point F is called
[
]
a. focus
b.vertex
c.feed point d.cassegrain
27. A parabolic reflector have a
[
]
a. directional feed
b.offset feed c.vertex feed d.isotropic feed
28. To make the field completely uniform across the aperture would require a feed pattern with----a. inverse taper
b.exponential taper c.uniform taper
d.non uniform taper
29. The loss in aperture due to feed antenna blockage avoided by using
[
]
a. offset feed
b.directional feed
c.Horn feed d.Dipolefeed
30. The flared out wave guide is also known as
[
]
a. Horn antenna
b.Yagi-uda antenna c.dipole
d.paraboloid
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ---- A
Objective Questions
UNIT-6
1. For optimum horn antenna, optimum length ,L is
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. If = 0.2 , length L = 62.5 , then the pyramidal horn antenna flare angle in E- plane is [
]
0
0
0
0
a. 9.1
b.1
c.5
d.6
3. For pyramidal horn directivity is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Beam width between first nulls for optimum E-plane rectangular Horn is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex then `a`
is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. For optimum Horn antenna , optimum is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
7. If = 0.2 and E plane aperture aE = 10 , then length L for pyramidal horn is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
8. If E-plane aperture of pyramidal antenna is aE = 10 , then HPBW(E-plane)
[
]
0
0
0
0
a. 5.6
b.2
c.10 d.8
9. If H plane aperture of pyramidal antenna is aH = 13.7 , then HPBW(H-plane)
[
]
0
0
0
0
a. 4.9
b.10 c.6
d.2
10. Beam width between first nulls for optimum H- plane rectangular horn is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
11. For pyramidal horn antenna, if h is height in E -plane & w is width in H-plane, the power gain Gp
is
[ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
12. If A is elemental area , E is magnitude of radiated field generated by A , d is the distance to
A , is angle with respect to an axis that is perpendicular to mouth of parabolic antenna then
strength of electric field at A is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
13. Beam width between half power points for optimum H-plane rectangular horn is [
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
14. Typical value of for H-plane horn antenna is
[
]
a. 0.4
b.0.3 c.0.1 d.1
15. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex. then
half power beam widths in degrees in H plane is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. Beam width between half power points for optimum E-plane rectangular horn is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex. Then
`b` is
[
]
a. 0.81 a
b.0.98a
c.2a d.0.5a
18. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions L is horn length from mouth to apex .then
gain is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
19. If a and b are mouth dimensions in Z & Y directions, L is horn length from mouth to apex. then
half power beam widths in degrees in E plane is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
20. the field across the mouth of horn antenna is
[
]
a. section of spherical wave front
b. elliptical wave front
c. triangular wave front
d. rectangular wave front
21. According to fermat`s principle, R/ 0 is equal to
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
22. Delay type lens antennas regarded basically as
[
]
a. end fire antennas with poly rod
b. broadside antennas with poly rod
c. end fire antennas with dipole
d. broadside antennas with dipole
23. Many element yagi uda antenna is a
[
]
a. rudimentary lens b.dielectric lens
c.director
d.poly rod
24. One of the following material is used for constructing dielectric lens
[
]
a. Lucite
b.Paraffin
c.Teflon
d.Wax
25. If the flare angles of horn are too large the field across the mouth considered to be [
]
a. not equi phase field
b.equi phase field
c.rectangular field
d.triangular field
26. One of the following applied to delay lenses antennas
[
]
a. electrical path length is increased by lens medium
b. electrical path length is decreased exponentially by lens medium
c. electrical path length is unaltered by lens medium
d. electrical path length is decreased linearly by lens medium
27. One of the following applied to fast lenses antennas
[
]
a. electrical path length is increased exponentially by lens medium
b. electrical path length is decreased by lens medium
c. electrical path length is unaltered by lens medium
d. electrical path length is increased linearly by lens medium
28. One of the following is a delay type lens antenna
[
]
a. Dielectric lens
b.E plane metal plate lens
c.EH metal plate
d.Horn
29. One of the following is a delay type lens antenna
[
]
a. H plane metal lens b.E plane metal plate lens
c.EH metal plate
d.Horn
30. One of the following material is used for constructing dielectric lens
[
]
a. Polystyrene
b.Paraffin
c.Teflon
d.Wax
31. For a cylindrical lens field ratio is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
Objective Questions
b. all paths from source to plane surface are of unequal electrical lengths
c. all paths from source to load surface are of equal electrical lengths
d. some paths from source to plane surface are of equal electrical lengths
35. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ illumination of aperture suppresses minor lobes in lens antennas
[
]
a. taper
b.Uniform
c.random
d.zero
36. To avoid resonance effect in artificial dielectric lens antennas the size of metal particles should
be
[
]
a. small compared to design wave length
b. 10 times larger compared to design wave length
c. 20 times larger compared to design wave length
d. equal to design wave length
37. The maximum particle dimension( parallel to electric field) in artificial dielectric lens antennas is
a. less than /4
b. equal to
c. greater than /2
d. 2
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ----- A
UNIT-7
1. Waves that arrive at receiver after reflection or scattering in the ionosphere are known as
a. sky waves
b.surface waves
c.ground waves
d.troposperic waves
2. Ground wave signal divided as
[
a. space and surface wave b.space and sky wave
c.surface and sky wave
d.diffracted wave
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. For smooth surface roughness R is
[
a. < 0.1
b.> 20 c.10 d.5
6. When the incident wave is near grazing over a smooth earth the reflection coefficient is [
a. -1.0
b.-2 c.1
d.10
7. The attenuation function dependent on
[
a. distance , frequency, constants of earth b.distance & radiation
c..constants of earth & delay
]
]
]
Objective Questions
a. 2 b.10 c.5
d.0
10. At =0 , surface of earth ground wave attenuation factor A is
[
2
a.
b.F-10 c.F
d.0
11. For surface wave numerical distance depends on
[
a. frequency, ground constants, actual distance to transmitter
b. frequency, ground constants
c. phase, frequency, ground constants
d. ground constants, actual distance to transmitter
12. The phase constant `b` is a measure of
[
a. power factor angle of earth
b. ground constant
c. numerical distance
d. attenuation factor
13. For vertical dipole antenna over a plane earth , electric field
is
[
a.
b.
c.
d.
14. Space wave field of a horizontal dipole in the plane perpendicular to axis of dipole
is [
a.
b.
c.
d.
15. Real part of conductivity of ionized gas is
[
a.
b.
c.
d.
16. For a wave propagating in a dielectric medium of permittivity, & incident upon a second
medium of
, the reflection coefficient of horizontally polarized wave, Rh is
[
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. If earth constant and frequency are such that
,then earth will be
[
a. resistive[100 ohms]
b.reactive
c.conductive d.resistive(1000 ohms)
18. The numerical distance interms of phase constant b and
for surface wave is
a.
b.
c.
d.
19. If earth constant and frequency are such that x > > in r then power factor angle is
[
a. 0 b.10 c.2
d.5
20. If earth constant and frequency are such that x > > in r ,then earth will be
[
a. resistive b.inductive
c.conductive d.capacitive
]
]
]
]
ANSWERS
1 to 20 ----- A
UNIT-8
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
1. For a wave propagating in a dielectric medium of permittivity, & incident upon a second
medium of
, the reflection coefficient of vertically polarized wave, RV is
[
]
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. The refractivity of atmosphere, N is
[
]
a. (77.6 / T) P +( 4810 e / T)
b.(77.6 / T) +( 4810 e / T)
c. P +( 4810 e / T)
d.(77.6 / T) P +( 4810 e )
3. Radius of curvature of earth is
[ ]
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. The curvature of the earth affects the propagation of
[ ]
a. ground wave signal
b.sky wave signal
c. surface wave signal
d.duct signal
5. The divergence factor D for (spherical earth) ground reflected wave is
[
]
a. < 1
b.2
c.10 d.5
6. If the ground reflected wave is reflected from spherical earth, its energy is
[
]
a. more diverged
b.less diverged
c.unaffected d.more converged
7. Curves that show the variation of modified index of refraction with height is known as [
]
a. M curves
b.N curves
c.H curves
d.E curves
8. Standard propagation occurs when the modified index of refraction increases
[
]
a. linearly with height
b.exponentially with height
c. linearly with distance
d.uniformly with height
9. If the slope of M curve decreases near the surface of earth, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ propagation results [ ]
a. sub standard
b.super standard
c.standard
d.non standard
10. If the slope of M curve increases near the surface of earth, _ _ _ _ _ _ propagation results [ ]
a. super standard
b.sub standard
c.standard
d.non standard
11. Tropospheric forward scatter can provide reliable beyond the horizon signal for distances upto -a. 300 or 400 miles b.100 or 200 miles
c.500 or 1000 miles d.10 to 50 miles
12. If the lower side of the duct is at surface of earth, it is known as a
[ ]
a. surface duct
b.space duct c.sky duct
d.tropospheric
13. Elevated ducts found at elevations of
[
]
a. 1000 to 5000 ft b.20 to 10,0 ft c.500 to 1000 ft
d.8000 to 15000 ft
14. In folded dipole, two identical conductors in parallel serve as
[
]
a. transformer
b.generator c.load d.source
15. When a reflector such as a copper screen is placed closed to a half wave antenna, the resultant
radiation pattern is
[
]
a. uni directional
b.conical
c.bi directional
d.triangular
16. If the modified index decreases with height over a portion of the range of height, the rays will be
curved downward and this condition known as
[
]
a. duct propagation b.sky propagation
c.space propagation d.tropospheric propagation
17. When the inverted portion of M curve is elevated above the surface of the earth, the lower side
of the duct is also elevated, and the duct is called an
[
]
a. elevated duct
b.surface duct c.space duct d.sky duct
18. Elevated ducts are due to a subsidence of
[ ]
a. large air masses b.ionosphere c.troposphere d.water vapor
19. Over land areas, surface ducts are produced by
[
]
a. radiation cooling of the earth
b.water vapor c.heating of earth
d.large air masses
20. Trapping more likely occurs at
[
]
a. UHF
b.VHF
c.VLF d.HF
ANSWERS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Objective Questions
1 to 20 ---- A
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Essay Questions
UNIT-2
1. Derive an expression for radiance resistance of current element starting from The expression for
radiation fields.
2. Assuming the expression of radiation fields for alternating current element, Find out its radiation
resistance. Explain the significance of the term Rr.
3. An antenna whose effective height is 100 meters at a frequency of 60KHz radi- ated 100KWof
power. Determine the strength of the electric field at a distance of 100km from the antenna. Neglect the
ground effect and atmospheric losses.
Essay Questions
6. A transmitter is fed with 100KW of power and produces the same Field strength At a given point
as a /2 dipole fed with 200KW of power. Calculate the gain Of the aerial
i. relative to /2 dipole
ii. relative to an isotropic aerial.
7. An elementary doublet is 10cm long. If the 1MHz current owing through it Is 2A, what is the field
strength 20km away from the doublet, in a direction Of maximum radiation?
8. What is Hertzian dipole? Write the relation between a current element and an electric dipole write
suitable expressions.
9. Draw the radiation pattern of an dipole Antenna and explain all its charac- teristics?
10. What is the maximum effective aperture area for a beam antenna having half- power widths of
300 and 250 in perpendicular planes intersecting in the beam axis? Assume that minor lobes are small
and can be neglected.
18. Describe an expression for the Radiation field of a thin half-wave dipole. An electric
fieldstrength of 10v/m is to be measured at an observation point= /2, 500 km
from a half wave dipole antenna operating at 50 MHz,
(a) Find its length l
(b) Calculate the current that is fed to the antenna and
(c) The average power radiated.
19. What is an Oscillating Dipole" and name the fields that emanate from it?
UNIT-3
1. Explain the principle of stacked arrays.
2. Obtain the array factor of a binomial array of 6 isotropic radiators.
3. Derive an expression for field pattern of a 2 element array and draw the field pattern
a) when d=/2 and =00
b) When d=/2 and =1800.
4. Explain Dolph-Tchebyshelf distribution for linear broadside arrays
Compute the principle beam width for broadside and end fire array.
5. A uniform linear array consisting of isotropic radiators spaced half wavelength
Apart has 10 elements, each element carries 0.5 amperes. Calculate the width
Of principle beam and maximum power radiated if operated as
i. Broadside array
ii. End fire array.
6. Derive the field components and draw the field pattern for two point source with spacing of _=2
and fed with currents of equal magnitude but out of phase By 1800.
7. Derive the expression for total far field for the two point sources with currents Of unequal
magnitudes and with same phase.
Essay Questions
8. Derive the field components and draw the field pattern for two point source With spacing of /2
and fed with currents of equal magnitude and phase.
9. An antenna of jam aircraft is being used to jam enemy radar, if the antenna has a gain of 12dB in
the direction of transmission and the radiated power is 5kW, calculate the electric field intensity in the
vicinity of enemy radar which Is 3km away, The frequency of transmission is 4 GHz
7. What are the main characteristics of UHF and microwave antennas. Name at
least four and explain.
8. Write notes on:
(a) Yagi-uda Array
(b) Optimum Horn.
(c) Horns.
9. Name the types of broad band antennas and explain.
10. Compare the radiation patterns of helical in the normal mode and in the axial
mode.
UNIT-5
1.
2.
3.
4.
Essay Questions
a. Aperture Blocking.
b. FID ratio.
c. Spill over.
6. Evaluate the power gain directing and the required diameter of a paraboloid having a null beam
width of 100 at 3GHz. For what mouth diameter and capture area of a paraboloid reflector is a
BWFNof 120 obtained when it is operated at 2.5 GHz.
7. Describe the cassegrain feed mechanism of a parabolic reflectors
8. Explain why an antenna using a paraboloid reector is likely to be a highly directive receiving
antenna
9. For what applications wideband antennas are required? List the various broadband antennas,
giving typical percentage bandwidths for each?
10. With sketches describe two methods of feeding a paraboloid reector in which the primary
antenna is located at the focal point. Under what conditions this method of feed is unsatisfactory?
11. What are the three important characteristics of UHF and microwave antennas?
12. Explain the geometry of the parabolidal reectors
13. Calculate the 3dB beam width and power gain of a parabolic antenna at a frequency of 1.6GHz
with 2.4 meter diameter and 48% antenna efficiency?
14. Discuss different feed methods of paraboloidal reectors in terms of F/D ratio, Spill over, back
lobes ?
15. Explain the properties of parabolic reector antennas with centre fed and
cassegrain feed types and show that the gain of the same is G =6.0
UNIT-6
1. Explain radiation through aperture horn antenna and reflector antenna.
2. Write short notes on Antenna Pattern Measurement.
3. Describe the measurement procedures to obtain directive gain of an antenna.
4. State clearly the precautions taken with necessary justifications.
5. Describe the Dielectric Lens.
6. Calculate the minimum distance required to measure the field pattern of an antenna of diameter
2m at a frequency of 3GHz. Derive the necessary equation.
7. What is the major drawback of lens antenna, restricting their use to the highest frequencies?
8. What is meant by zoning?
9. Discuss the phenomenon of ground wave propagation at long and medium waves.
10. Show that this gives one of the most reliable methods of radio communications.
11. With neat sketch explain how gain measurement is carried out using direct comparison method?
12. Explain how antenna aperture efficiency measurement is carried out?
13. What is an \Anechoic Chamber" and how is it useful in radiation measurements of antennas?
UNIT-7
1. Discus the salient features of Sky wave propagation.
2. Bring out the various problems associated with this mode of propagation. How are these
problems overcome?
3. State and explain Sommerfield equation for ground wave propagation.
4. Describe the salient features of multiple hop propagation. Mention the permissible ranges of
frequencies.
5. The critical frequency for reflection at vertical incidence of an ionospheric wave
is 10MHz. Calculate the maximum value of the electron density.
6. Write short notes on Characteristics of Ground wave propagation.
7. Show that MUF of ionized layer is given by fcp1+(D/2h)2 for flat earth.
8. Discuss the following:
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Essay Questions
a. Ionospheric Storms.
b. Sudden Ionospheric Disturbances.
9. What is the highest frequency that will be returned to earth 1000km from the transmitter by the E
layer?
10. Describe how the ionospheric layers D, E, F1 and F2 are formed?
UNIT-8
1. Show that the rms value of the electric field Erms produced at a distance ofr km in free space
by an antenna gain G and radiating a power of P kw isgiven by Erms=173 pPG/r mv/m.
2. Two aircrafts are flying at altitudes of 3000m and 5000m respectively. Whatis minimumpossible
distance along the surface of the earth over which they can have effective point to point
microwave communication? Radius of earth is 6.37 106 meters. provide a ground wave
having a strength of 0.5mv/m at a distance of 16km.
3. The transmitter antenna, having an efficiency of 50% produces a radiating field proportional of
cos. The ground wave has = 5 105 mho/cm and r= 15. Calculate the power transmitted.
4. Derive the fundamental equation for free space propagation.
5. Show that the rms value of the electric field Erms produced at a distance ofr km in free space
by an antenna gain G and radiating a power of P kw is given by Erms=173 pPG/r mv/m.
6. Two aircrafts are flying at altitudes of 3000m and 5000m respectively. Whatis minimum
possible distance along the surface of the earth over which theycan have effective point to point
microwave communication? Radius of earthis 6.37 106 meters
7. A television transmitting antenna mounted at a height of 120m radiates 15kw power equally in
all directions in azimuth at a frequency of 50MHz. Calculatethe maximum LOS range. the field
strength at a receiving antenna mounted at a height of 16m at a distance of 12km. the distance
at which the field strength reduces to 1mv/m. Derive the formulasused.
8. Determine the height of the transmitting antenna to obtain a maximum dis-tance of transmission
up to 38km from a 24meter high receiving antenna?
9. What is the effect of the curvature of earths surface on the propagation of microwave signal in a
line of sight link?
10. Briey describe the following terms connected with sky-wave propagation: virtualheight, critical
frequency, maximum usable frequency, skip distance and fading
11. Define maximum usable frequency and derive an expression for the same in thecase of a thin
ionosphere layer over a plane earth.
12. A communication link is to be established between the two stations using half wavelength
antenna for maximum directive gain .Transmitter power is 1KW,frequency of 3operation is
100MHz. and distance between transmitter and receiver is 100Km.whatis the maximum power
received by the receiver. Explain and derive the formulas
13. Explain the effect of the following on stratospheric wave propagation?
a) radius of curvature of path
b) Earths radius
c) Earths curvature.
14. Determine the maximum usable frequency for a critical frequency of 20MHz and an angle of
incidence of 350.
15. Write short notes on Duct propagation?
16. Determine the fade margin for the following conditions: distance between sites D=40Km,
frequency f=1.8GHz smooth terrain, humid climate and reliably objective 99.99%.
17. The antenna of a TV transmitter is located at a height of 500ftcalculate and plot as function of
distance to the transmitter, the height that the receiving antenna must have in order to be above
the radio horizon?
MODEL
QUESTION
PAPERS
a) Derive the expression for the total power radiated by a half wave dipole and hence determine
the radiation resistance.
b) Calculate the rms current required in a 1 cm. long Hertzian dipole antenna to radiate one watt
of power at a freq. of 300MHz.
2.
a) Explain the term with suitable sketches, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity, gain,
beam solid angle.
b) State the reciprocity theorem for antennas.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
a) what is the principle of equality of path length, how is it applicable to horn antennas.
b) Write short notes on case-grain feed antennas
7.
Explain detail about the methods for measuring half power beam width and radiation resistance
ofyagi-uda antenna and loop antenna.
8.
Discuss the theory of formation of ionosphere regions, describes the properties of different
ionosphere region with special reference to seasonal variations
a) what are short antennas. Estimate the radiation resistance of short dipole and short mono-poles.
b) Show that only the redial component of the pointing vector has an average power flowing out
of the dipole.
2.
