What are joints?

The human skeleton is made up of different shaped bones that align with each
other. The point where bones align (articulate) is called a joint.

The planes of movement

g

Joint actions

Anatomy is the science of the structure and function of the body.

Clinical anatomy is the study of the macroscopic structure and function of the body
as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences.
Basic anatomy is the study of the minimal amount of anatomy consistent with the
understanding of the overall structure and function of the body.

Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between the bones: fibrous
joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.
Fibrous Joints
The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue, and thus very
little movement is possible. The sutures of the vault of the skull and the inferior
tibiofibular joints are examples of fibrous joints.
Cartilaginous Joints
Cartilaginous joints can be divided into two types: primary and secondary. A primary
cartilaginous joint is one in which the bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline
cartilage. Thus, the union between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of a growing
bone and that between the 1st rib and the manubrium sterni are examples of such a
joint. No movement is possible.
A secondary cartilaginous joint is one in which the bones are united by a plate of
fibrocartilage and the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of
hyaline cartilage. Examples are the joints between the vertebral bodiesand the
symphysis pubis. A small amount of movement is possible.

Synovial Joints
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage
separated by a joint cavity
This arrangement permits a great degree of freedom of movement. The cavity of
the joint is lined by synovial membrane, which extends from the margins of one
articular surface to those of the other. The synovial membrane is protected on the
outside by a tough fibrous membrane

MUSCLES OF HEAD & NECK (53)

Grouping

Muscle
Buccinator

Orbicularis oculi

Closing eyelids (squinting)

Depressor labii
inferioris

Depresses lower lip

Zygomaticus major
Face (9)

Draws angle of mouth

backward and upward
(smile)

Zygomaticus minor

Elevates upper lip

Orbicularis oris

Closes lips; kissing muscle

Levator labii
superioris

Neck (1)

Action
Presses cheek against
molar teeth
Resists detention

Depresses angle of mouth

Levator anguli oris

Elevates angle of mouth

medially (disgust)

Platysma

Vasculature

Buccal branch of CN
VII

Facial a.

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Elevates upper lip

Dilates nares (disgust)

Depressor anguli oris

Digastric

Innervation

Elevates hyoid and floor of

mouth
Depresses mandible

Tenses skin of inferior face

Depresses jaw

Anterior belly
mylohyoid n. of V3
(CN V)
Posterior belly facial
n.
Facial nerve

Neck (3)
Subclavius

Depresses clavicle

N. to subclavius

Supraorbital a.
Supratrochlear a.
Infraorbital a.
Angular branch of
facial a.
Inferior labial
branch of facial a.
Mental a.
Transverse facial
a.
Facial a.
Transverse facial
a.
Facial a.
Superior &
inferior labial
branches of facial
a.
Mental a.
Infraorbital a.
Infraorbital a.
Superior labial
branch of facial a.
Inferior labial
branch of facial a.
Mental a.
Infraorbital a.
Superior labial
branch of facial a.
Anterior belly
submental a.
Posterior belly
occipital a.
Facial a.
Thoracoacromial
a.-clavicular

Posterior Triangle

branch
Transverse
cervical a.
Superior thyroid a.

Omohyoid

Neck (4)
Muscular Triangle
Infrahyoid muscles

Neck (2)
Carotid Triangle

Neck (3)
Submandibular
(digastric) Triangle

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Superior belly of
omohyoid
Thyrohyoid

Cricothyroid
Thyrohyoid (also in
muscular triangle)
Digastric (ant and post
bellies)
Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid
Neck (2)
Submental Triangle

Neck (5)
Structures deep to
floor of triangle

Neck (1)

Digastric muscles
(sides)
Mylohyoid (floor)
Levator scapulae

Splenius capitus
Scalenes (3)
(posterior, middle,
anterior)

Geniohyoid

Temporalis

Head/Mastication
(4)

Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

Depresses/stabilizes hyoid
bone

Ansa cervicalis

Elevates larynx
Depresses/stabilizes hyoid
bone
Draws thyroid cartilage
forward, lengthening vocal
ligaments
See above

External branch of
superior laryngeal n.
(branch of vagus n.)
See above

Cricothyroid
branch of superior
thyroid a.
See above

See above

See above

See above

Elevates hyoid bone and

tongue when speaking and
swallowing
Elevates and retracts hyoid
bone
See above

N. to mylohyoid
(branch of inferior
alveolar n. from V3)
Facial n. (CN VII)

Mylohyoid branch
of inferior alveolar
a.
Ascending
pharyngeal a.
See above

See above
Elevates scapula

See above
Dorsal scapular n.
(C5)
Dorsal primary rami
of spinal n.