3.
a) fine the radiation pattern of four isotropic elements fed in-phase, space at ?/2 apart by using
pattern multiplication.
b) Explain the effect of earth on antenna radiation pattern.
4.
a) what are the different type of antennas used at VHF. Discuss the advantages of a folded dipole.
b) What is yagi antenna? Explain its construction & properties with special reference to
directivity, band width and input impedance.
5.
6.
7.
Describe how the gain and field patterns of the Yagi antenna can be measured with neat sketches.
8.
a) Discuss the salient features of sky wave propagation. Bring out the various problems
associated withthis mode of propagation.
b) Define and distinguish between the terms: MUF, LUHF, optimum frequency.
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-1
1.
a)
2.
b)
a)
3.
b)
a)
b)
Define and explain: Directivity and power gain for an antenna. What is the relation
between the two? Prove that the directivity of an aerial is 0.39 db more than that of
a short dipole.
What are principal planes? How the antenna beam width is defined in such Planes?
An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square
having diagonal 3 /4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar
diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources
Compare the broad side and end fire arrays.
Define and explain effective length for an antenna. With the help of reciprocity theorem
(or otherwise) establish the equality of transmitting and receiving effective lengths of
transmitting and receiving antennas
Define gain, power gain, directive gain and directivity of an antenna. Prove that the
Directivity of a /2 dipole is 2.15 dB.
UNIT-2
b)
a)
Write down the radiation components of the fields for an electric dipole.
b)
Estimate the power radiated and hence derives an expression for the radiation resistance
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
3.
UNIT-3
1.
a)
2.
b)
a)
3.
b)
a)
Derive the conditions for the linear array of N isotropic elements to radiate in end fire and
broad side modes.
What is a uniform linear array and what are its applications?
An array consists of four identical isotropic sources located at the corner of a square
having diagonal 3 /4 and excited with equal current in same phase. Determine the polar
diagram of the array in the plane containing the sources.
Compare the broad side and end fire arrays.
obtain the expression for the beam width of broadside and end fire arrays and compare
them?
b)
Assignment Questions
UNIT 4
1.
2.
3.
a) What are the advantages yagi antenna over a single wire antenna.
b) What is a parasitic element? Where are they used?
a) Give the current distribution and radiation pattern of a folded dipole antenna.
Explain how the radiation pattern will be modified with the addition of a reflector and two
directors with such an antenna.
b) What are the different types of antennas used at very high frequencies? Discuss
the advantages of a folded dipole. What is a balun and why it is used at these
frequencies?
a) Sketch and explain the constructional features of a helical antenna. Distinguish between
axial and normal modes of helix radiations, and list out their requirements.
b) Explain the characteristics of an active square corner reflector with the help of image
principle
UNIT-5&6
1.
2.
a)
b)
a)
3.
b)
a)
b)
UNIT-7
1.
2.
3.
UNIT-8
1.
2.
3.
4.
****THE END****
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
APPLICATIONS
COURSEFILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
PURPOSE
To enable the students to understand the fundamentals of integrated circuits and designing electronic
circuits using it.
A fiction voiced by the less perceptive observer of the electronics world is that analog electronics, i.e.
the domain of linear IC devices, is dead, and that digital electronics is taking over every task. While it is
true that digital electronics is growing rapidly, and has already taken over many functions previously
performed in analog circuits, that doesn't mean that analog electronics is ready to die. There are still
jobs that are either best done in analog circuits, or are more cost- effective when done in analog circuits
rather than computers. Many digital instruments, for example, require a relatively extensive analog
subsystem in order to work properly. In fact, demand for analog electronics, and for people well versed
in it, is increasing. There is a worldwide shortage of skilled personnel. This course addresses that
shortfall and equips the students to apply linear ICs in a wide range of settings.
This course is about practical applications of linear and Digital IC circuits. Although most of the
circuits are based on the ubiquitous operational amplifier, other devices are examined as well lie IC 555
timer, IC 556 dual timer, IC 565. Apart from Linear ICs the Digital ICs are also discussed such as TTL
gates, logic gates using TTL logic, Mux and Demux, Encoders, Flip-flop, memories, sequential circuit
etc. The course will allow you the students to design circuits for the applications covered. But more
than that, the principles of design for each class of circuit are transferable to other projects that are
similar in function.
This course tells how integrated circuits (ICs) evolved and the benefits and technological advancements
made possible by them. How they are designed and constructed is explained, concentrating on the TTL
and MOS types, and telling about the evolution of the small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale, and verylarge-scale ICs. First few 5 units cover linear types of ICs and the next 3 units digital types and logictype ICs.
Objectives of the Course:
Explain the operating principles for linear devices: What is "linear" operation, curve characteristics
in diodes, transfer curves in bipolar transistors, Concepts in the evolution of linear ICs.
Describe IC packaging for industrial uses, package outlines, pin-out conventions, effects of
environment on packaging, and how environment affects mounting
Describe the operating characteristics of linear ICs: What you learn from the specification sheet,
explanation of major parameters, construction of linear ICs, connecting linear devices in practical
circuits, transfer curves, what they mean to operation and densities of IC packaging.
Identify circuit applications for linear ICs: Oscillators and frequency control, operational amplifiers,
differential amplifiers, phase comparators, and other linear applications in industry; how to find
more applications information
Explain the operating principles for digital devices: What digital operation is and how it came
about; advantages of digital operation (over linear), switching diodes and transistors, bi-polar
digital transistors.
Describe modern integrated circuits for industry; understand linear IC application principles,
digital IC application principles, and hybrid IC application principles.
Show how to use logic devices in industrial circuits: Interchangeability of logic gates, truth tables
affected by gate material, simple flip flop latches, clocked flip flops.
Show how to interface logic devices including source requirements, buffering and fan-in, fanout, three-state logic and its purposes and managing open-collector logic.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Course Objectives
SYLLABUS
Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Classification, chip size and circuit complexity, basic information of Op-amp, ideal and practical Opamp, internal circuits, Op-amp characteristics, DC and AC characteristics, 741 op-amp and its features,
modes of operation- inverting, non-inverting, differential.
UNIT II: OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
Basic application of Op-amp, instrumentation amplifier, ac amplifier, V to I and I to V converters,
sample & hold circuits, multipliers and dividers, Differentiators and Integrators, Comparators, Schmitt
trigger, Multivibrators, introduction to voltage regulators, features of 723.
UNIT III: ACTIVE FILTERS & OSCILLATORS
Introduction, 1st order LPF, HPF filters. Band pass, Band reject and all pass filters. Oscillator types
and principle of operation RC, Wien and quadrature type, waveform generators triangular,
sawtooth, square wave and VCO.
UNIT IV: TIMERS & PHASE LOCKED LOOPS
Introduction to 555 timer, functional diagram, monostable and astable operations and applications,
Schmitt Trigger. PLL - introduction, block schematic, principles and description of individual blocks
of 565.
UNIT V: D-A AND A- D CONVERTERS
Introduction, basic DAC techniques, weighted resistor DAC, R-2R ladder DAC, inverted R-2R DAC,
and IC 1408 DAC, Different types of ADCs - parallel comparator type ADC, counter type ADC,
successive approximation ADC and dual slope ADC. DAC and ADC specifications.
UNIT VI: : CMOS AND TTL ICS
Classification of Integrated circuits, comparison of various logic families, standard TTL NAND GateAnalysis& characteristics, TTL open collector O/Ps, Tristate TTL, MOS & CMOS open drain and
tristate outputs, CMOS transmission gate, IC interfacing- TTL driving CMOS & CMOS driving TTL.
UNIT VII: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC DESIGN
Design using TTL-74XX & CMOS 40XX series, code converters, decoders, Demultiplexers,
decoders & drives for LED & LCD display. Encoder, priority Encoder, multiplexers & their
applications, priority generators/checker circuits.Digital arithmetic circuits-parallel binary
adder/subtractor circuits using 2s, Complement system. Digital comparator circuits.
Syllabus
1.
2.
3.
4.
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
LECTURE PLAN
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
SN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Topic
INTRODUCTION
Classification of Ics
Op-amp characterstics
Ic741 characterstics
Inverting mode
Teaching aides
BLACKBOARD and CHALK
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD and CHALK
BLACKBOARD and CHALK
6.
Non-inverting mode
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
AC amplifier
Resources
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Linear integrated circuits- Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Linear integrated circuits-Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Linear integrated circuits-Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Linear integrated circuits-Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Linear integrated circuits-Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Linear integrated circuits-Ramakanth
A.gayAkwad
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
SN
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
Topic
State filter& List the different types of filters
Compute the designing of LPF and HPF
Find the frequency response of LPF,HPF
Describe the designing of 2nd order LPF,HPF
Decribe the Band pass and band reject filters
Define VCO and decribe the block diagram of VCO.
List applications of VCO
Comparison of different types of oscillator
Define timer and describe its functional diagram of Ic
555
Describe the 555 opertaion and list its application
Astable multivibrator application
Monostable multivibrator applications
Describe the block diagram of PLL
Operation of vco
List the applications of PLL.
Application of PLL
AM,FM
BPSK DEMODULATIOM
FSK DEMODULATION
FREQUENCY TRANSILATOR
Lecture Plan
Teaching aides
BLACKBOARD and
CHALK
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
Resources
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
A.gayAkwad
Lecture Plan
SN
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
Topic
Introduction
List the different types of A to D converters
List the different types of A to D converters
Monolithic form of ADC
List the different types of D to A converters
Teaching aides
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
44.
45.
Resources
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury, Linear
integrated circuits-Ramakanth A.gayAkwad
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury, Linear
integrated circuits-Ramakanth A.gayAkwad
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury, Linear
integrated circuits-Ramakanth A.gayAkwad
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury, Linear
integrated circuits-Ramakanth A.gayAkwad
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Liner INTEGRATED Circuits-D. Roy Chodhury
Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
SN
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
IC counters
Topic
Analyse adder/substractor circuit using 2's
complement
Magnitude comparator
Priority encoder
Demultiplexers
Decoders
Describe the operation of difeerent Flip-FloP
Describe the designing of synchronous counters
Lecture Plan
Teaching aides
PPT
Resources
Digital fundamentals-Floyd and Jain,,8 th edition
PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
BLACKBOARD AND PPT
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT I: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
At the conclusion of this unit the student should be able to:
Discuss the general properties of an operational amplifier (op-amp).
State the two types of integrated circuits classified according to their mode of operation and
explain the significance of each.
Discuss the three basic types of linear IC packages.
Explain the three basic temperature grades for ICs.
Discuss the op-amp parameters.
Discuss the electrical characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
Define the terms input offset voltage, input offset current, common mode rejection ratio, slew
rate.
Discuss the need for compensation and compensation techniques.
UNIT II: OP-AMP APPLICATIONS
At the conclusion of this unit the student should be able to:
Analyze the operation of an ac amplifier.
Analyze a summing amplifier using the non inverting configuration.
Analyze a subtractor circuit.
Analyze an instrumentation amplifier circuit and discuss its applications.
Analyze a difference amplifier.
Analyze voltage to current converter.
Analyze integrator and differentiator circuits.
Analyze current to voltage converter.
Discuss the operation of a basic comparator circuit and draw its input output waveforms when
used as a noninverting comparator.
Discuss important characteristics of a comparator and limitations of op-amps as comparators.
Discuss the multivibrator circuits using op amp.
Analyze a square wave and triangular wave generators.
Analyze Log and Antilog amplifiers.
Analyze Precision Rectifier circuits using op amp.
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. CMRR is defined as
a. ADM/ACM
b. ACM/ADM
c. (ACM + ADM)/ ADM d. ADM/(ACM+ADM)
7. SVRR stands for ------------------- -------------------- ----------------- ---------------8. In which of the following integration number of gates available are 300 to 3000 per chip
[
]
a) SSI b) MSI c) LSI d) VLSI
9. In ideal Op- amp the input impedance is
a) Ri = 0 b) Ri = 1
c) Ri =
a) Buffer amplifier
d)none
b) CB amplifier
11. Which of the following is the closed loop gain of Non inverting amplifier
a) Increase
b) Decrease c) Moderate
b) 2 f Vm v/s
d) None
a) 2Vm v/s
d) none
c) f / Vm s/v
d)None
then RF =
a) 1Kohm
b)105 ohm
c) 10Kohm
d) 3Kohm
17. If R1= 10kohm and RF = 40 kohms , then the gain of non inverting amplifier is
a) 10
b) +10
c) 5
d)5
a) Adder
b) Subtractor
c)Multiplier
d) divider
a) Ri b)Ro
c)RF d) None
ANSWERS
1.Various mathematical
operations like
addition ,
Subtraction,scale
changing ,integration ,
and so on can be done.
2. and .
3.Vo=9V
4.0 and
5. Buffer or unity
gain follower
6.0C to 70C
7.1 an d 5
9. Vio / T
sec
The expression for total time period in simple op-amp square wave generator is
a) RC ln 1+ / 1-
b) 2 RC ln 1- / 1+
c) 2RC ln 1+
/ 1-
2.
At higher frequencies ____of op-amp limits the slope of the output square wave.
[
]
a) gain
b)slew rate
c) output impedance
d)None
3.
Vi
)
Vref
b) KT ln (
[
]
d) 2RC ln -1 / +1
Vi
)
Vref
c) -
V
kt
ln ( i )
n
Vref
Vref
kt
ln (
)
n
Vi
4.
The need of Rf in shunt with feed back capacitor Cf in the integrator ckt is
a) To decrease low
b) To decrease c) To increase low
frequency gain
o/p voltage variation
frequency gain
5.
6.
7.
Which of the following is the zero DB frequency of the practical differentiator ckt
[
]
d) a & b
[
]
d) All the above
a) 2RfC1
b) 2RfCf
c) 1 / 2RfC1
d) 1 / 2RfCf
8.
Which of the following is the o/p waveform of the differentiator when a sinusoidal is passed
through it
[
]
0
a) spikes
b) sine wave with 90
c) sine wave with
d) sine wave with no
phase shift
2700 phase shift
phase shift
9.
Which of the following ckt is used to compress the dynamic range of the signal
[
]
a) Comparator
b) Inverting amplifier C)log amplifier
d) Sample-Hold ckt
11
d) none
12
The phase angle between two voltages can also be measured using __________ circuit
13
14
The expression for frequency of oscillation of triangular waveform generator using lesser
components is _____________
15
A ckt which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an op-amp with known
reference voltage at the other input is known as ____________________________
16
17
18
19
In an instrumentation amplifier high resistance buffer is used preceding each input of op-amp
to avoid _____________
20
Precision diode is capable of rectifying i/p signal of the order of _____________ volts.
ANSWERS:
1.Loading of the
input source is
reduced.
2.Current
amplifier.
3.Better
5.Diode
6.Logarithmic
amplifier
7. Necessary
8.Square and
triangular
9.f= R2 /4RR1C
10.Linear rectifier
circuit, super diode
To realize butter-worth 3rd order filter one can combine . order and .. order filters [
a) 1 & 2
b) 5 & 2
c) 4 & 1
d) none
A HPF will
a) Pass high frequencies
b) Pass low
frequencies
[
d) a & c
c) Block DC
With the increase in order of the filter, the gain will increase or decrease at the rate of [
a) 40 dB/decade
b) 60 dB/Decade
c) 20 dB/Decade
d) none
d) 1
[
d)none
[
]
d) Narrow band
elimination filter
[
]
d) Block DC
10
[
]
D) Transistors
]
[
b)pass low frequencies
c) pass DC
d)none
11
Above cutoff frequency of 4th order LPF output voltage decrement rate of
a) 20db/decade
b)40db/decade
c) 60db/decade
12
Below cutoff frequency of 2nd order HPF the output voltage increase at a rate of [
]
a) 20db/decade
b) 40db/decade
c) 60db/decade
d) 80db/decade
13
14
15
16
[
]
d) 80db/decade
[
]
d) a & b
c) Notch filter
c)4&1
d)none
a)
A0 ( S + )
S 2 + 0 S + 02
b)
A0
S 2 + 0 S + 02
d) Ripple, Flat
c)
A0 ( S + )
S 2 + 0 S + 02
2
d)
S 2 + 0 S + 02
17
Below the cut off frequency of fourth order of HPF the output voltage decreases at a rate of
____________ db/decade
a) 20
b) 40
c) 60
d) 80
18
19
20
The frequency at which maximum attenuation occurs in notch filter is called as _____________
ANSWERS:
1.Av
6.First-order
HPF
2.Minimized
3.Increases
7.First-order LPF 8.(1-s)(1+s)
4.HPF
9.<1 , about 0.1
5.LPF
10.Parallel
b) IC 565
c) IC 556
d)IC 1496
[
]
d)IC 555
C)IC1496
Which of the following can be used as both linear & switched regulator [
a)IC 555
b)IC 7805
[
]
d) All the above
c)IC 7912
]
c)IC 1596
]
d) IC 723
]
d)Schmitt trigger
10
a)Square wave
converter
b)Square wave
generator
[
c)Sine wave
generator
d)Triangular
generator
11
Which of the following is the expression for pulse width of 555 mono stable multivibrator
a)1.1 RA C
b)0.69 RC
c)0.119RC
d)none
12
wave
a) 0.3/ R1 C1
13
14
b) 1.2/ R1 C1
d)2.2 R1 C1
]
To use Monostable multivibratror as divide by-2 circuit the relation between the length of
timing cycle
tp and the time period of the trigger input T is
[
]
b) tp > T
c) tp < T
d) none
16
c) 1.45/ R1 C1
a) tp =T
15
b) Stabilizes Vcc
c) Prevents false
triggering
d) serves no purpose
17
IC 566 is a to . Converter.
18
When the input frequency is equal to VCO frequency, the PLL will be in . State
19
20
21
A capacitor is connected between output and ground terminal to remove the effecy
ANSWERS:
1.a
2.dacb
7.stray
8.1456
capacitance effect
due suddentages
3.50
4.Direct and
Intigrated type
5..weighted
resistor type
9.Direct type
and integrated
type
10.0808
11.SOC,EOC
6.R-2R
LADDER
TYPE
c) 20 log vi * vo
[ ]
d) 20 log vi + vo
Arrange the following ADCs in the order of speed fastest on top slowest below
a) Successive
b) Dual Slope ADC
c) Servo ADC
d) Flash ADC
Approximation ADC
A 12 bit DAC has a reference voltage of 5.0 V. What is its resolution in mVolts.------------
5.
-----------------
6.
7.
The Inverted R-2R DAC is better than R-2R DAC because --------------------------------------------------
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The Inverted R-2R DAC is better than R-2R DAC because -----------------------------------------------------The Part Number of one of the Monolithic DAC is ______________
Name the two classes of Analog to Digital Convertors----------------------------------The control Signals of an ADC are------------------------------
ANSWERS:
1.A
2.C
3.C
9.B
10.A
11.B
UNIT 6: TTL AND CMOS ICS
1
4.B
12.A
5.D
13.B
6.B
14.C
7.D
15.C
In modified Integrated DTL NAND gate the fan-out is increased by replacing diode by a
[
a) Resistor
b) Schottky diode
c) Transistor
c) Capacitor
8.A
power
d) HTL
[
c) OR / NOR logic
[
d) high speed of
operation
[
]
d) High, Low, high
current states
High, Low, high impedance states 6.The fastest of all the logic families is
a) HTL
b) I2L
c) ECL
d) None
Which of the following logic family has more power dissipation per gate
a) ECL
b) DTL
c) TTL
d)
10
d) None
[
d) Schottky TTL
[
[
Schottky
]
]
]
TTL
11
[
]
d) VOH ( CMOS ) VIL
(TTL)
12
[
]
d) IIL ( TTL) -N IOL
(CMOS)
13
14
Low power Schottky has IOH = -400A, IOL = 8mA, IIH = 20A and IIL = -400A when interfacing
two such gates, the fanout can be __________
a) 30
b) 10
c) 15
d) 20
15
If a CMOS circuit has +10V supply, the typical high output voltage is ___________
a) 5V
b) 15V
c) 2V
d) 10 V
16
What is the signal level for logic zero in diode logic system
a) 0-1V
b) 0-3V
c) 0-2V
17
18
19
The static power dissipated in CMOS circuit is known as CV2f power ( TRUE/FALSE)
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
In RTL logic, if the base resistors are removed then the obtained logic is-------------------
27
28
29
30
In DTL to increase the fan-out by increasing load current, one of the diode connected to base of
transistor is replaced with ----------------------.Propagation delay time of Schottky TTL is-------------
ANSWERS:
1.A
9.A
2.A
10.A
3.A
11.A
4.A
12.A
5.A
13.A
6.A
14.A
7.A
15.A
8.A
c) 4X16 decoder
[
d) none
2.