Extends, laterally bends

neck and head
Rotates head to same side
Anterior & Middle
elevates first rib; flexes
and laterally bends neck
Posterior elevates second
rib; flexes and laterally
bends the neck
--

Elevates and retracts

mandible
Protracts and depresses the
mandible
Moves mandible laterally
Elevates and protracts

See above

Anterior brachial
plexus (C5-C7)
Posterior brachial
plexus (C7-C8)
Middle brachial
plexus (C3-C8)
C1 and C2 coursing
with hypoglossal n.
(CN XII)
Deep temporal n.

N. to lateral pterygoid
N. medial pterygoid

Transverse
cervical a.
Superior thyroid a.

See above
Dorsal scapular a.

Deep cervical a.

Ascending
cervical a. (branch
of thyrocervical
trunk)
Linguial a.
Submental a.
Anterior &
posterior deep
temporal arteries
Pterygoid branch
of maxillary a.

Masseter
Middle pharyngeal
constrictor
Superior pharyngeal
constrictor
Pharynx (4)

Inferior pharyngeal
constrictor
Stylopharyngeus

Levator palpebrae
superioris
Superior rectus
Extraocular
muscles of the
Orbit (7)

Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
Superior oblique
Lateral rectus

Extrinsic muscles
of the tongue (4)

Palatoglossus

Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
Intrinsic muscles of
the tongue (4)

Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical

mandible
Moves mandible laterally
Elevates mandible, closes
jaw

Anterior trunk of CN
V3 (masseteric n)

Constricts walls of
pharynx during
swallowing

Pharyngeal branch of
Vagus and Pharyngeal
plexus

Elevates and dilates

pharynx during
swallowing and speaking

Glossopharyngeal n.
(CN IX)

Masseteric branch
of maxillary a.
Ascending
pharyngeal a.
Ascending
pharyngeal a.
Superior thyroid a.
Inferior thyroid a.
Ascending
pharyngeal a.

Elevates superior eyelid

Elevates, ADducts and
medially rotates eyeball
ADducts eyeball
Depresses, ADducts and
medially rotates eyeball
ABducts, elevates and
laterally rotates eyeball
ABducts, depresses and
medially rotates eyeball
ABducts eyeball
Elevates posterior tongue,
depresses soft palate,
contricts isthmus of fauces
Depresses tongue,
posterior fibers protrude
tongue
Depresses and retracts
tongue
Retracts and elevates
tongue, aids initiation of
swallowing
Curls tongue upward,
retrudes tongue
Curls tongue downward,
retrudes tongue
Narrows and protrudes
tongue
Flattens and broadens
tongue

Oculomotor n. (CN
III)

Trochlear n. (CN IV)

Abducent n. (CN V)
Pharyngeal branch of
vagus n. (CN X)
Sublingual a.?

Dorsal lingual a.?

Hypoglossal n. (CN
XII)

Deep lingual a. ?

Chin (1)
Mentalis
Thyroarytenoid
Posterior
cricoarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid
Arytenoids (5)
Transverse & oblique
arytenoids

Vocalis

Elevates and wrinkles skin

of chin and protrudes
lower lip
Relaxes vocal ligament

Mandibular branch of
facial nerve

Abducts vocal folds

Adducts vocal folds
Adducts arytenoids
cartilages (adducting
intercartilagenous portion
of vocal folds, closing
posterior rima glottides)
Relaxes posterior vocal
ligament while
maintaining (or increasing)
tension of anterior part

Inferior laryngeal
nerve (terminal part of
recurrent laryngeal
nerve, from CN X)