What is the basic gate that is used in parity generation and checking
d) OR
3.
a) XOR
b) XNOR
c) AND
The adder which will use generate and propagate signals is called --------a) carry look ahead adder
4.
5.
b) serial adder
c) parallel adder
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Latch is a _________circuit.
a) level sensitive
b) edge sensitive
c) both a) and b)
74X85 is a _______________
a) 1-bit comparator
b) 2-bit comparator
c) 4-bit comparator
74X280 provides_____________
a) even parity
b) odd parity output
c) both a) and b)
d)none
[
[
d) both a) and b)
d) none
c) 3
c) output
[
]
d) carry save adder
c) both a) and b)
d) 4
[
d) combinational
[
d) 8-bit comparator
[
]
]
d) none
16
In three state driver when enable i/p is asserted the device behave like a ____________
17
18
19
20
21
In the ROM circuit, each intersection b/w ________________ and ___________ corresponds to one bit
of memory
22
23
74x181 is a ______________________
24
74x74 is a___________________
25
74X375 is a ____________________________________
26
27
ANSWERS:
1.A
7.A
2.A
8.A
3.A
9.A
4.A
10.A
5.A
11.A
6.A
12.A
2.
3.
4.
5.
b. GAL22V10
d. TE
c. 74 X 74
d. 74 X 112
c. 70 - 500 s /byte
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is 8K X 8 EPROM.
a. 2764
b. HM6264
[
c. 74 X 74
e. 74 X 112
10
11
12
13
c. output capability
d. switching capability
d. CS
d. 74LS70
c. equal output
D.NONE
Answers:
1.A
8.A
2.A
9.A
3.A
10.A
4.A
11.A
5.A
12.A
6.A
13.A
7.A
14.A
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
(a) Broadly classify the integrated circuits for a wide range of applications.
(b) Derive the output voltage of an op - amp based differential amplifier
(a) Explain how the averaging circuit can be derived from the summer.
(b) Show that the output of the subtractor is proportional to the di_erence be-tween the two input voltages.
(c) Design the op-amp circuit which can give the output as V0 = 2 V1 - 3 V2 + 4V3 - 5V4
(a) For the 741 IC op - amp, the supply voltage rejection ratio (SVRR) is 150V/V.Calculate the change in
this op - amps input offset voltage Vio if the supply voltages are varied from 10V to 12V.
(b) List and explain the characteristics of an ideal op - amp.
(c) Draw the pin diagram of A741 op - amp
4.
5.
(a) An op - amp has a slew rate of 2V/s. What is the maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak
value 5 V at which the distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation?
(b) What are the characteristics of an ideal op - amp and Explain them
7.
(a) List out the AC characteristics of an op-amp and discuss about them?
(b) For an op-amp, PSRR=70dB(min), CMRR=105, differential mode gain, Ad=105.The output voltage
changes by 20v in 4 microseconds. Calculate
i. numerical value of PSRR
ii. Common mode gain
iii. Slew rate of the op - amp.
(a) Discuss the stability of an op-amp by considering non-inverting amplier with resistive feed back
(b).For an op-amp PSRR = 70db (min) CMRR = 105 and differential mode gain Ad = 105. The output
voltage changes by 20V in 4Sec calculate:
i. PSRR
ii. Common mode gain
iii. Slew Rate.
10 Discuss Dominant pole, pole zero and Feed Forward compensation technique. Whatare its merits and
demerits.
a) An op - amp has a slew rate of 2V/s. What is the maximum frequency of an output sinusoid of peak
value 5 V at which the distortion sets in due to the slew rate limitation?
b) What are the characteristics of an ideal op - amp and Explain.?
11 (a) Explain the function of various blocks in block diagram of an op - amp.
(b) What are the specifications of ideal and practical op - amps and compare Them?
12 (a) What are the three operating temperature ranges of the IC?
(b) List out the AC characteristics of an op - amp and discuss about them.
(c) Draw an equivalent circuit of op - amp.?
13 (a) Explain the following parameters of an op-amp:
i. Input bias current (ii.) Input offset current iii. Input offset voltage.
(b) An op-amp is given 7 KHz sine warye input signal. Find the largest amplitude of undistored output of
the amplifier with ICQ of 8A and CC of 27pF
14 (a) Explain the following parameters of an op-amp.
i. CMRR
ii. PSRR
iii. Slew rate.
(b) For an op-amp having a slew rate of 3V/msec. What is the maximum closed loop voltage gain that can
be used when the input signal varies by 0.4 in 12microsec.
15 (a) Explain the various techniques used to compensate for thermal drift in Op-Amps.
(b) Explain the effects of time on input-Offset voltage and input-offset current.
16
(b) How does negative feedback effect, the performance of an inverting amplifiers?
(a) Calculate the exact closed loop gain inverting amplifier shown in figure3 if AOL = 2,00,000, Ri = 2M
and R0 = 75.
(b) Explain about any two linear and nonlinear
applications of op - amp.
(b) Obtain the frequency response of a practical integrator. What are its applications?
3
(a) What is the name of the circuit that is used to detect the peak value of non-sinusoidal input wave
forms? Explain its operation?
(b) Distinguish between positive and -ve cllipper circuits. Explain the operation of +ve and -ve chippers
with the help of circuit and wave form.
(a) Design a current to voltage converter using OP-AMP and explain how it can be used to measure the
output of photocell.
(b) Discuss the differences between differential amplifiers used in the first two stages of OP- AMP
(a) Draw the circuit diagram of a two input non-inverting type summing amplifier and derive the
expression for the output voltage.
(b) Briefly explain why negative feedback is desirable in amplifier applications.
(c) How does negative feedback affect the performance of an inverting amplifier?
(a) Find V0 for the circuit shown in figure
(b) Find R1 and Rf in the practical integrator (lossy integrator), so that the peak gain is 20 dB and the gain
is 3 dB down from its peak when = 10,000 rad/sec. Use a capacitance of 0.01F
7
(a) Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequencyfrom 10 Hz to about
1KHz. If a sine wave of 1V peak at 1000 Hz is applied to this differentiator draw the output
waveforms.
(b) Why active differentiator circuits are not used in analog computer to solve differential equations.
Explain the difference between the integrator and differentiator and give oneapplication of each.
(b) Design an adder circuit using op - amp to get the output expression as V0 = -(0.1 V1 + 10V2 + V3)
Where V1,V2, V3 are the inputs.
(c) Explain voltage follower with neat diagram.
(a) How the operational amplifier can be used as a differentiator and integrator.
(b) Explain how an operational amplifier can be used as summing amplifier
10
What is an instrumentation amplier? What are the basic requirements of a good instrumentation
amplier.?explain operation?
11
(a) Explain how the averaging circuit can be derived from the summer.?
(b) Show that the output of the subtractor is proportional to the diference between the two input voltages.?
12
(a) Explain the operation of a practical integrator with suitable mathematical expressions.
(b) Obtain the frequency response of a practical integrator. What are its applications?
13
14
15
(a) In an integrator circuit, Ri = 10Kohms, CF = 1 second, and the input is a step input Vin = 2V for
0 t 4. Determine the output voltage and sketch it.
(b) Draw the frequency response curve of a differentiator. How is it modified when a small resistor is
connected in series with the capacitor?
16
17
Draw the circuit diagram of a triangular wave generator using a comparator and integrator. Explain its
operation by referring to the output waveform?
18
(a) What is the name of the circuit that is used to detect the peak value of non-sinusoidal input wave
forms? Explain its operation?
(b) Distinguish between positive and -ve chipper circuits. Explain the operationof +ve and -ve chippers
with the help of circuit and wave form.?
19
(a) What is absolute value output circuit? How can it be used as a full wave rectification.
(b) For an op-amp Comparator assume VCC = 12V, Vsat = 0.9VCC If a sine wave of 10V is applied,
calculate threshold level and plot input output waveforms
20
21
(a) Design a logarithmic amplifier for positive input voltages in the range 5mV to 50V.
(b) With suitable circuit diagram explain the operation of a triangular wave generator using a comparator
and a integrator.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
(a) List the conditions for oscillation in all the three types of oscillators, namely,RC phase shift, Wien bridge and quadrature oscillators.
(b) Design an op - amp based relaxation oscillator and derive the frequency of oscillation
(a) Derive the expression for the transfer function of 2nd order Low pass filter.
(b) Give the functional block diagram of VCO NE 566 and explain its working and necessary expression for
free running or center frequency.
(a) Explain the term VSVS configuration. Design a VCVS low pass Butterworth second order filter with a
cutoff frequency of 4kHz. Assume necessary data in the design process.
(b) What is meant by all pass filter? Draw the circuit of it.
(a) Explain the advantages of active filter. Explain different configurations of active filter. Discuss their
merits and demerits.
(b) List out the applications of VCO 566.Design an RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 500Hz.
10
(a) Draw a band - pass filter circuit with its frequency response curve. Explain its working.
(b) Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of 100Hz and a lower cutoff
frequency of 1kHz. Calculate the Q of the filter?
11
(a) Draw a band - pass filter circuit with its frequency response curve. Explain its working.
(b) Design a first order wide band reject filter with a higher cutoff frequency of =100Hz and a lower cutoff
frequency of 1kHz. Calculate the Q of the filter?
12
13
14
15
(a) Draw the circuit and explain the operation of narrow band pass _lter.
(b) Design a narrow band pass _lter with two feed back paths with Fc=1.5KHz Q=7 and AF =15.
16
(a) Draw the circuit and explain the operation of wide band reject _lter.
(b) Design a wide band reject _lter having fH= 400 Hz and fL= 2KHz with a pass band gain of 2.
(a) With the help of circuit diagram and wave forms explain how IC 555 can be operated as monostable
multi-vibrator.?
(b) What is the importance of Pin5 of IC 555? Explain
(a) An IC555 timer used as a monostable has R=20 K and C = 0.01uf. What is the duration of output pulse?
(b) Explain how IC555 can be used as missing pulse detector.
(a) An IC555 timer used as a monostable has R=20 K and C = 0.01_f. What is the duration of output pulse?
(b) Explain how IC555 can be used as missing pulse detector
(a) Derive the expression for the frequency of the output of an astable multi-vibrator.
(b) A 555 timer is configured to run in astable mode with R1 = 20K and R2 = 8K and C = 0.1_f. Determine
the output frequency and duty cycle..
(a) Explain the significance of each of comparators and operation of 555 timer.
(b) Explain the application of 555 timer as linear ramp generator.
(c) List out the applications of VCO 566
10
(a) Explain how phase locked loop is used as a frequency translator and AM demodulator.
(b) Explain linear ramp generation using 555 timer.
11
(a) Explain the operation of Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer. Derive the expression of time delay
of a Monostable multivibrator using 555 timer.
(b) Design monostable multivibrator using 555 timer to produce a pulse width of 100 m sec
(a) Write a short notes on i. Limitations of weighted resistor type D/A converters. ii. Resolution of a
converter circuit.
(b) Calculate the number of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10V with a resolution of 5 mV
approximate
(a) Write a note on multiplying DACs. (b) List important speci_cations of a standard ADC IC.
(c) An 8 bit successive approximation Register type ADC is driven by a 1 MHz clock. Find its conversion
time.
(a) Explain successive approximation ADC with the help of block diagram. Also illustrate conversion
process.
(b) An 8-bit successive approximation ADC is driven by a 1 MHz clock. Find its conversion time.
(a) Discuss the features operation and pin diagram of 0803 and 0808 .
(b) Calculate the quantizing error for 12-bit ADC with full scale input voltage 4.095V.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of a D/A converter. Use resistance values whose ratios are multiples of 2.
Explain the operation of the converter.
(b) Draw the block diagram of a converting 4-bit A/D converter and explain its operation. Sketch the
output waveform.
(a) What are the basic blocks preceding an Analog to Digital converter in a typical application like digital
audio recording?
(b) Draw the circuit of weighted resistor DAC and derive expression for output analog voltage Vo.
(c) Compare merits and demerits of A/D converters.
(a) Compare the conversion times and e_ciencies of 8-bit tracking type and successive approximation type
A/D converters.
(b) Determine the resolution of an 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
(c) If the maximum output voltage of a 7-bit D/A converter is 25.4 V. What is the smallest change in the
output as the binary count increases.
(a) Explain the operation of a Successive Approximation type analog to digital converter.
(b) Calculate the no. of bits required to represent a full scale voltage of 10V with a resolution of 5mV
approximately
10
11
12
(a) What are the important features of counter type A/D converter.
(b) Compare tracking and counter type converters.
(c) Determine the resolution of a 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
13
(a) Define important performance specifications of Digital to Analog converters listing their typical values.
(b) Describe the operation of an R - 2R ladder type DAC.
14
(a) Compare the conversion times and e_ciencies of 8-bit tracking type and successive approximation type
A/D converters.
(b) Determine the resolution of an 8-bit A/D converter for a 10V input range.
(c) If the maximum output voltage of a 7-bit D/A converter is 25.4 V. What is the smallest change in the
output as the binary count increases
Draw the circuit for Diode logic AND gate and explain its operation with the help of truth table. compare
this logic family with TTL and CMOS logic family.
(a) What are the salient features of CMOS logic family. Compare this with PMOS and NMOS logic
families.
(b) Draw the circuit for CMOS NOR logic gate and explain its functioning clearly giving truth table
(a) Draw the CMOS circuit diagram of tri-state buffer. Explain the circuit with the help of logic diagram
and function table.
(b) Design a CMOS transistor circuit that realizes the following Boolean function. f(a) = (P + Q). (Q + R)
Also explain its functional operations
Compare CMOS, TTL and ECL with reference to logic levels, DC Noise margin, propagation delay and
fan-out.
(a) Design CMOS transistor circuit for 3-input AND gate. With the help of function table explain the
operation of the circuit diagram.
(b) Design a CMOS transistor circuit that has the functional behavior as f(x) = (a + b) (b + c)(a + c) Also
explain its functional operation.
(a) What are the parameters that are necessary to define the electrical characteristics of CMOS circuits?
Mention the typical values of a CMOS NAND gate.
(b) Design a CMOS 4-input AND-OR-INVERT gate. Draw the logic diagram and function table
(a) What is the necessity of separate interfacing circuit to connect CMOS gate to TTL gate? Draw the
interface circuit and explain the operation.
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of basic CMOS gate and explain the operation 9. (a) Draw the CMOS circuit
diagram of tri-state buffer. Explain the circuit with the help of logic diagram and function table
(a) Draw the circuit diagram of a two-input LS-TTL NOR gate and explain its functional behavior?
(b) Mention the DC noise margin levels of ECL logic family. Compare DTL, TTL and CMOS logic
families, giving typical values of various parameters.
10
(a) Draw the internal structure of a MOS transistor based Read only memory.
(b) Describe the procedure to fuse a combinational circuit in to this type of ROMwith the help of a simple
example
11
12
Draw the typical Input-Output transfer charactersters of CMOS Inverter and explain about the various
terms associated with the characteristics. Explain the term Noise Margin.
13
Explain how CMOS-TTL interfacing can be achieved. Give the input and output levels of voltages and
explain?
14
Explain about ECL 100K family and positive ECL (PECL), bringing out, salient features of the same
15
Draw the circuit for CMOS OR logic gate and explain its working clearly, giving truth table and symbol
16
(a) Realize 2-input exclusive OR function using four 2-input NAND gates.
(b) What is parity? Describe how an odd parity can be generated for an n-bit input speci_cation.
(c) Design an n-bit input odd parity generator using daisy-chain structure
17
Explain about ECL 100K family and positive ECL (PECL), bringing out, salient features of the same
18
Draw the circuit for CMOS OR-AND-Invert logic gates and explain its functioning clearly with the help of
function table.
(a) Construct a full adder circuit using two half adders and basic logic gates.
(b) Draw the circuit diagram of a 4-bit ripple carry adder using 4 full adder circuit blocks.
(c) Compare and contrast ripple carry adder and a carry-look-ahead adder for same number of input bits.
(a) Draw the truth table for implementing a 3-to-8 decoder similar to 74X138 MSI
(b) List out different categories of characteristics in a TTL data sheet? Discuss electrical and switching
characteristics of 74LS00
(a) Design an encoder circuit that can recognize first and second priorities of 8 requests.Show the first
priority request and the corresponding encoded data and show it for second priority request
(b)Explain how serial data communication is possible using 74X166 as transmitter and 74X164 as
receivers.
(a) Explain how a 44 binary multiplier can be designed using 2568 ROM.
(b) How many ROM bits are required to build a 16-bit adder/subtractor with mode control, carry input,
carry output and twos complement overflow output? Show the block schematic with all inputs and
outputs.
10
Construct the function, F (w3, w2, w1,) =P m(0; 1; 3; 4; 6; 7) by using a 3-to-8 decoder and an OR gate.
Draw the circuit diagram for the function representing 3-to-8 decoder as a block.
11
Generate the truth table and draw the circuit diagram for
(a) Dual parity generator for an 8-bit input
12
13
(a) Design a 32 to 1 multiplexer using four 74151 multiplexers and 74139 decoder?
(b)Design a 16-bit comparator using 7485 IC. Draw the relevant circuit diagram
14
Draw the circuits of NAND and NOR gates using CMOS logic and explain
their operation with truth tables.
Draw the circuit diagram, function table and logic symbol of an edge triggered J-K ip-op. Explain the
operation through its functional diagram.
With the help of internal structure of a small SRAM and its timing diagram,describe Read and write
operations performed in the SRAM
(a) Define clock skew. Explain how clock skew leads to incorrect outputs in syn chronous circuits. Design
one logic circuit that minimizes clock skew.
(b) Design an 8-bit universal parallel-in and serial out shift register with a control input. Shift-left
operation with control input 1 and shift-right operation with control input 0 is to be performed
a) Design an 8x4 diode ROM using 74X138 for the following data starting from the first location. 1, 4,
9,B, A, 0, F,C
(b) Draw the internal structure of synchronous SRAM and explain its operation?
(a) Draw the timing diagram to specify typical timing parameters of an SRAM to perform write operation.
(b) Describe the sequence of operations taking place in a DRAM cell to refresh the cell after write
operation is performed
10
.(a) Describe the sequence of operations taking place in a DRAM cell to refresh the cell after write
operation is performed.
(b) Does the ROM realization remain the same even if two of the input columns are interchanged? Justify
your answer
11
(a) How many number of address lines are required to access all the locations of a 256K x 8 memory?
what is the data word size stored in this memory?
(b) What are synchronous SRAMs? Describe how synchronous operations are performed in SSRAM with
the help of its internal block diagram showing the inputs and outputs
12
(a) Discuss whether it is possible to build a ROM using bipolar Junction transistors?
(b) List out the merits and demerits of the above three types of ROM.
(a) Draw the circuit diagram and function table of a positive edge triggered com- mercial D ip-op which is
similar to one of the two ip-ops on an MSIIC 74x74.
(b) What is a scan ip-op? Draw the extra logic necessary to convert a normal
13
14
How many ROM bits are required to build a 16-bit adder/subtractor with mode control, carry input, carry
output and two?s complement overflow out-put? Show the block schematic with all inputs and outputs?
15
(a) Design a 4-bit binary synchronous counter using 7474. Write VHDL program for this logic. Using
data flow style.
(b) Design a modulo-60 counter using 74163 Ics
16
(a) Draw the Dflipflop and Tflip flop and explain the operation with truth table.
(b) Draw the J-K flip-flop and explain its operation with truth table.
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
ASSIGNMENT I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Assignment Questions
Assignment Questions
8. Explain following terms with reference to TTL gate. a) Logic level, b) DC noise margin, c) Low
state unit load
ASSIGNMENT-VII
1. Design a 16-bit ALU using 74x381 and 74x182 ICs
2. Design a 24-bit comparator circuit using 74x682 ICs and discuss the functionality of the
circuit.
ASSIGNMENT-VIII
1. Discuss in detail the synchronous system structure with neat sketch..
2. Draw a 3bit LFSR counter using 74x194 .List out the sequence assuming that the initial
state is 111.
3. Distinguish between latch and flip flop. Show the logic diagram for both. Explain the
operation with the help of function table..
4. Design a conversion circuit to convert a T-flip flop to J-K flip flop.
5. Define clock skew. Explain how clock skew leads to incorrect outputs in synchronous
circuits. Design one logic circuit that minimizes clock skew
6. Write a program to generate a clock with off time and on time equal to10nS.
7. What is the difference between ring counter and Johnson ring counter. Design self
correcting 4-bit 4state ring counter with a single circulating 0 using 74x194.
8. Draw the internal structure of synchronous SRAM and explain the operation.
9. Explain the internal structure of 64 Kx1 DRAM with the help of timing wave forms
discuss DRAM access
****THE END****
ELECTRONIC
MEASUREMENTS &
INSTRUMENTATION
COURSEFILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
In general, the course hopes to provide an overall understanding of the elements and processes,
including sources of errors, involved in obtaining electrical analog measurements and digitally
acquiring these measurements.
The course specific objectives are to develop an understanding of:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SYLLABUS
Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING SYSTEMS & ANALOG
METERS
Block Schematics of Measuring Systems,Performance Characteristics, Static Characteristics, Accuracy,
Precision, Resolution, Types of Errors, Gaussian Error, Root Sum Squares formula, Dynamic
characteristics, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Fidelity, Lag , Measuring Instruments: DC Voltmeters
DArsonval Movement , DC Current Meters, AC Voltmeters and Current Meters, Ohmmeters,
multimeters , Meter Protection, Extension of Range, True RMS Responding Voltmeters, Specifications
of Instruments
UNIT-II: ELECTRONIC METERS AND SIGNAL GENERATORS
Electronic Voltmeters, Multimeters , AC, DC Meters, Digital Voltmeters: Ramp Type, Staircase Ramp ,
Dual slope; Integrating type, Successive Approximation Type, Auto ranging, 3 1/2, 33/4 Digit display,
Pico ammeter, High Resistance Measurements,Low Current Ammeter, Applications, Signal Generators:
AF, RF Signal Generators, Sweep frequency Generators, Pulse and Square wave Generators, Function
generators , Arbitrary waveform Generator, Video signal Generators, Specifications
UNIT-III: SIGNAL ANALYZERS
AF Wave Analyzers, HF Wave Analyzers, Harmonic Distortion , Heterodyne wave analyzers,
Spectrum Analyzers, Power Analyzers, Capacitance-Voltage Meters, Oscillators.
UNIT-IV: DC AND AC BRIDGES
Wheat stone Bridge, Kelvin Bridge, AC Bridges, Maxwell, Hay Bridges, Schering, wien, Anderson
Bridges, Resonance Bridge, Similar Angle Bridge, Wagners ground connection, Twin T, Bridged T
Network, Detectors.
UNIT-V OSCILLOSCOPES
CRT, Block Schematic of CRO, Time Base Circuits, Lissajous Figures, CRO Probes, High Frequency
CRO Considerations, Delay lines, Applications, Specifications.
UNIT-VI: SPECIAL PURPOSE OSCILLOSCOPES
Dual Trace oscilloscope, Dual Beam CROs, Sampling oscilloscope, Storage oscilloscope, Digital
Storage CRO, Frequency Measurement, Period Measurement, Errors in time/Frequency measurements,
universal counters, Extension of range, Recorders: Strip-Chart. XY
Oscillographic recorders.
UNIT-VII: TRANSDUCERS
Classification, Strain gauges, Bonded, unbounded Strain gauges, Force and Displacement Transducers,
Resistance Thermometers, Hotwire Anemometers, LVDT, Thermocouples, Synchros, Special
Resistance Thermometers, Digital Temperature sensing system, Piezoelectric Transducers, Variable
Capacitance Transducers, Magneto strictive Transducers.
UNIT-VIII: MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Flow Measurement, Displacement Meters, Liquid level measurement, Measurement of Humidity and
Moisture Measurement, Velocity, Force Measurements
Pressure High Pressure Measurement, Vacuum level Measurement, Temperature Measurements
Data Acquisition Systems.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Syllabus
TEXTBOOKS :
1. Electronic instrumentation, second edition - H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.
2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques A.D. Helfrick and W.D.
Cooper, PHI, 5th Edition, 2002.
REFERENCES :
1. Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte, Pearson
Education, 2nd Ed., 2004.
3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education - 2005.
WEBSITES:
1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
2) http://www.rfdesign.com
JOURNALS:
1). Journal of Instrumentation
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
8.
LECTURE PLAN
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
SN
1
2
6
7
8
9
Days Topic
Block Schematics of Measuring Systems
Performance Characteristics-Static Characteristics, Accuracy, Precision,
Resolution
Dynamic Characteristics, Repeatability, Reproducibility, Fidelity, Lag
Types of Errors, Gaussian Error, Root Sum Squares formula,example problems
Measuring Instruments: DC Voltmeters,DArsonval Movement, DC Current
Meters
example problems in DC voltmeter & current meter
AC Voltmeters and Current Meters
example problems in AC voltmeter & current meter
Ohmmeters, Multimeters,Meter Protection, Extension of Range
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
exercise problems
True RMS Responding Voltmeter,sSpecifications of Instruments
Electronic Voltmeters,Multimeters
AC, DC Meters
Digital Voltmeters: Ramp Type, Staircase Ramp
Dual slope; Integrating type, Successive Approximation Type
Auto ranging, 3 1/2, 33/4 Digit display
Pico ammeter
High Resistance Measurements,Low Current Ammeter, Applications
Signal Generators: AF, RF Signal Generators
Sweep frequency Generators
Pulse and Square wave Generators
Function Generators-Arbitrary waveform Generator
Video signal Generators, Specifications
Unit test-1
3
4
5
Teaching Aids
BLACK BOARD
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Resource
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
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Lecture Plan
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electronic Instrumentation by H.S.Kalsi
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
Electrical and electronic Measurements by A.K.Sawhney
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
problems
Recorders: Strip-Chart. XY,Oscillographic recorders
unit test-2
Transducers: Classification
Strain gauges-Bonded, unbounded Strain gauges
Force and Displacement Transducers
Resistance Thermometers
LVDT,Thermocouples
Synchros
Special Resistance Thermometers,Digital Temperature
sensing system
Piezoelectric Transducers
Variable Capacitance Transducers
Magneto strictive Transducers.
Measurement of Physical Parameters: Flow
Measurement
Displacement Meters,Liquid level Measurement
Measurement of Humidity and Moisture Measurement
Velocity, Force Measurements
Pressure High Pressure Measurement,Vacuum level
Measurement
Temperature Measurements, Data Acquisition
Systems
Lecture Plan
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LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
METERS
After completion of this unit the student should be able to understand
1. The basic definitions and the Static and dynamic performance characteristics of Instruments and
their relevance .
2. The sources of errors and their remedial measures.
3. The Basic DC meter movement, measurement of voltage and current and conversion into
multirange meter.
4. The physical principles and construction of AC voltmeter and ammeter and Ohmmeters.
5. The circuit configurations of different sections of millimeters
Learning Objectives
UNIT V: OSCILLOSCOPES
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
METERS
1. A digital voltmeter has a readout range from 0 to 9,999 counts. Determine the resolution
a. 1 mv b.10 mV
c.1 V
d.100 mV
b.Dead zone
c.Sensitivity
d.Fiedlity
3. ______ is defined as the difference between the largest and smallest reading of instrument
a. Span
b.Range
4. ____ refers to the degree of closeness or conformity to the true value of quantity under
measurement
a. Precision
b.Accuracy
c.Drift d.Resolution
5. ________ is defined as the nearness of the indicated value to the true value of the quantity being
measured
a. Accuracy
b.Resolution c.Reproducibility
d.Static error
6. ______ is defined as the ability of the instrument to reproduce a certain set of readings within a
given accuracy
a. Accurancy
b.Precision
c.Reproducibility
d.Static error
7. ______ is defined as the largest change in input quantity for which there is not output of the
instrument
a. Drift
b.Dead zone
c.Fiedlity
d.Accuracy
b.Threshold
b.Threshold
10. A wheat stone bridge requires a change of 7 in the unknown arm of the bridge to produce a
change in deflection of 3mm of the galvanometer sensitivity is _____
a. 3/7
11. The voltage of a circuit is measured by a voltmeter having input impedance comparable with the
output impedence of the circuit there by causing error in voltage measurment. This error may be
called as
a. Gross error b.Random
caused by loading effect
d.Error
12. A meter reads 127.50V and the true value of voltage is 127.43
(i) static error ___________
(ii) static correction _______
a. 0.07V, 0.07V
b.0.07V, -0.07V
c.-0.07V, 0.07V
d.-0.07V, 0.07V
b.60
c.45
d.40
14. ______ is the time for the instrument ot reach and stay within a specified tolerance band around
its final value
a. Fiedlity
b.Dynamic error
c.Speed of response
d.Settling time
15. A Thermometer reads 95.450C and the static correction given in the correction curve is -0.080C.
Then the True value is ______
a. 95.37
b.95.53
c.95.47
d.95.63
16. What type of errors are due to shortcomings of the instruments like detective (or) worn parts?
a. Gross errors
b.Systematic errors
c.Random errors
d.Environment errors
17. What type of errors are due to largely human errors like misreading of instruments?
a. Gross errors
b.Systematic errors
c.Random errors
d.Environmental errors
18. Variance =
a. Standard deviation b.1/standard deviation
d.(standard deviation)2
c.1/(standard deviation)2
19. A 0-300V voltmeter has an error of 2% of full scale deflection. What would be the range of
readings if true voltages is 30V ?
a. 24V-36V
b.29.4V-30.6V
20. ______ is defined as the degree to which the instrument indicates the changes in the measured
without dynamic error
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
a. Fiedlity
ANSWERS
b.Dynamic error
1.A
11.D
4.B
14.D
2.D
12.B
3.A
13.B
5.A
15.A
c.Speed of response
6.B
16.A
7.B
17.A
d.Settling time
8.A
18.D
9.B
19.A
10.A
20.A
b.20 H3 to 20 kHz
c.8.84 MHz
6. In phase shift oscillator, it consists of equal valued capacitors and resistors connected in cascade.
Each stage provides a phase shift of
a. 300
7. In signal generator
a. energy is created
b.energy is generated
c.energy is converted from a simple
dc source into a.c energy at some specific frequencies
d.energy is consumed
d.(i) wrong,
b.RF
c.Video frequency
d.High frequency
b.Only an attenuator
d.Frequency divider, attenuator
b.100
c.1K
d.5K
b.724 Hz
c.824 Hz
d.1024 Hz
16. Determine pulse width for pulse generator R=75 k, C=0.01 F, T=0.693 RC=?
a. 0.173 ms
b.0.173 ns
c.0.173 s
d.1.73 s
17. Compute duty cycle for given information pulse width=0.173, pulse period = 1.08; Duty cycle=?
a. 16%
b.26%
c.36%
d.06%
18. In the oscillatory circuit, the elements can be used to set the frequency of oscillator
a. inductor, resistor
d.inductor, resistor
19. _______ is defined as the ratio of average value of the pulse over one cycle and the peak value
are inversely related to their time duration
a. Duty cycle
b.Complete cycle
c.Synchro cycle
d.Wave cycle
ANSWERS
1.A
11.C
2.B
12.C
3.D
13.A
4.D
14.A
5.D
15.A
6.C
16.A
7.C
17.A
8.A
18.B
9.B
19.A
10.A
20.A
b.1/s
c.(d22+d3+-----+dn2)1/2
d.none
2. (i) The basic wave analyzer consists of a primary detector, which is a simple Lc circuit
(ii) This LC circuit is adjusted for resonance at the frequency of the particular harmonic
component to the measured
a. (i), (ii) are wrong
(ii) is wrong
d.(i) is Right,
b.20KHz - 200KHz
d.2MHz - 200MHz
4. ________ noise has a voltage spectrum which is inversely proportional to the square root of
frequency
a. Pink noise
5. Basic wave analyzer uses a full wave rectifier, to obtain _______ of the input signal
a. Average value
b.Rms value
c.Square
d.Double
d.single generator
III Year B.Tech. I Semester
b.20dB to 40dB
c.40dB to 90dB
d.90dB o 180dB
b.
(Vp1/Vp1) *100
c.(Vp1/Vpn) *100
d.none
b.10KHz to 18MHz
10. Ordinary wave analyzers are useful for measurement in the _______ range only
a. Audio frequency
frequency
b.Low frequency
c.Radio frequency
d.Very high
c.Cross-over distortion
d.Amplitude
14. _____________ Types of distortions occurs because the amplification factor of the amplifier is
different for different frequencies
a. Frequency distortion b.Phase distortion
distortion
c.Cross-over distortion
d.Amplitude
16. Rms value of amplitude of fundamental wave is 100v and RMS value of amplitudes of all
higher harmonics is 0.3v. Find the
a. 0.3
b.0.1
c.3.33 d.10
17. The signal amplitude is displayed verses frequency. These measurement are said to be in the
______
a. Amplitude Domain
d.Power domain
ANSWERS
1.
11.B
2.c
12.D
3.B
13.C
4.A
14.A
5.A
15.A
6.A
16.A
7.A
17.A
8.A
18.A
9.B
19.
10.A
20.
1. A bridge circuit works at a frequency of 2 KHz. The following can be used as detectors for
detection of null conditions in the bridge
a. headphones and vibration galvanometer
b. headphones and tunable amplifiers
c. vibration galvanometers and tunable amplifier
d. tunable amplifiers and vibration galvanometers
2. Wagner's earth devices are used in ac bridge circuits for
a. eliminating the effect of earth capacitances
b. eliminating the effect of inter-component capacitances
c. shielding the bridge elements
d. eliminating the effect of stray electrostatic fields
3. For the bridge, Z1=200<300 Z2 = 150<00 and Z3=250<-400. In order that the bridge be balanced
Z4 should be
a. 120<600
b.187.5<-700 c.333.3<100 d.100<-400
4. How an AC bridge is used in amplifiers and oscillators ?
a. generate an additional amount of power
b. provide a impedance matching
c. provide a feed back
d. path provide filtering
5. The equation under balance conditions for a bridge are: R1=R2R3/R4 and L1=R2R3/C4 where R1
and L1 are respectively unknown resistance and inductance. In order to achieve converging
balance
a. R1 and C4 should be chosen as variable
b. R2 and C4 should be chosen as variable
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
c.L1=R2R3/C4 d.L1=R2R3C4
c.
d.Wien's bridge
d.Hay's bridge
d.
c.L only
d.R, L and C
ANSWERS
1.B
11.A
2.A
12.D
3.B
13.B
4.C
14.D
5.D
15.D
6.D
16.D
7.C
17.A
8.A
18.C
9.C
19.C
10.B
20.D
UNIT V: OSCILLOSCOPES
d.Horizontal
c.Electron gun
d.Fluorescent screen
b.Deflection plates
4. If the distance of screen from a CRT to centre of deflection plates is 15cm. The length of
deflection plates is 2cm, The distance between plates is 1cm and the accelerating voltage is
500V, The deflection sensitivity
a. 33.2 V/cm
b.0.03 cm/V
c.66.4 V/cm
d.0.015 cm/v
5. The deflection of an electron beam on a CRT screen is 10mm. Supose the pre-accelerating
anode voltage is halved and the potential between deflecting plates is doubled. The deflection of
the electron beam will be
a. 80mm
b.40mm
c.20 mm
d.10 mm
b.External
c.Triggered
d.Line
7. The pre-accelerating anode and accelerating anode are connected to a common positive high
voltage of about ______
a. 1350 V
b.1200 V
c.1500V
d.2000V
b.100v
c.500v
d.50v
b.Attenuator c.Clipper
d.Clammper
d.a barium
b.current
c.strain
d.pressure
12. A certain oscilloscope with 4cm by 4cm screen has its own speed output fed to its input at the x
and y sensitivities are same. The oscilloscope will display a
a. Triangular wave
b.Diagonal wave
c.Sine wave
d.Circle
15. Which meter is suitable for the measurement of 10mV at 50mHz ______
a. moving-iron voltmeter
b.CRO
c.VTVM
d.Electrostatic Voltmeter
16. The vertical amplifiers is the principle factor in determining the _____ and _______ of an
oscilloscope
a. Voltage, current
c.Power factor, current
b.Voltage, Bandwidth
d.Bandwidth sensitivity
c.V/Cm2
d.V-Cm
18. The relation between sensitivioty of oscilloscope and gain of th vertical amplifier
a. Sensitivity (gain)2 b.Sensitivity
c.Sensitivity gain
d.Sensitivity
19. To minimize the loading of the circuit under test, the input impedance of a CRO
a. be Low
circuit
b.be high
c.capacitive
20. If the bandwidth of an oscilloscope is given direct current to 10MHz, what is the fastest rise
time a sine wave con have to be accurately reproduced by an instrument
a. tr=20ns
b.tr=30 ns
c.tr=35ns
d.tr=25ns
ANSWERS
1.A
11.A
2.C
12.B
3.A
13.B
4.B
14.C
5.B
15.B
6.C
16.D
7.C
17.A
8.C
18.C
9.A
19.A
10.D
20.B
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. At a high frequency of the order of 100kHz to 500kHz , the dual trace oscilloscope operate in
[01S04]
a. X and Y mode
b.alternate mode
c.dc mode
d.chopped mode
10. A sampling oscilloscope is used to examine
a. dc signals
b.high hold off signals
c.very fast signals
d.very slow signals
11. In variable persistence storage oscilloscope, the image traced on its CRT will be retain by using
a. storage shift register
b.constant signal output
c. storage mesh in addition to phosphor screen
d.resonance circuit
12. The digital storage oscilloscope is more accurate than analog storage oscilloscope because
a. the time base is generated by a crystal clock
b. collects data after it has been triggered
c. it operate in a baby sitting mode
d. constant refresh time
13. The attenuation factor of the voltage divider used in CRO is
a. 1:10 b.1:100
c.reciprocal of the voltage divider ratio
d.twice that of
voltage divider ratio
14. The attenuator of CRO is loaded when the
a. vertical amplifier resistance is much larger than the attenuator resistance
b. horizontal amplifier resistance is much lower than the attenuator resistance
c. horizontal amplifier resistance is much larger than the attenuator resistance
d. vertical amplifier resistance is much lower than the attenuator resistance
15. If the bandwidth of an oscilloscope is given as direct current to 10MHz, what is the fastest rise
time a sine wave can have to be accurately reproduced by the instrument?
a. 10ns b.5ns c.35ns d.100ns
16. The following oscilloscope is used for the capture and storage of transients and the steady
display of a very low frequency signals
a. dual trace oscilloscopes
b.dual beam oscilloscopes
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
c.storage oscilloscopes
d.sampling oscilloscopes
17. The bistable storage oscilloscopes depend for their operation, on the principle of
a. bridge balance
b.photo conductive c.resonance d.secondary emission
18. The advantage of storage oscilloscope over digital oscilloscope is
a. lower writing speed b.higher bandwidth c.more accuracy
d.larger retain time
19. The high amplitude signals are measured using CRO by placing an attenuator between the
a. vertical input terminal and the input terminal of the horizontal amplifier
b. vertical input terminal and the input terminal of the vertical amplifier
c. horizontal input terminal and the input terminal of the vertical amplifier
d. horizontal input terminal and the input terminal of the horizontal amplifier
20. The Fast storage oscilloscopes enhance the speed with which they can capture transient
information by using
a. amplifier at two plates
b.two storage meshes
c.variable persistence tubes
d.bistable storage tube
ANSWERS
1.A
11.C
2.A
12.C
3.D
13.C
4.B
14.A
5.B
15.C
6.A
16.C
7.B
17.D
8.C
18.B
9.D
19.B
10.C
20.B
2.C
12.D
3.C
13.C
4.B
14.B
5.C
15.D
6.C
16.A
7.C
17.B
8.D
18.B
9.B
19.A
10.A
20.C
1. Which of the following is not used for static and dynamic pressure measurements?
a. capacitive transducers
b.photoelectric transducers
c. oscillation transducers
d.piezoelectric transducers
ANSWERS
1.C
11.A
2.A
12.A
3.D
13.A
4.C
14.B
5.B
15.C
6.D
16.B
7.C
17.D
8.B
18.C
9.C
19.A
10.D
20.C
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
METERS
1.
2.
3.
can be minimized?
b) A Voltmeter having a sensitivity of 15k/V reads 80V on a 100V scale, when
connected across an unknown resistor. The current through the resistor is 2mA.
Calculate the % of error due to loading effect.
4.
5.
6.
a)
7.
a) Draw the circuit for a FET input electronic Voltmeter and explain its working
b) Give the Schematic for true RMS responding Voltmeter and explain its operation.
8.
a)
9.
b) How are random errors analyzed? Explain them with examples. Explain about true
RMS voltmeter
a) Define voltmeter sensitivity. What is the loading effect of a DC voltmeter?
Explain with an example
b) In the circuit shown in figure 1b, two resistors R1 and R2 are connected to
10.
a)
b) A resistance is measured by the voltmeter and ammeter method, the voltmeter
reading is 125.4V on the 250V scale and the ammeter reading is 288.5mA on
500mA scale. Both meters guaranteed to accurate within 1 percent of
fullscale reading. Calculate
i. the indicated value of the resistor
ii. the limits within which you can guarantee the result.
a) What is Ayrton Shunt? Describe it with a neat sketch. Specify its applications
b) Design a universal Ayrton shunt to provide an ammeter with a current range of
11.
12.
13.
2.
a)
b)
List out some important features like, operating and performance characteristics of
digital voltmeters
What are the different sections of a frequency synthesized Signal Generator? Explain
the function of each in waveform generation
Explain the Principle and working of a Function Generator
Give the Specifications and Typical Values of a Function Generator Instrument
3.
a)
1.
a)
b)
b)
Draw the Circuit for Hartley oscillator and explain the principle of operation
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
What are the different Types of signal Generators ? Explain each of them briefly
What are the considerations to be made in choosing an oscillator Instrument or Signal
Generator Instrument
Draw the block diagram of a Pulse Generator Instrument and explain the operation of
the Instrument
Determine the frequency of Colpitts oscillator with L =100mH C1 =0.005F,
C2
= 0.01F
Explain the Principle and working of FM Signal Generator
Give the specifications and Typical values of FM signal Generator
b)
6.
a)
b)
7.
a)
9.
a)
b)
How Function Generator Instrument is different from signal Generator? Draw the block
schematic and explain the principle of function Generator Instrument
Determine the oscillator frequency of a Hartley oscillator withL1 =100mH , L2 =1mH ,
M=50mH and c =100pf
With respect to construction and circuit configuration, explain how a square wave
generator differs from sine wave generator
With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Random pattern generator
Explain with a block diagram the working of a AF signal generator
10.
a)
b)
11.
a)
b)
8.
12.
a)
b)
13.
a)
b)
What is the need for inserting isolation between the signal generator output and
oscillator in a simple signal generator? What are the different ways in which this can be
achieved?
With the help of a block diagram, explain the working of laboratory type pulse
generator
What are the different types of digital voltmeters? Briefly explain each one of them
The lowest range on a 41/2 digit DVM is 10 mV full scale. What is the sensitivity of
this meter?
With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Video pattern generator
With a block diagram explain the working of an AF oscillator
14.
a)
b)
Draw the block diagram of a function generator and explain its operation
With a neat diagram discuss the operation of a pulse generator
15.
a)
What is meant by arbitrary waveform? Discuss with a neat block diagram the working
of a arbitrary waveform generator
Distinguish between a random pattern and video pattern generators. Discuss about
important features of both
A 31/2 digit of DVM has an accuracy of 0.5 percent of reading 1 digit.
i. What is the possible error in volt, when the instrument is reading 5.00 V on the 10 V
range?
ii. What is the possible error in volt, when reading 0.1 V on the 10 V range?
With neat diagrams, discuss about fixed and variable AF oscillators
b)
b)
16.
a)
b)
17.
18.
b)
a)
a)
b)
19.
1.
2.
3.
Draw the Circuit and explain the principle and working of Tuned circuit Harmonic
Analyzer
a) Draw the block Schematic of a Wave Analyzer and explain its working . what are the
applications of Wave Analyzes ?
b) Estimate the value of a minimum detectable signal (MDS) of a Spectrum analyzer with
a NF of 25dB using 1KHz 3dB filter
a) What is wave analyzer? What is the role of active filter heterodyne wave analyzer
b) What are the limitations of frequency spectrum analyzer?
5.
a)
b)
6.
a)
b)
Draw the block Schematic of a Basic Spectrum Analyzer and explain its working?
What are applications of this Instrument
Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working
What is the maximum sweep rate in kilohertz per second that could be used
with a spectrum analyzer without introducing distortion with a 4-kHz Gaussian filter?
How the SSB modulated wave displayed on a spectrum Analyzer?
What are the limitations of the tuned circuit harmonic distortion Analyzer?
7.
a)
b)
8.
a)
b)
9.
a)
b)
Draw and discuss the spectral displays of various modulations using Spectrum analyzer
Explain one application of distortion factor meter
10.
a)
b)
11.
a)
4.
12.
a)
b)
13.
a)
b)
What is the difference between a wave analyzer and harmonic distortion analyzer?
Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a harmonic distortion analyzer?
14.
a)
b)
15.
a)
b)
b)
16.
a)
b)
17.
a)
b)
18.
a)
b)
19.
a)
b)
Explain with the help of a block diagram the working of harmonic distortion analyzer
Explain briey the characteristics and terminology of a wave analyzer. Also draw its
block diagram
Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a spectrum analyzer
Explain the different applications of spectrum analyzer
Explain with a neat block diagram, the working principle of a distortion analyzer
Explain about the following terms:
i. Distortion in a waveform
ii. Distortion in a communication signal
Distinguish between spectrum analyzer and harmonic distortion analyzer
Describe a signature analyzer and explain usage in locating faults in digital circuits
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
5.
8.
Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine the Dissipated factor of a Capacitor?
Draw the Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown elements.
Draw the Andersons Bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements
a)
Draw the Maxwells bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements
at balance.
b)
Draw the Wien Bridge Circuit and derive expression for the frequency at which
The bridge elements are balanced
Compare Ac Bridge circuit with DC Bridge circuits
6.
7.
Draw the circuit for Schering Bridge and derive the expression for unknown
Capacitance Cx.
In the case of a Schering Bridge, arm Ac has R=4.7k. Arm CD has unknown
elements . Arm BD has C=0.1F Arm AB=4.7K is shunt with 1MF. Determine
Values of components is the arm CD.
Draw the Wien Bridge and derive the expression for the frequency of excitation Signal
at balance. What are the salient features of this bridge curcuit?
Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine L having Q factor in the range of 1to
10? Draw the circuit and derive the expression for the unknown inductance.
Balancing of which type of Bridge circuits AC or DC is difficult ? Why?
Draw the circuit for Schering bridge and derive the expression for unknown elements
a)
Draw the circuit for the Hay's Bridge and derive the expression for unknown Inductance
Lx
b)
In the case of Hay's Bridge one arm has resistance of 2K .Another arm has a
resistance of 4.7K . The third arm 5K in series with a capacitor of 0.1F.
Determine the values of the elements Rx and Lx in the fourth arm
The standard resistor arm of a Wheatstone bridge has a range of 0 to 100 ohms
with a resolution of 0.001 ohm. The galvanometer has an internal resistance of
100 ohm and can be read to 0.5 A. The other two arms have each 1 Kohm. The
bridge is supplied with a 10V DC source. When the unknown resistance is taken
as 50 ohm, what is the resolution of the bridge in
i. ohms and
ii. percentage of unknown.
a)
b)
9.
10.
a)
b)
a)
Define Quality factor? Derive the expression of Quality factor in Hays bridge
which
is used for the measurement of unknown inductance?
With neat sketch explain how unknown resistance measured by means of wheatstone
bridge?
What are the applications of wheat stone bridge? And list out its limitations
11.
12.
a)
b)
13.
a)
b)
14.
a)
b)
15.
a)
b)
Explain the parallel-connection method of using Q-meter and Obtain the expressions
for resistance, reactance and Q factor.
Give the list of the detectors used in ac bridges
Draw the Circuit of a basic Q-meter and explain its principle of operation using a vector
diagram
With circuit diagrams, explain the working of any two bridges that are employed for
measurements at radio frequencies
Explain the FM recording method.
What are the important features of a Kit type LCR bridge?
Discuss the Direct-connection technique of using Q-meter
A coil with a resistance of 5 is connected to the terminals of the basic Qmeter. Resonance occurs at an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz and resonating
capacitance of 80 pF . Calculate the percentage of error introduced by the
insertion resistance, Rsh=0.01.
UNIT 5: OSCILLOSCOPES
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
3.
a)
b)
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
b)
6.
a)
By Lissajous pattern method , explain how the Phase difference between two Sinusoidal
Signals can be measured.
Give the specifications with Typical values of a CRO
With the help of a block Schematic explain the principle and operation of a CRO.
Derive the expression for Electromagnetic Deflection Sensitivity of Sm. Compare this
with CRT having Electrostatic Deflection Mechanism.
Draw the block Schematic of CRO and explain its working
Derive the expression for electrostatic deflection sensitivity SE of a CRO
Explain about
i. Triggered Mode
ii. Sweep Mode of a CRO.
The time base of a CRO has R = 470k and C = 0.01MF. Determine the %
of non-linearity in a Sawtooth output wave form having a period of 0.5m.sec.
Explain about Delay lines in CROs.
Determine the deflection sensitivity of a CRO, given with usual notation , l
=2cm ; d =4.5mm ; L=20cm ; Va = 3200V.
Explain how Lissajous patterns of Ellipse and circle are formed ? Derive necessary
equations to prove the same .
b)
7.
a)
b)
8.
9.
10.
A Lissajous patterns on a CRO has Six Vertical maximum Values and Five
horizontal maximum Values. The frequency of the horizontal input is
1500Hz.Determine the frequency of the Vertical input
With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are
used for CRT operation.
Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
a)
b)
What are the advantages of dual beam for multiple trace oscilloscopes?
a)
Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and
explain briefly about their working
b)
Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working
a)
b)
With a neat block diagram, describe the working of a triggered sweep CRO
Mention the advantages of general purpose oscilloscope.
How is the vertical axis of an oscilloscope deflected? How does this differ from
horizontal axis?
11.
(c) Astigmatism
12.
13.
b)
Draw the neat block diagram of a general purpose oscilloscope and explain its
basic operation.
Explain the following terms briey:
i. Fluorescence
ii. Phosphorescence
a)
iii. Persistence
Explain the working of a post deflection acceleration oscilloscope using a scan
expansion mesh.
Briefly summarize the characteristics of commonly used phosphors.
a)
b)
14.
a)
b)
With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for
CRT operation
Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
1.
a)
b)
2.
a)
b)
With the help of a block Schematic explain the functioning of a Dual Beam
CRO.
3.
a)
Draw the block Schematic of a Period measuring instrument and explain its
Operation clearly. How do you determine whether frequency or period
Measuring to be done for a given Signal? Explain
b)
5.
a)
b)
a)
b)
8.
9.
10.
Draw the block Schematic of frequency counter and explain its operation
What are the different types of errors that occur in Frequency/Period
measurement? Explain.
Explain the principle and working of a storage oscilloscope and compare it with normal
CRO
6.
7.
Draw the block diagram of the sampling oscilloscope and explain with suitable
waveforms.
What is the function of an attenuator in CRO.
a)
b)
With a suitable block diagram, explain the operation of a pre scaled frequency counter
a)
b)
a)
b)
Explain the operation of the spot wheel method for frequency measurement
11.
a)
b)
Draw the block diagram of a digital storage oscilloscope and explain its operation
What are the advantages of an active probe?
12.
a)
b)
a)
Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and explain
briefly about their working.
Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working
13.
b)
UNIT 7: TRANSDUCERS
1.
Draw the sketches of elastic Transducers and explain how they are used to measure
pressure.
2.
How are passive Transducer classified ? Give examples and explain the Principle
of operation of each of the them. What are the Various physical Parameters that
can be measured using them.
3.
With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle , working , construction,
characteristics and applications of LVDTs
Explain the Principle and working of Strain gauges
What are Strain gauges Rosettes? Explain
4.
a)
b)
5.
a)
b)
6.
a)
b)
Explain the principle of Strain gauges and give their constructional details.
How are Transducers classified? Give examples and briefly explain about the
Principle of operation of each of them
With the help of necessary diagrams, explain the Principle and operation of
LVDT.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this transducer? What are
applications of LVDT?
7.
8.
a)
b)
10.
a)
b)
11.
a)
b)
12.
a)
b)
13.
a)
b)
14.
a)
Differentiate the bonded resistance wire strain gauge and unbounded resistance wire
strain gauge?
b)
9.
15.
a)
b)
16.
a)
b)
17.
a)
b)
18.
a)
b)
19.
20.
a)
b)
1.
2.
a)
b)
3.
Explain the principle of Elastic Force Device and other Electro mechanical Methods for
force measurement
4.
Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of Hotwire
Anemometer
for liquid flow measurement. What are the two types of anemometer available for liquid
flow measurement
Explain the principle and working of Ultrasonic Flow meters. Compare this with
other types of flow measurements .
5.
6.
a)
b)
7.
8.
9.
a)
b)
10.
a)
b)
11.
a)
b)
Briefly explain the working principles and measurement of force by any two
nonelectric techniques?
12.
13.
a)
b)
14.
a)
b)
a)
b)
a)
Explain how an electrical transducer can be used to find the unknown pressure of
a liquid?
b)
a)
Explain briefly the construction and working of the Hydraulic Force Meter and also
explain its applications in various measurements?
Find the cause that produces the resistance or obstruction to a 10kg body, moving with
an acceleration of 10kg/m2. Name the cause and find the value of that cause?
15.
16.
17.
b)
18.
19.
a)
With a neat sketch, briefly explain the principle of operation and force
measurement by cantilever beam type load cell?
b)
Explain the working of D.C. Tacho generators with a neat sketch. What are its
advantages and limitations?
Write about calibration of pressure measuring instrument?
What is piezo electric effect? How pressure is measured by using piezoelectric pressure
transducer?
a)
b)
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of differential Voltmeter .
(b) Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of True RMS measuring Thermocouple
type Voltmeter.
2. (a) Explain the constructional details and differentiate between Ohmmeter series
type and shunt type.
(b) Explain the front panel of a multimeter. Suppose if we are measuring a voltage
230V AC. What should be the voltage range we select.
3. (a) Draw the circuit for a FET input electronic Voltmeter and explain its working.
(b) Give the Schematic for true RMS responding Voltmeter and explain its operation.
4. (a) Explain the terms :
i. Significant figures
ii. Conformity.
(b) How are random errors analyzed? Explain them with examples.
(c) Explain about true RMS voltmeter.
5. (a) What is Ayrton Shunt? Describe it with a neat sketch. Specify its applications.
(b) Design a universal Ayrton shunt to provide an ammeter with a current range of
2A, 5A, 10A using a d'Arsonval movement with an internal resistance Rm=50 and full scale deection
current of 1mA.
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of the measuring system and explain the function of
each stage of this system.
(b) Explain the types of test signals used in determining dynamic characteristics
of measurements applied to a system.
UNIT-II
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of a Function Generator.
(b) Give the Specifications and Typical Values of a Function Generator Instrument.
2. (a) Explain the principle and working of Arbitrary waveform Generator Instrument.
(b) Draw the Circuit for Hartley oscillator and explain the principle of operation.
3. (a) What are the different Types of signal Generators ? Explain each of them briefly.
(b) What are the considerations to be made in choosing an oscillator Instrument or Signal Generator
Instrument .
4. (a) Draw the block diagram of a Pulse Generator Instrument and explain the operation of the
Instrument.
(b) Determine the frequency of Colpitts oscillator with L =100mH C1 =0.005F,
C2 = 0.01F.
5. (a) Explain the Principle and working of FM Signal Generator.
(b) Give the specifications and Typical values of FM signal Generator.
6. (a) What are the different types of digital voltmeters? Briefly explain each one of them.
(b) The lowest range on a 41/2 digit DVM is 10 mV full scale. What is the sensitivity of this meter?
7. (a) With a neat diagram describe the principle of operation of Video pattern generator.
(b) With a block diagram explain the working of an AF oscillator.
8. (a) Draw the block diagram of a function generator and explain its operation.
(b) With a neat diagram discuss the operation of a pulse generator.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Assignment Questions
UNIT-III
1. Draw the block Schematic of a Basic Spectrum Analyzer and explain its working?
What are applications of this Instrument.
2. Draw the Block Schematic of AF Wave analyzer and explain its principle and Working
3. (a) What is the maximum sweep rate in kilohertz per second that could be used
with a spectrum analyzer without introducing distortion with a 4-kHz Gaussian filter?
(b) How the SSB modulated wave displayed on a spectrum Analyzer?
(c) What are the limitations of the tuned circuit harmonic distortion Analyzer?
4. (a) Explain the front panel of Spectrum Analyzer.
(b) Explain the importance of Spectrum Analyzer in communication systems.
5. (a) Explain any two types of Spectrum Analyzers.
(b) Explain the following terms associated with Spectrum Analyzer.
i. Sensitivity
ii. Dynamic Range
iii. Harmonic Mixing.
6. (a) Explain with the help of a block diagram the working of harmonic distortion analyzer.
(b) Explain briey the characteristics and terminology of a wave analyzer. Also draw its block diagram.
7. (a) Explain with the help of block diagram the working of a spectrum analyzer.
(b) Explain the different applications of spectrum analyzer.
UNIT-IV
1. (a) Balancing of which type of Bridge circuits AC or DC is difficult ? Why?
(b) Draw the circuit for Schering bridge and derive the expression for unknown elements.
2. (a) Which type of Bridge Circuit is used to determine the Dissipated factor of a Capacitor? Draw the
Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown elements.
(b) Draw the Andersons Bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements.
3. (a) Draw the Maxwells bridge Circuit and derive the expression for the unknown Elements at balance.
(b) Draw the Wien Bridge Circuit and derive expression for the frequency at which
The bridge elements are balanced.
4. Compare Ac Bridge circuit with DC Bridge circuits .
5. Define Quality factor? Derive the expression of Quality factor in Hays bridge which
is used for the measurement of unknown inductance?
6. (a) With neat sketch explain how unknown resistance measured by means of wheatstone bridge?
(b) What are the applications of wheat stone bridge? And list out its limitations.
7. (a) Explain the parallel-connection method of using Q-meter and Obtain the expressions for
resistance, reactance and Q factor.
(b) Give the list of the detectors used in ac bridges.
8. (a) Draw the Circuit of a basic Q-meter and explain its principle of operation using a vector diagram.
(b) With circuit diagrams, explain the working of any two bridges that are employed for measurements
at radio frequencies.
UNIT-V
1. (a) Explain about Delay lines in CROs.
(b) Determine the deflection sensitivity of a CRO, given with usual notation , l
=2cm ; d =4.5mm ; L=20cm ; Va = 3200V.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Assignment Questions
2. (a) Explain how Lissajous patterns of Ellipse and circle are formed ? Derive necessary equations to
prove the same .
(b) A Lissajous patterns on a CRO has Six Vertical maximum Values and Five horizontal maximum
Values. The frequency of the horizontal input is 1500Hz.
Determine the frequency of the Vertical input.
3. (a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for CRT
operation.
(b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO
4. (a) What are the advantages of dual beam for multiple trace oscilloscopes?
(b) How is the vertical axis of an oscilloscope deflected? How does this differ from horizontal axis?
5. (a) Draw the neat diagrams of both vertical and horizontal deflection systems and explain briefly
about their working.
(b) Draw the block diagram of a dual beam oscilloscope and explain its working.
6. (a) Draw the neat block diagram of a general purpose oscilloscope and explain its
basic operation.
(b) Explain the following terms briey:
i. Fluorescence
ii. Phosphorescence
iii. Persistence.
7. (a) Explain the working of a post deflection acceleration oscilloscope using a scan expansion mesh.
(b) Briefly summarize the characteristics of commonly used phosphors.
8. (a) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the function of associated circuits that are used for CRT
operation.
(b) Explain how the light is emitted on the screen of a CRO.
UNIT-VI
1. (a) Explain the principle and working of a Dual Trace Oscilloscope.
(b) Explain the method of measurement of period using CRO.
2. With the help of a block Schematic explain the functioning of a Dual Beam CRO.
Compare this with single beam CRO.
3. Draw the block Schematic of a Period measuring instrument and explain its Operation clearly. How
do you determine whether frequency or period Measuring to be done for a given Signal? Explain.
(a) Draw the block Schematic of frequency counter and explain its operation.
(b) What are the di_erent types of errors that occur in Frequency/Period measurement? Explain.
4. Explain the principle and working of a storage oscilloscope and compare it with normal CRO.
5. (a) Draw the block diagram of the sampling oscilloscope and explain with suitable
waveforms.
(b) What is the function of an attenuator in CRO.
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of a digital storage oscilloscope and explain its operation.
(b) What are the advantages of an active probe?
7. (a) Discuss the following display modes of dual-trace CRO
i. A and B chopped
ii. A and B alternate.
(b) Explain the working principles of a current probe.
UNIT-VII
1. (a) Explain the Principle and working of Strain gauges.
(b) What are Strain gauges Rosettes? Explain.
(c) What are the Salient features of Semiconductor Strain gauges? Explain.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Assignment Questions
2. (a) How are the Transducers classified ? Explain about each of them.
(b) Draw the Sketch of a potentiometer Transducer and explain how physical parameters can be
measured .
3. (a) Explain the principle and construction of LVDT.
(b) Explain the principle of Strain gauges and give their constructional details.
4. How are Transducers classified? Give examples and briefly explain about the Principle of operation
of each of them.
5. With the help of necessary diagrams, explain the Principle and operation of LVDT.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this transducer? What are applications of LVDT?
6. (a) What is a RTD and where is it used?
(b) What is the difference between photo-emissive, photo-conductive and photovoltaic transducers?
7. (a) Compare RTD with thermistor.
(b) Explain how the displacement is measured using LVDT.
8. (a) With neat sketch, explain the resistance pressure transducers in detail?
(b) Derive an expression for poissons ratio.
9. (a) Describe the operation of Optical pyrometers.
(b) Explain the working of a turbine flow meter with a neat diagram.
UNIT-VIII
1. (a) Explain the principle and working of ultrasonic Level gauge.
(b) How Humidity and Moisture are measured? Explain.
2. Explain the principle of Elastic Force Device and other Electro mechanical Methods for force
measurement .
3. Draw the Sketch and explain the principle and operation of Hotwire Anemometer
for liquid flow measurement. What are the two types of anemometer available for liquid flow
measurement.
4. Explain the principle and working of Ultrasonic Flow meters. Compare this with
other types of flow measurements .
5. (a) Explain the principle and working of Proximity Detector.
(b) How Humidity and Moisture are measured? Explain.
6. With the help of a neat sketch explain the principle and working of Electromagnetic Flow meter.
What are the advantages and Limitations of this Method?
7. Explain the principle and working of magnetic flow meters. What are the Advantages and
Limitations of these meters. Compare them with other types of Flow measurement techniques.
8. (a) Explain how an electrical transducer can be used to find the unknown pressure
of a liquid?
(b) Briefly explain the principle and operation of piezoelectric accelerometer?
****THE END****
CONTROL SYSTEMS
COURSEFILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Control Systems
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Analog control part:
1. To familiarize the students with the analog computer
2. To help the students understand and practice the modeling, simulation, and implementation of a physical
dynamical system by a linear time invariant ordinary differential equation.
3. To highlight the electrical modeling of a second order system and analyze the under damped, over-damped
and critically damped cases
4. To study the effects of poles and zeros location in the s-plane on the transient and steady state behavior
5. To study the effects of Lead, Lag and Lag-Lead series compensator on a second order system transient and
steady state system response.
SYLLABUS
Control Systems
Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems and their differencesDifferent examples of control systems- Classification of control systems, Feed-Back Characteristics,
Effects of feedback. Mathematical models Differential equations, Impulse Response and transfer
functions - Translational and Rotational mechanical systems
UNIT II TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
Transfer Function of DC Servo motor - AC Servo motor- Synchro transmitter and Receiver, Block
diagram representation of systems considering electrical systems as examples -Block diagram algebra
Representation by Signal flow graph - Reduction using masons gain formula.
UNIT III TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Standard test signals - Time response of first order systems Characteristic Equation of Feedback
control systems, Transient response of second order systems - Time domain specifications Steady
state response - Steady state errors and error constants Effects of proportional derivative, proportional
integral systems.
UNIT IV STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN
The concept of stability Rouths stability criterion qualitative stability and conditional stability
limitations of Rouths stability. Root Locus Technique: The root locus concept - construction of root
loci-effects of adding poles and zeros to G(s)H(s) on the root loci.
UNIT V
FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Introduction, Frequency domain specifications-Bode diagrams-Determination of Frequency domain
specifications and transfer function from the Bode Diagram-Phase margin and Gain margin-Stability
Analysis from Bode Plots.
UNIT VI STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Polar Plots, Nyquist Plots Stability Analysis.
UNIT VII CLASSICAL CONTROL DESIGN TECHNIQUES
Compensation techniques Lag, Lead, Lead-Lag Controllers design in frequency Domain, PID
Controllers.
UNIT VIII STATE SPACE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS
Concepts of state, state variables and state model, derivation of state models from block diagrams,
Diagonalization- Solving the Time invariant state Equations- State Transition Matrix and its
Properties Concepts of Controllability and Observability
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Automatic Control Systems 8th edition by B. C. Kuo 2003 John wiley and sons.,
2. Control Systems Engineering by I. J. Nagrath and M. Gopal, New Age International
3. (P) Limited, Publishers, 2nd edition.
4. Control systems engineering by Nagoor khani
5. Control systems engineering by Anand kumar and Ramesh babu.
Control Systems
Syllabus
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Modern Control Engineering by Katsuhiko Ogata Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 3rd edition,
1998.
2. Control Systems by N.K.Sinha, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, 3rd Edition, 1998.
3. Control Systems Engg. by NISE 3rd Edition John wiley
4. Modelling & Control Of Dynamic Systems by Narciso F. Macia George J. Thaler, Thomson
Publishers.
5. Control Systems U.Bakshi and Bakshi.
6. Automatic Control System- B.C. Kuo, seventh edition.
JOURNALS
1.
2.
3.
4.
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Control Systems
LECTURE PLAN
Control Systems
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
S.No
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2.
3.
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5.
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No of
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Method of
Teaching
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
Concepts of Control Systems- Open Loop and closed loop control systems
3
Black board
and their differences
Different examples of control system
1
Black board
Classification of control systems, Feed-Back Characteristics, Effects of
2
Black board
feedback.
Mathematical models Differential equations
2
Black board
Impulse Response and transfer functions 1
Black board
Translational and Rotational mechanical systems
2
Black board
related problems
2
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university question paper discussion
1
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university question paper discussion
1
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UNIT II: TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
Transfer Function of DC Servo motor - AC Servo motor
1
Black board
Synchro transmitter and Receiver
2
Black board
Block diagram representation of systems considering electrical systems as
3
Black board
examples
Block diagram algebra
1
Black board
Representation by Signal flow graph
1
Black board
Reduction using masons gain formula.
1
Black board
related problems
2
Black board
university question paper discussion
2
Black board
UNIT III: TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Standard test signals - Time response of first order system
1
Black board
Characteristic Equation of Feedback control system
1
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Transient response of second order systems
1
Black board
Control Systems
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Lecture Plan
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
Control Systems
48.
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60.
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62.
63.
64.
65.
PID Controllers.
2
Black board
related problems
1
Black board
related problems
1
Black board
related problems
1
Black board
university question paper discussion
1
Black board
UNIT-VIII: STATE SPACE ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS
Concepts of state, state variables and state model
1
Black board
derivation of state models from block diagrams
2
Black board
Diagonalization
1
Black board
Solving the Time invariant state Equations
1
Black board
State Transition Matrix and its Properties
1
Black board
Concepts of Controllability and Observability
1
Black board
related problems
1
Black board
related problems
1
Black board
university question paper discussion
1
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REVISION UNIT I &II
1
Black board
REVISION UNIT III &IV
1
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REVISION UNIT V &VI
1
Black board
REVISION UNIT VII &VIII
1
Black board
Lecture Plan
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
I.J Nagrath & M.Gopal 2nd edition
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Control Systems
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT I: INTRODUCTION
After completing UNIT I the student will be able to
Explain the concepts of control system.
Explain the classification of control system.
comparision between open loop and closed loop control system with examples.
Explain Feedback Characteristics.
Explain the reduction of parameter variations like system sensitivity ,Time constant , Gain ,
Stability by use of feedback.
Solve problems related to effects of feedback
Identify the use of Laplace Transform in control system.
Determine the Transfer Function of Mechanical Translational System.
Solve problems on Mechanical Translational System.
Derive Electrical Analogues of Mechanical Translational System.
Determine the Transfer Function of Mechanical Rotational System.
Solve problems on Mechanical Rotational System.
Derive Electrical Analogues of Mechanical Rotational System.
UNIT II: TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
After completing UNIT II the student will be able to
Derive Transfer Function of DC Servomotor Armature controlled and Field controlled
Derive Transfer Function of AC Servomotor.
Explain the operation of Synchro transmitter and Receiver.
Represent Electrical system as a Block Diagram and solve related problems.
Explain Block Diagram algebra.
Represent Control System graphically using Signal Flow Graph.
Reduce Block diagram using Masons Gain Formula
UNIT III: TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
After completing UNIT III the student will be able to
Determine the Time response of 1st order system.
Time response of 2nd order system for un amped, under damped, critically damped, over
damped.
Time domain specifications- rise time, peak time , delay time, settting time, peak over shoot
expressions derived.
Determine the steady state response.
Determine Steady state errors and Error Constants.
Explain the effects of Proportional Derivatives, Proportional Integral and PID Systems.
UNIT-IV: STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN
After completing UNIT IV the student will be able to
Explain the concepts of stability
Solve problems on Routh Hurwitz stability criterion
Solve problems on Conditional stability
Construct Root Locus
Solve problems on root locus
UNIT-V: FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Control Systems
Learning Objectives
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Control Systems
The sensitivity of a closed-loop system to gain changes and load disturbances depends
upon
a)loop gain (b) forward gain (c) forward gain,loopgain and frequency (d) frequency
(c) (I)and(III)
(d) IIonly
5. The closed loop transfer function of the open loop transfer function,G(s)=K/[s(1+sT)] of a unity feedback
system is
(a) K(1+ST)S2
(b) k/s(T+sT)
(c) k(1+sT)/s
(d) k/(sT+k)
6. In closed loop control system with positive value of feedback gain the overall gain of the system
a)be unaffected
(b) increase
(d) decrease
7. The position of a moving object of constant mass Misrelated to the total force'f 'applied to the object by
differential equation Md2y/dt2=fitst ransfer function willbe
(a) F(s)=Ms
(d) F(s)=1/Ms
8. The transfer function of the system whose input and output are related by the Following differential
equation is given by d2y/dt2+3dy/dt+2y=x+dx/dt
(a) (s+2)/(s2+3s+2) (b) s/(s2+3s+2)
(c) (s+1)/(s2+3s+2)
(d) 1/(s2+3s+2)
10. In closed loop control system with positive value of feed back gain the overall gain of the system
(a) nothing can tell (b) increase
(c) decrease
(d) be unaffected
11. The describing equation of a mass damper spring system is given by d2x/dt2+dx/dt+0.5x=f(t) Where f(t)
is the external force acting on the system and x is the displacement of mass.The steady state displacement
corresponding to a force of newtons is givenby
(a) 2m
(d) 0.25m
(c)s=4,4
(d)s=0,4,16
13. In a system, if forward gain is 76 and one fourth of the voltage is feedback ,the output errors
(a) 5 percent of the error without feedback
(c) 10 percent of the error without feedback (d) 20percent of the error without feedback
Control Systems
15. The describing equation of a mass damper spring system is given by2d2x/dt2x/dt+0.5x=f(t) Where f(t) is
the external force acting on the system and x is the displacement of mass .The steady state displacement
corresponding to a force of newtons is given by
(a) 0.25m
(d) 2m
(b) s=0,4,16
17. Wwhich statement is not correct for open loop control system?
(a) Simple construction of maintenance
(b) Lessexpensive
(d)Disturbancescauseerrors
18. In a system, if forward gain is 76 and one fourth of the voltage is feedback,
a)The output percent of the error without feedback (b) 20 percent of the error without feedback
b)50 percent of the error without feedback (d) 10 percent of the error without feedback
19. In a negative feedback system with loopgain T, the noise as input to the amp S=Signal
(a) effect on S/N ratio
(c) decrease (1+T)
20. The describing equation of a mass damper spring system is given by 2d2x/dt2 f(t) Where f(t) is the
external force acting on the system and x is the displacement of a dy state displacement corresponding to
a force of newtons is given by
(a) 4m
(b) 5m
(c) 7m
(d) 0.5mA
ANSWERS
1.B
11.B
2.C
12.A
3.C
13.A
4.B
14.A
5.D
15.B
6.B
16.D
7.B
17.C
8.C
18.C
9.C
19.C
10.B
20.A
Control Systems
16. Two blocks having respective functions as G1and G2are connected in parallel.Their resultant will be
(a) G1 G2 (b) G1or G2 which ever is lower
(c) G1or G2 which ever is higher
(d) G12
17. A system variable that equals the sum of all the incoming signals is defined as
(a) output node
(b) input node
(c) branch
(d) node
18. Which of the following is disadvantage of a dc servo motor?
(a) It requires highs (b) It requires high storing for que,
(c) draws large currents and its speed regulation draws large currents (d) Its speed regulation is poor
19. The transfer function is (1+0.5s)/(1+s). It represents a
(a) lead network (b) pro roller (c) lag-lead network
20. Two blocks having respective functions as G1 and G2 are connected in series c as Resultant will be
(a) G2/G1 (b) G1/G2
(c) G1G2
(d) G1+G2
ANSWERS
1.B
11.C
2.B
12.A
3.B
13.C
4.D
14.A
5.B
15.B
6.D
16.D
7.C
17.D
8.A
18.A
9.A
19.B
10.A
20.A
Control Systems
2 The characteristic equation of these second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.If w=01,the poles are
(a)+or-jcw0
(b)+or-jw0
(c)+or-jw02
(d)+or-jcw02
3 A second order system with no zeros has its poles located at-3+j4 and-3-j4in these plane the undamped natural
frequency and the damping factor of the system arerespectively
(a) 5rad/sec and 0.60
4 Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is uni function
(a) Impulse
(b)Step (c)parabolic
(d)Ramp
(c) increases
6. The error signal produced in a control system is Qr=a+bt .if only proportional action is used ,the input is given
to the final control element when PID action is used, will be
(a)-(Ka+K1bt+K2a+K2bt)
(b) ((Ka+K1(a+bt)+K2(at+bt2))
(c) K(a+btK1(at+bt2K2b)))
(d) ((Ka+K1(a+bt)+K2(at+bt2))
7.natural frequency of a unity feedback control system of transfer function G(s)=10/s(s+1)is
(a) 4.6rad/sec
(b) 0.5rad/sec
10.Velocity error constant of a system is measured when the input to the system is uni function
(a) Impulse
(b) Ramp
(c) parabolic
(d)Step
11. The characteristic equation of these second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.Ifc=1,the poles of
the transfer function will be
(a) equalto-1
12.The characteristic equation of the second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+w02=0.Ifc<1,the poles are
(a)complex conjugate
(c) no pole
(b) Infinite
(c) 0
(d) 1
16. The characteristic equation of the second order system is given by s2+2cw0s+02=0.Ifc=1, the system is
(a) Absolutely damped (b) over damped
(d)0.5
Control Systems
(c)two poles
(d)net pole
ANSWERS
1.A
11.B
2.B
12.B
3.A
13.C
4.D
14.C
5.A
15.B
6.C
16.D
7.C
17.D
8.C
18.A
9.A
19.B
10.B
20.A
3 Given, the characteristic equation as F(S )=3(S)(S)+10(S)(S)+5S+5S+2=0, the number of roots that are on the
R.H. So f the S-Plane are
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d) 2
4 Which of the following statements is not true for root locus technique
(a) it provides the pattern of movement of closed-loop poles when open-loop gain varies
(b) it is most useful for single-input and single-output system
(c)it is used to obtain close loop pole configuration from open-loop poles and zeros
(d)can't tell from the options given
5The asymptotes and the break point coincide at s=- 2 .transfer function can be
(a) K/(s+1)(s+2)(s=3)
(b) K(s+2)/(s+1)(s+3)
(c) K/(s+1)(s+2)
(d) K/(s+2)
(b)overshoot
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d)4
9 A system has some roots with real parts equal to zero, but
(a) One with positive absolutely unstable
(c) marginally stable
10. Given, G(s)=1/s(1+6s) the system is
(a) unstable
(b) marginally table
(d) stable
Control Systems
11.which of the following statements is not true for root locus technique
(a)input and single-output system
(b) it provides the pattern of movement of when open-loop gain varies
(c) it is used to obtain closed-loop pole configuration poles and zeros
(d)can't tell from the options given
12.The transfer function is K/(s+1)(s+2)(s+3) then ,the break away point will be
(a)-2 and-3
(b)-1and-2
(c)0and-1
(d)-2and-3
13. Adding a zero very close to origin in the T.F has impact on
(a)impulse response
(b)stable
(c)unstable
(d)conditionally stable
16.the root loci of a system has three asymptotes .The system can have.
(a)three poles. (b)Four poles and one zero
(c) no compensation
(d) lead-compensation
(b) decreases
(c) increases
ANSWERS
1.C
11.D
2.B
12.B
3.D
13.A
4.D
14.B
5.D
15.B
6.C
16.C
7.C
17.B
8.B
18.D
9.B
19.A
10.B
20.A
(b) 1 (c)
(d)1
Control Systems
(b)Gain 1 to infinity
(b) 0 to -30db/decade
(c) 0 to 3db/decade
(d) 0 to 30db/decade
(b) 0 to -30db/decade
(c) 0 to 3db/decade
(d) 0 to 30db/decade
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
18. The frequency at which high frequency and low frequency magnitude plots intersect is called
(a) Break frequency b) gain crossover frequency c) phase margin d) gain margin
19. The phase angle of transportation lag is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ degrees.
(a) - 57.3
(b) - 17.3
(c) 3.13
(d) 57.3
20. The log magnitude of a system with transfer function
is
(a) Unity
(b) - 20
(c) - 46.05
(d)
0
ANSWERS
1.B
11.C
2.A
12.A
3.D
13.C
4.A
14.A
5.D
15.A
6.A
16.B
7.A
17.B
8.A
18.A
9.A
19.A
10.A
20.D
Control Systems
Control Systems
(a).Every s-plane contour which does not pass through any singular point has a corresponding
contour in the q(s) plane
(b).Every s-plane contour passing through singular points has a corresponding contour in the q(s)
plane
(c)Only those contours of s-plane which lie in the LH plane have corresponding contours in the q(s)
plane
(d).Any s-plane contour which does not pass through origin has a corresponding contour in the q(s)
plane
15. Nyquist stability criterion is used to determine
(a). Only closed loop stability (b). Only open loop stability
(c). Both open loop & closed loop stability (d). Neither open loop nor closed loop stability
16. A system has 2 open loop poles & one closed loop pole in the right half s-plane. The Nyquist plot of
this system will encircle the (-1+j0) point
(a). Once in CCW direction (b). Once in CW direction
(c). Thrice in CW direction (d). Thrice in CCW direction
17. Two poles & 3 zeros of a function q(s) are enclosed by an s-plane contour. The net encirclement of
origin by the corresponding q(s)-plane contour will be
(a). Once in CW direction (b). Once in CCW direction
(c). 5 times in CW direction (d). 5 times in CCW direction
18. A minimum phase system has a single pole at the origin. The minimum effort required
for the assessment of stability is by mapping
(a). Only that segment of Nyquist contour from = 0+ to
(b). The entire imaginary axis segment from - to + of Nyquist contour
(c). The entire Nyquist contour
(d). The entire Nyquist contour except the small semicircular indent around the origin.
19. The Nyquist plot of a type-1, 3rd order minimum phase system with an open loop gain K
intersected the real axis at (-0.25,0). After a change in gain the plot intersected the real
axis at (-0.75,0). The modified value of gain is
(a).
3K
(b).
(1/3)K
(c). 9K ( d).
(1/9)K
20. The Nyquist plot of a type-1, 3rd order system intersects the - ve real axis at (- 0.2,0).
If the open loop gain K is doubled the new point of intersection will be
(a).
(- 0.4,0)
b.
(- 0.2,0)
c.
(- 0.1,0)
d.
(- 0.8,0)
ANSWERS
1.A
11.A
2.A
12.A
3.A
13.A
4.A
14.A
5.A
15.A
6.A
16.A
7.A
17.A
8.A
18.A
9.A
19.A
10.A
20.A
Control Systems
of the
13 Gain margin may be defined as the reciprocal of the gain at the frequency at which the phase
angle becomes
b) 900
c) 1800
d) 225 0
(a) 00
14. Phase margin of a system is used to specify
(a) relative stability (b) absolute stability
(c) time response
(d) frequency response
15. Concept of a phase margin and gain margin is applicable to
systems only.
(a) open loop unstable (b) open loop stable (c) closed loop unstable (d) closed loop stable
16. When the gain margin is positive and the phase margin is negative, the system is
(a) stable
(b) unstable (c) oscillatory
(d) highly stable
17. Band width is used as a means for specifying the performance of a control system related to the
(a )Speed of response (b) Constant gain (c) Relative stability (d) Absolute stability
18. A system with a large gain margin or a large phase margin is usually a
(a) unstable system
(b) stable system
(c) very stable but very sluggish system (d) highly oscillatory system
19. A system with gain margin close to unity or a phase margin close zero is
(a) highly stable (b) oscillatory (c) relatively stable (d) unstable
20. The frequency at which the phase angle is 180 degrees is called the
frequency.
(a) phase cross over (b) cut-off
(c) break
(d) critical
ANSWERS
1.B
11.C
2.C
12.B
3.B
13.C
4.B
14.D
5.A
15.D
6.B
16.B
7.A
17.A
8.A
18.C
9.B
19.B
10.A
20.A
Control Systems
(a) n
(b) 1
(c) n/2
(d) (n+1)/2
5. A lag compensator is basically a
(a) high pass filter (b) band pass filter (c) low pass filter (d) band elimination filter
6. Which one of the following compensation is adopted for improving transient response of a
negative unity feedback system?
(a) phase lead compensation
(b) phase lag compensation
(c) gain compensation
(d) phase lag and gain compensation
7. The band width of a control system can be increased by using ________compensator.
(a) phase lead
(b) phase lag (c) phase lag-lead
(d) proportional
is used for improving both the transient and steady state responses of a control system.
8.
(a) integrator
(b) comparator
(c) lag-lead compensator
(d) lead compensator
9. The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back control system is G(s)= 1/(s+2)2
the closed loop transfer function will have poles at
(a). -2, -2
(b). -2, -1
(c). -2, j1
(d). -2, 2
10. Which of the following systems provides excellent transient as well as steady state
response?
(a). proportional action
(b). proportional integral action
(c). proportional differential action
(d). pid action
controller.
11. An ON-OFF controller is
(a). proportional (b). integral
(c). non-linear
(d). pid
12. The time required for the response to reach half the final value for the first time is
called
(a). delay time (b). decay time (c). rise time
(d). settling time
13. Consider the unit step response of a unity feedback control system whose open loop transfer
function is G(s) =1/s(s+1). The maximum overshoot is equal to
(a). 1.143
(b). 0.153
(c). 0.163
(d). 0.173
14. The steady state error is given by -------------------------------------.
(a) lt s-> sE(s)/(1+G(s)H(s)
(b) lt s-> sG(s)/(1+G(s)H(s)
(c) lt s-> sH(s)/(1+G(s)H(s)
(d) lt s-> sR(s)/(1+G(s)H(s)
15.The Steady State Error for a first order system when a Unit Ramp is given as the input is-----.
( a) 1/Kv
(b)1/Ka
(c)1/1+Kp
(d)1/Kp
16.The Velocity Error Constant (Kv) is ---------------.
(a)lt s->0 G(s)H(s)
(b)lt s->0 sG(s)H(s) (c) lt s->0 s2 G(s)H(s) (d) lt s->0 s3 G(s)H(s)
17.The response of a second order undamped system when a unit step is given as the input is
(a)Sinusoidal Oscillations
(b)Damped Oscillations (c)No Oscillations (d) None.
18.The expression for Rise Time (tr) is ---------------.
(a)tr = (-)/wd (b) tr = /wd (c) tr = (+)/wd
(d) tr = 2/wd
19. A system with gain margin close to unity or a phase margin close zero is
(a) highly stable
(b) oscillatory (c) relatively stable (d) unstable
20. The frequency at which the phase angle is 180 degrees is called the
frequency.
(a) phase cross over (b) cut-off
(c) break (d) critical
ANSWERS
1.C
11.A
2.C
12.A
3.A
13.C
4.A
14.A
5.C
15.A
6.C
16.B
7.C
17.B
8.C
18.B
9.A
19.A
10.D
20.A
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Control Systems
UNITI-1:INTRODUCTION
1. (a) Find the transfer function for the following mechanical system: Shown in Figure
(b) Explain the limitations of closed loop system over open loop system.
(b) Find the transfer function of the following system show in figure .
Control Systems
C(s) to R(s)
9. (a) For the mechanical system Figure given, write down the diferential equations of motion and hence
determine the Y2(s)/F(s)
Control Systems
12. (a) Explain the trafic control system concepts using open loop as well as closed
loop system.
(b) Why is negative feedback invariably preferred in closed loop systems?
13. (a) Define transfer function and what are its limitations?
(b) Find the transfer function of the following system: Shown in figure .
14. (a) Write the important diferences between open loop and closed loop systems
with suitable examples.
(b) Obtain the transfer function x2(t)/x1(t) of the following
system. Shown in figure.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Control Systems
(b) What is the sensitivity function and explain it with respect to open loop and
closed loop systems?
18. (a) Obtain the transfer function of the following system and draw its analogous
Control Systems
Control Systems
7. Explain the procedure for deriving the transfer function and derive the transfer function for servo.
8. (a) State and explain mason's gain formula for the signal ow graph.
(b) What are diferences between block diagram reduction and signal ow graph reduction?
9. Derive the Transfer Function for a.c. servomotor. Explain about torque-speed characteristics.
10. (a) Explain how the potentiometers are used as error sensing devices. Give a typical application of
it with single line diagram.
(b) Discuss the efect of disturbance signal of the speed control system for a gaso-lineengine as
shown in Figure 2b assuming K=10.
11. Derive the Transfer Function for the field controlled d.c. servomotor with neat Sketch
12. (a) Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a)and hence obtain the transfer function c(s)/r(s)
(b) Explain the need of signal ow graph representation for any system
13 (a)Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a) and hence obtain the transfer function c(s)/r(s)
(b) Explain the working principle of synchro receiver with neat sketch.
14. (a) State and explain mason's gain formula for the signal ow graph.
(b) What are diferences between block diagram reduction and signal ow graph reduction?
15. (a) Reduce the given block diagram (figure 2a) and hence obtain the transfer function C(s)/ R(s)
Control Systems
(b) Explain the need of Mason's gain formula for any system reduction.
16. (a) Explain the disadvantages and advantages of block diagram reduction process over signal ow
graph.
(b) Explain the rules of block diagram reduction
17. (a) Determine the transfer functionc(s)/r(s) for the following block diagram
19.
Obtain the overall transfer function C/R from the signal flow graph shown in figure 1.
Control Systems
(b) The response of a system subjected to a unit step input is c(t) = 1 + 1.2e 10t .Obtain the
expression for the closed loop transfer function? Also determine the Un damped natural
frequency and damping ratio of the system?
3.(a) What is the diference between type and order of a control system? Explain each with an example?
(b) The figure 3b shows PD controller used for the system. Determine the value of Td so that the system
will be critically damped? Calculate its settling time?
damping ratio, peak overshoot and time required to reach the peak output. Now a derivative
component having T.F. of s/10 is introduced in the system. Discuss its efect on the values obtained
above?
6. (a) Explain about various test signals used in control system?
(b) Measurement conducted on a servomechanism shows the system response to be
C(t) = 1 +
0.2e60t1.2e10t, when subjected to a unit step input. Obtain the expression For closed loop T.F.,
the damping ratio and undamed natural frequency of oscillations
7. (a) Explain the significance of generalized error series?
(b) For a system G(s)H(s)
=k/ s2(s+2)(s+3) ,. Find the value of K to limit the steady state error
= 2/s(s+3) .
Control Systems
= 2/s(s+2).
Find the rise time, percentage overshoot, peak time and settling time for a step
input of 12 units
12. (a) What are generalized error constants? State the advantages of generalized
error coefcients?
(b) For a first order system, find out the output of the system when the input
applied to the system is unit ramp input? Sketch the r(t) and c(t) and show
the steady state error
13. How steady ?state error of a control system is determined? How it can be
reduced?
14.(a) Define type and order of a control system and hence find the type and order
of the following systems?
(b) The unit step response of a second order linear system with zero initial state is given by
c(t) =
1 + 1.25e 6tSin(8t tan 1 1.333). Determine the damping ratio, un damped natural
frequency of oscillations and peak overshoot?
15. (a) Explain the significance of generalized error series?
(b) For a system G(s)H(s) = s2(s+K)(s+3) ,. Find the value of K to limit the steady 2
state error to 10 when the input to the system is r(t)=1+10t+40/2 t2.
16. (a) For an under damped second order system ,define various time domain specifications?
(b) The forward path T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
G(s) = s(s2+3) . Obtain the expression for unit step response of the system?
Control Systems
17. (a) For an under damped second order system ,define various time domain specifications?
(b) The forward path T.F. of a unity feed back control system is given by
G(s) = s(s2+3) . Obtain the expression for unit step response of the system?
18. (a) Why derivative controller is not used in control systems? What is the efect
of PI controller on the system performance?
(b) The system shown in figure uses a rate feed back controller. Determine the tachometer constant
Kt so as to obtain the damping ratio as 0.5. Calculate the corresponding d, Tp, Ts and Mp.
2. Determine the values of k and b ,so that the system whose open transfer function
is G(s) = s3+kb(ss2+13)s+1 oscillates at a frequency of oscillations of 2 rad / sec. Assume +
unity feed back
3. (a) The open loop t.f. of a unity feed-back system is given by G(s)
=SK/ s(1+0.25)(1+0.4s)
Find the restriction on K so that the closed loop system is absolutely stable?
(b) A feed-back system has an an open loop t.f of G(s)H(s) =
2
k/s(s +5s+9)
Determine S by the use of the RH criterion ,the max. value of K for the closed loop system to be stable?
4. Using RH stability criterion determine the stability of the following systems.
(a) Its loop t.f. has poles at s=0, s= -1, s= -3 and zero at s= -5, gain K of forward path is 0
(b) It is a type-1system with an error constant of 10 sec-1 and poles at s= -3 and s=-6
5. A unity feedback system has a plant G(s) = K (s+0.5) / s(s+ 1) (s2+2s+ 2) sketch the root locus and
find the roots when = 0.5.
6. (a) Show that the Routh?s stability criterion and Hurwitz stability criterion are equivalent.
Control Systems
(b) Consider a unity-feedback control system whose open-loop transfer function is G(s)=k/
(s+B) . Discuss the efects that varying the values of K and B has s on the steady-state error in
unit-ramp response.
7. (a) Define the term root locus and state the rule for finding out the root locus on
the real axis?
(b) Calculate the angle of asymptotes and the centroid for the system having
G(s)H(s) = k/(s+2)(s+4)(s+3)(s+5)
8. (a) What are the necessary conditions to have all the roots of the characteristic
Equation in the left half of s-plane?
(b) What are the difculties in RH stability crititerion? Explain ,how you can over come them?
9. (a) Define the the following terms
i. absolute stability
ii. marginal stability
iii. conditional stability
(b) By means of RH criterion determine the stability of the system represented by the characteristic
equation S4 + 2S3 + 8S2 + 4S + 3 = 0
(c) State the advantages of RH Stability criterion?
10. The open loop T.F. of a control system is given by G(s)H(s) = K
s(s+6)(s2+4s+13)
Sketch the root locus plot and determine
(a) the break-away points
(c) the stability
11. For a unity feedback system having forward path transfer function
Control Systems
(d) From the Bode plots of a unity feed back system, G(j ) at gain cross over frequency is found to
be 150o & G(j ) at phase cross over frequency is found to be -12 dBs. Find the stability of the
system.
3. Write short notes:
(a) Frequency domain specifications
(b) Stability analysis from Bode plots.
4. (a) Derive the expressions for resonant peak & resonant frequency and hence establish the
correlation between time response & frequency response.
(b) Given = 0.7 & n = 10 r/s find resonant peak, resonant frequency & Bandwidth.
5. (a) Write a note on determination of range of 'K' for stability using Bode plots.
(b) Define GM & PM and explain how you can determine them from Bode plots.
6. (a) Explain the term frequency response analysis.
(b) Show that in Bode magnitude plot the slope corresponding to a quadratic
factor is -40 dB/dec.
(c) Explain with the help of examples
i. Minimum phase function
ii. Non minimum phase function
iii. All pass function.
7. (a) Explain clearly the steps involved in the construction of Bode plots of a system
with loop transfer function consisting of
i. an open loop gain K
ii. one pole at origin
iii. one quadratic factor
(b) Given G(s)
8. (a) Define
i. Minimum phase tf
Control Systems
G(s) = ks/(1+0.2s)(12+0.02s) ). Hence find 'K' such that gain cross over freq. is 5 r/s.
Control Systems
G(s) = s2(s+4)(s+1)(1s+2) Sketch the Nyquist plot & hence determine the
G(s) =k/ s2(s+4)(s+1) Sketch the Nyquist plot hence determine the
S(S+13)(S+2).
What happens to
system is stable.
(b) The open loop transfer function of a unity feed back system is G(s)=1/
s(1+0.5s)(1+0.1s) .
Find gain and phase margin. If a phase lag element with transfer function of 1+2s is added in the
forward path, find how much the gain must be changed 1+5s to keep the margin same
10. (a) The open loop transfer function of a feed back control system is G(s)H(s)= K/S(1+S)(1+2S)S2
Find the restrictions on K for stability. Find the values of K for the system to have a gain margin of
3 db. With this value of K, find the phase cross over frequency and phase margin.
(b) Explain how Bode plot is used to find gain margin and phase margin.
11. (a) With respect to a function q(s) "Every s-plane contour which does not pass
through any singular points of q(s) has a corresponding contour in q(s) plane" Elaborate.
(b) What is the efect of adding a zero at origin to the to the open loop transfer function on polar plot?
12. (a) A system has one open loop pole & two closed loop poles in Right Half of s- plane. Show that the
Nyquist plot encircles the (-1+j0) point once in clockwise direction.
(b) Addition of poles to the loop transfer function reduces the closed loop stability of the system. Justify
by Nyquist plots.
13. (a) State Nyquist Stability Criterion.
(b) Explain the use of Nyquist Stability Criterion in the assessment of relative stability of a system.
(c) Enlist the step-by-step procedure for the construction of Nyquist plots
Control Systems
Control Systems
Control Systems
(c) Obtain the state variable representation of an armature controlled D.C Servomotor?
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Control Systems
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNITI-1:INTRODUCTION
1. Distinguish between a) linear and nonlinear system b) Single variable and multivariable control
system c) Regenerative and degenerative feedback control systems.
2. Define system and explain about various types of control systems with examples and their
advantages.
3. What are the advantages of negative feedback? Explain the effect of negative feedback on bandwidth
and sensitiveness to parameter variation in closed loop control system.
UNIT II: TRANSFER FUNCTION REPRESENTATION
1. Derive the transfer function of an a.c.servomotor and draw its characteristics.
2. Derive the transfer function for the field controlled d.c. servomotor with neat sketch.
3. Draw the signal flow graph for the system of equations given below and obtain the overall transfer
function using masons rule
X2 = X1 + X6
X3 = G1 X1 + H 2 X4 + H 3 X5
X4 = G2 X3 + H4 G6
X5 = G5 X4
X6 = G4 X5
UNIT III: TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS
1. In a unity feedback control system the open loop transfer function G(s) = 10 / s (s+1). Find the time
response of the system
a) Find the time constant and % overshoot for a unit step input.
b) To reduce the % overshoot by 50% it is proposed to add a tachometer feedback 100p. Find the
tachometer feedback gain to be used.
2. Consider the closed -loop system given by C(s) / R(s) = wn2 / s2 + 2 wn s + wn2 Determine the
values of and wn so that the system responds to a step input with Approximately 5% overshoot and
with a settling time of 2 sec. (Use 2% criterion).
UNIT-IV :STABILITY ANALYSIS IN S-DOMAIN
1. a) Explain the concepts of Stability of a control system and explain a method to determine the
stability of dynamical system.
b) A unity feed back control system is characterized by the open loop transfer function G(s) = K
(s+13) / s(s+3) (s+7)
2. Using the Rouths criterion determine the range of values of K for the system to be stable. Check if
for K=1 all the roots of the characterstic equation of above system have dampin factor
UNIT-V: FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS
1) a) Explain a frequency domain specifications.
b) Sketch the Bode plot for the Transfer function G(s) = Ke-0.5s / s(2+s)(1+0.3s) ,K stands for the
cross over frequency wo to be 5 rad/sec.
Control Systems
Assignment Questions
2) Sketch the Bode plot for a unity feedback system characterized by the open loop transfer function
G(s) = K(1+0.2s)(1+0.025s) / s2(1+0.001s)(1+0.005s). Show that the system is conditionally
stable.Find the range of K for which the system is stable.
UNIT-VI: STABILITY ANALYSIS IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN
1) a) Explain Nyquist Stability criterion.
b) A unity feedback control system has an open loop transfer function given by G(s)H(s) = 100 /
(s+5)(s+2). Draw the Nyquist diagram and determine its stability.
2) Draw the Nyquist plot for the open loop system G(s) = K(s+3) / s(s+1) and find its stability . Also
find the phase margin and gain margin.
****THE END****
Computer organization
COURSEFILE
Department of
Sponsored by
Lavu Educational Society
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to JNT University, Hyderabad)
COURSE
OBJECTIVES
Computer Organization
Course Objectives
COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
SYLLABUS
Computer Organization
Syllabus
SYLLABUS
UNIT-I
BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS: Computer Types, Functional units, Basic operational
concepts, Bus structures, Software, Performance, multiprocessors and multi computers.
Data types, Complements, Data Representation. Fixed Point Representation. Floating Point
Representation. Error Detection codes.
UNIT-II
REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE AND MICROOPERATIONS: Register Transfer language.
Register Transfer, Bus and memory transfer, Arithmetic Mircro operatiaons, logic micro operations,
shift micro operations, Arithmetic logic shift unit. Instruction codes. Computer Registers Computer
instructions Instruction cycle. Memory Reference Instructions. Input Output and Interrupt.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - Stack organization. Instruction formats. Addressing modes.
DATA Transfer and manipulation. Program control. Reduced Instruction set computer
UNIT-III
MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL: Control memory, Address sequencing, micro program
example, Design of control unit-Hard wired control. Micro programmed control
UNIT-IV
COMPUTER ARITHMETIC : Addition and subtraction, multiplication Algorithms, Division
Algorithms, Floating point Arithmetic operations. Decimal Arithmetic unit, Decimal Arithmetic
operations.
UNIT-V
THE MEMORY SYSTEM : Memory Hierarchy, Main memory, Auxiliary memory, Associative
memory, Cache memory, Virtual memory, Memory management hardware
UNIT-VI
INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION : Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous
data transfer Modes of Transfer, Priority Interrupt, Direct memory Access, Input Output Processor
(IOP), Serial communication;
UNIT-VII
PIPELINE AND VECTOR PROCESSING: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline,
Instruction Pipeline, RISC Pipeline Vector Processing, Array Processors.
UNIT-VIII
MULTI PROCESSORS: Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures,
Interprocessor Arbitration. Interprocessor Communication and Synchronization, Cache Coherance.
Computer Organization
Syllabus
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Computer System Architecture M.Moris Mano, IIIrd Edition, PHI / Pearson, 2006.
2. Computer Organization Car Hamacher, Zvonks Vranesic, Safwat Zaky, V Edition, McGraw Hill,
2002.
REFERENCE:
1. Computer Organization and Architecture William Stallings Seventh Edition, PHI/Pearson, 2006.
2. Computer Architecture and Organization John P. Hayes, Mc Graw Hill International editions,
1998.
WEBSITES:
1) http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in
JOURNALS
1) Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce
2) International Journal of Architectural Computing
3) International Journal of Computer & Organization Trends
STUDENTS
SEMINAR
TOPICS
Computer Organization
operatiaons.
3). Control memory, Address sequencing, micro program example.
4). Addition and subtraction, multiplication Algorithms, Division Algorithms.
5). Memory Hierarchy, Main memory, Auxiliary memory.
6). Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface, Asynchronous data transfer.
7). Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline.
8). Characteristics of Multiprocessors, Interconnection Structures
LECTURE PLAN
Computer Organization
Lecture Plan
LECTURE PLAN
S.No
No of
Periods
Method of Teaching
Text books
referred
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board & OHP
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
1hr
1hr
2hrs
2hrs
Black board
Black board
OHP
Black board
M.Moris Mano
1hr
3hr
2hrs
1hrs
2hrs
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
1hr
1hr
2hrs
1hr
2hrs
1hr
2hrs
3hrs
2hrs
2hrs
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
Computer Organization
Unit-V: THE MEMORY SYSTEM
23. Memory hierarchy
24. Main memory, Auxiliary memory, Associative memory, Associative memory
25. Cache memory,virtual memory
26. Memory management hardware
27. Peripheral devices, input-output interface
Unit-VI: INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION
28. Asynchronous transfer, modes of transfer
29. Priority, interrupt, direct memory access
30. Input-output processor
31. Serial communication
Unit-VII: PIPELINE AND VECTOR PROCESSING
32. Parallel processing
33. Pipelining
34. Arithmetic pipeline
35. Instruction pipeline
36. RISC pipeline, vector processing, array processors
Unit-VIII: MULTI PROCESSORS
37. Characteristics of multiprocessors
38. Interconnection structures
39. Interprocessor arbitration
40. Interprocessor communication and synchronization
41. Cache coherence, shared memory multiprocessors
Lecture Plan
M.Moris Mano
1hr
2hr
2hrs
1hrs
1hr
OHP
Black board
Black board
OHP
1hr
2hrs
1hrs
2hrs
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
2hrs
2hrs
1hr
2hrs
2hrs
Black board
OHP
Black board
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
2hrs
2hrs
2hr
2hrs
2hrs
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
Black board
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
M.Moris Mano
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Computer Organization
Learning Objectives
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UNIT-I: BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS
At the end of this unit student will get the concepts of
Identifying all parts of computer
Learn about bus structure
Analyzing basic operational concepts
Learn about Data representation
Machine instructions and their execution
Performance of the computer
UNIT-II: REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE AND MICROOPERATIONS
At the end of this unit student will get the concepts of
Understand the concepts of rtl
Become familiar with all the micro operations
Analyzing instruction cycle, instruction codes
How the instructions will execute
UNIT-III: MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL
At the end of the unit student will get the concept
Know basic concepts of control memory.
Describe various address sequencing and micro program examples.
Learn about design issues of control unit, hardwired control and micro programmed control unit.
UNIT-IV: COMPUTER ARITHMETIC
At the end of this unit student will get the concepts of
Learn about addition, subtraction, multiplication and division algorithms.
Learn about floating point arithmetic operations.
Learn about Decimal arithmetic and Decimal arithmetic operations.
UNIT-V: THE MEMORY SYSTEM
At the end of this unit student will get the concepts of
Know basic concepts of semiconductor RAM, ROM and cache memories.
Describe various performance considerations.
Learn about Virtual memories, secondary storage devices.
UNIT-VI: INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION
At the end of this unit student will get the concepts of
Know various peripheral devices.
Learn about input output interface.
Describes various models of asynchronous transfer modes.
Describes the various interrupts, DMA and I/O processor.
Learn about serial communication.
Computer Organization
Learning Objectives
OBJECTIVE
TYPE
QUESTIONS
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
2
B
12
B
3
A
13
A
4
C
14
C
5
D
15
D
6
D
16
C
7
C
17
A
8
C
18
C
9
D
19
B
10
A
20
A
Computer Organization
2
B
12
B
3
A
13
A
4
C
14
C
5
D
15
D
6
D
16
C
7
C
17
A
8
C
18
C
9
D
19
B
10
A
20
A
Computer Organization
c.Mapping
d.address generation
3. The address of next microinstruction is stored in
a. Control address Register (CAR)
b.Sub routine register (SBR)
c. Instruction register (IR)
d.Program counter (PC)
4. The function of control unit in digital computer is
a. to generate micro operations
b. to update micro operations
c. to initiate sequence of micro operations
d. to add new micro operations
5. If the control signals are generated using hardware with conventional logic design
techniques then the control unit is said to be
a. Micro programmed b.Hardwired c.Nano programmed d.Programmed
6. The memory that is part of control unit is
a. Main memory b.Auxiliary memory c.Control memory
d.Virtual memory
7. Micro instructions are stored in
a. Main memory b.Secondary memory c.Control memory
d.Virtual memory
8. The register used to store return address of sub routine is
a. Control address Register (CAR)
b.Sub routine register (SBR)
c. Instruction register (IR)
d.Program counter (PC)
9. The Pseudo-instruction that specifies first address of a micro program routine is
a. ORG b.PCTAR
c.DRTAR
d.CALL
10. The symbolic microinstructions that loads SBR with a new value is
a. JMP b. CALL
c.RET d.MAP
11. Most computers based on RISC architecture
a. use micro programmed control unit b. use hardwired control unit
c.use nano programmed control unit
d. does not require control unit
12. The program that translates symbolic micro program into its binary equivalent is
a. Compiler
b. Assembler c. Interpreter d. Parser
13. A system uses a control memory of 1024 words of 32bits each. The microinstruction
Has three fields: Condition, Branch address, and Microperation fields. If the microoperation field
has 16 bits, how many bits are there in the branch address field and the condition field?
a. Branch address has 10 bits and condition field has 6 bits
b. Branch address has 6 bits and condition field has10 bits
c. Branch address has 8 bits and condition field has 8 bits
d. Branch address has 9 bits and condition field has 7 bits
14. Assume that the control memory is 24 bits wide. The microinstruction has two fields:
Address and Microoperation fields. If the microoperation has 13 bits, how many bits are
there in the address field and what is the size of the control memory?
a. Address field has 11 bits and the size of the control memory is 2048x24 bits.
b. Address field has 10 bits and the size of the control memory is 1024x24bits.
c. Address field has 11 bits and the size of the control memory is 1024x24bits.
d. Address has 24 bits and the size of the control memory is 2048x24bits.
15. Arrange the following with the increasing speed of execution.
a. Horizontal microinstruction, vertical microinstruction, hardwired implementation
b. Vertical microinstruction, horizontal microinstruction, hardwired implementation.
c. Hardwired implementation, vertical microinstruction, horizontal mincroinstruction.
d. Hardwired implementation, horizontal microinstruction, vertical microinstruction.
16. Arrange the following with the increasing logic of circuitry.
a. Horizontal microinstruction, vertical microinstruction, hardwired implementation
b. Vertical microinstruction, horizontal microinstruction, hardwired implementation.
c. Hardwired implementation, vertical microinstruction, horizontal mincroinstruction.
d. Hardwired implementation, horizontal microinstruction, vertical microinstruction.
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Computer Organization
2
C
12
B
3
A
13
A
4
C
14
A
5
B
15
B
6
C
16
A
7
C
17
A
8
B
18
A
9
A
19
A
10
B
20
Computer Organization
each addition
b. binary 6 (0110) is added before the digit is complemented
c. binary 10 (1010) is added before the digit is complemented
b. d.binary 6 ( 0110) is added to each complemented digit and the carry is discarded
6. What will be the quotient and remainder when is divided by in 2's complement
binary representation?
a. Quotient 00000; Remainder 10101 b.Quotient 00000; Remainder 01011
b. c. Quotient 10101: Remainder 00000
d.Quotient 01011; Remainder 00000
7. What will be the quotient and remainder when is divided by in 2's complement
representation?
a. Quotient 00000; Remainder 01011 b.Quotient 00000; Remainder 10101
b. c. Quotient 00000; Remainder 00000
d.Quotient 01011; Remainder 00000
8. The 9's complement of BCD number 0111 is
a. 1000
b.1001
c.0010
d.0011
9. 9.Consider register A holding decimal 8760 in BCD. The micro operation dshr A
(Decimal shift right register A) produces.
a. 1000 0111 0111 0000
b.0100 0011 1011 0000
b. c. 1100 0011 1011 0000
d.0000 1000 0111 0110
10. 10.Consider register A holding decimal 8760 in BCD. The micro operation dshl A
(Decimal shift left register A) produces.
a. 1000 0111 0110 0000
b.0000 1110 1100 0000
b. c. 0111 0110 0000 1000
d.0111 0110 0000 0000
11. The signed magnitude representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0010 0111 0101
b.1111 0010 0111 0101
b. c. 0001 0010 0111 0101
d,0000 0010 0111 0101
12. The 9's complement representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0111 0010 0100
b.1111 0111 0010 0100
b. c. 0001 0111 0010 0100
d.0001 1101 1000 1010
13. The 10's complement representation of in BCD is
a. 1001 0111 0010 0101
b.1111 0111 0010 0101
b. c. 0001 1000 0011 0110
d.0001 1101 1000 1011
14. Express the number in IEEE 32-bit floating-point format
a. 0 1000 0111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 0000 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 0000 1000 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 0111 1100 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
15. Express the number -1/32 in IEEE 32-bit floating point format
a. 1 0111 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 1 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 1 0000 0001 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 1 0111 1010 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
16. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point numbers to compute the (32) X(16) .
a. 0 0000 0111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 0111 0111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 1000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
17. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point number to compute (32) (16) .
a. 0 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
b. 0 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
c. 0 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
d. 0 1000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000
18. Use IEEE single-precision floating-point numbers to compute (147.5) +(0.25) .
Vignans Institute of Technology & aeronautical engineering
Computer Organization
2
B
12
A
3
B
13
A
4
A
14
A
5
A
15
A
6
A
16
B
7
A
17
A
8
C
18
A
9
D
19
D
10
D
20
C
Computer Organization
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
11. In the Memory Hierarchy, Speed of accessing is high for
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
12. In the Memory Hierarchy, Speed of accessing is low for
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
13. In the following which is accesed sequentially
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
14. In the Memory Hierarchy, Cost per bit is least for
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
15. In the Memory Hierarchy, the Cost per bit is most for
a.Register
b.Cache
c.Primary Memory d.Magnetic Tape
16. 512 x 8 ROM indicates
a.512 data, 8 address lines
b.512 address, 8 data lines
c.520 address lines
d.520 data lines
17. The Static RAM consists of
a.Capacitors b.Internal Flip Flops c.Internal Caches
d.Filters
18. The Dynamic RAM consists of
a.Capacitors b.Internal Flip Flops c.Internal Caches
d.Filters
19. The decoder used for decoding 512 x 8 ROM consists of how many input lines?
a.512
b.8
c.9
d.520
20. The Principal technology used for main Memory is based on
a.Semi conductor ICs
b.Conductor ICs
c.Both Semi Conductor and Conductor ICs d.Using Insulator
Answers
1
B
11
A
2
C
12
D
3
C
13
D
4
B
14
D
5
C
15
A
6
D
16
B
7
B
17
B
8
A
18
A
9
D
19
C
10
A
20
A
Computer Organization
2
B
12
C
3
B
13
B
4
B
14
B
5
A
15
C
6
B
16
A
7
A
17
A
8
C
18
A
9
B
19
C
10
C
20
B
Computer Organization
1. A Processor with Direct Memory Access capability that communicates with I/O devices is
a.Input Output Processor
b.Data communication processor
c.Data communication programmer d.Input Output programmer
2. A processor that communicates with remote terminals over telephone and other communication
media in a serial fashion is called
a.Input Output Processor
b.Data communication processor
c.Data communication programmer d.Input Output programmer
3. The I/O processor in IBM 370 computer is called
a. a.Router
b.Channel
c.Device
d.Modem
4. Let the time taken to process a sub-operation in each segment be 20ns. Assume That the
pipeline has 4 segments and executes 100 tasks in sequence. What is the Speed up of pipeline
system?
a.8000ns
b.3060ns
c.2060ns
d.6000ns
5. The architecture represents the organization of a computer containing a single control unit, a
processor unit and a memory unit.
a.SIMD
b.MISD
c.SISD
d.MIMD
6. Total operations performed going through all the segments in the pipeline is called as
a.function
b.process
c.sequence
d.task
7. One type of parallel processing that does not fit Flynn s classification is processing.
a.array
b.vector
c.multi
d.pipeline
8. .The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes
a.data stream
b.execution stream
c.instruction stream
d.process stream
9. Most of the multi processors and multi computer systems can be classified in category.
a.MISD
b.SIMD
c.SISD
d.MIMD
10. The behavior of a pipeline can be illustrated with diagram
a.frequency-time
b.timing
c.space-time d.dataflow
11. As the number of tasks increases, the speed up is equal to the number of in the pipeline
a.tasks
b.segments
c.suboperations
d.instructions.
12. Suppose the time delays of four segmentsare and the interface registers have a delay of
t=10ns. What must be the clock cycle time?
a.100ns
b.120ns
c.110ns
d.130ns
13. Each entry in the BTB consists of the address of a previously executed instruction and the
instruction for that branch
a.branch, target
b.branch, buffer
c.target, branch
d.buffer, branch
14. conflicts arise when an instruction depends on the result of a previous instruction
a.resource
b.branch
c.segment
d.data dependency
15. When an overflow occurs, the mantissa of the sum or difference is shifted And exponent
incremented by
a.right, one
b.left, one
c.right, two d.left, two
16. A pipeline divides an arithmetic operation into suboperations forexecution in the pipeline
segments.
a.vector
b.arithmetic c.instruction d.multiple
17. pipeline operates on a stream of instructions by overlapping phases of instruction cycle.
a.arithmetic b.instruction c.vector
d.multiple
18. The instruction fetch segment can be implemented by means of a buffer
a.LIFO
b.FIFO
c.FILO
d.LILO
19. The instruction stream queuing mechanism provides an efficient way for reducing
for reading instructions from memory
a.access time b.seek time c.overlap ping time d.processing time
Computer Organization
20. Is a circuit that detects instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions further
up in the pipeline.
a.operand forwarding
b.interlocks
c.delayed load
d.data decoder
Answers
1
A
11
B
2
B
12
C
3
B
13
A
4
C
14
D
5
C
15
A
6
D
16
B
7
D
17
B
8
C
18
B
9
D
19
A
10
C
20
B
Computer Organization
Answers
1
B
11
C
2
C
12
A
3
B
13
D
4
D
14
B
5
C
15
A
6
A
16
C
7
D
17
A
8
D
18
C
9
C
19
A
10
C
20
A
ESSAY TYPE
QUESTIONS
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
ASSIGNMENT
QUESTIONS
Computer Organization
Assignment Questions
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
UNIT-I: BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS
1. Explain the Bus structure?
2. Explain the functional units of a Computer?
3. Write differences between Multi Processors & Multi Computers?
4. Write Basic operational Concepts of Computer?
5. Explain different data types.
6. Explain error detection codes.
7. Explain fixed point, integer, floating point representation.
UNIT-II: REGISTER TRANSFER LANGUAGE AND MICROOPERATIONS
1. Write about Instruction cycle?
2. Write about all micro operations?
3. Describe about RTL?
4. Explain bus system for 4 registers.
5. Explain instruction format, addressing modes of a general processor.
UNIT-III: MICRO PROGRAMMED CONTROL
1. Define control unit & also write all the micro operations of CU?
2. Write differences between hardwired control, and micro programmed control?
3. Write about Control Unit?
UNIT-IV: COMPUTER ARITHMETIC
1. A)1001 + 1011 B) 1001 0101
2. Using Booths algorithms multiply 4 & 5
3. Using division algorithm divide 21 &4
4. Write about decimal arithmetic unit & operations?
5. Explain floating point arithmetic operation.
UNIT-V: THE MEMORY SYSTEM
1. Write about memory devices?
2. Write differences between RAM, ROM?
3. Describe about Associative Memory?
4. Describe about cache Memory & also mapping methods of cache?
5. Explain about virtual Memories?
6. Explain the terms a) Associative mapping b) Direct Mapping c) Set associative mapping
UNIT-VI: INPUT-OUTPUT ORGANIZATION
1. Write about IO devices?
2. Explain about DMA?
3. Write about Serial communication, parallel communication?
4. Discuss about PCI bus?
5. Explain peripheral devices.
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Computer Organization
Assignment Questions
****THE END****