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Wewewe
Solve the following Differential Equawewewe tions
1
(Review on Calculus)
dy
x3 2x
dx
dy 3
2.
dx x
dy
3.
4 cos 6 x
dx
dy
4
4.
2
dx x 1
dy
2
5.
2
dx x 4
dy
3
6.
2
dx x x
dy
7.
3e x when y 6 and x 0
dx
dy
8.
4 sin 2 x when y 2 and x
dx
2
dy
9.
x 2 3 e 2 x when y - 1 and x 0
dx
dy
10.
4e 3 x when y 2 and x 0
dx
1.
Differential Equation
A Differential Equation ( D.E ) is one which contains within it at least one
derivative or differentials.
Classification of Differential Equation
A Differential Equation maybe classified as to the following characteristics:
ORDER:
highest - ordered derivative in the equation.
DEGREE:
largest power or exponent of the highest - ordered derivative
present in the
equation.
TYPE:
D.E may be ordinary, or partial as to the type of derivatives or
differentials
appearing in the equation, that is, if it contains
ordinary derivatives, it is an
ordinary D.E and if the derivatives
are partial, the equation is a partial D.E.
EXAMPLES
D.E
dy
a =x3
dx
2
d i
b 2 4 i+a=0
dt
c ( 2 x 2 + y 2 ) dx+2 xydy=0
y
2 y
2 y
d
=k 2 +2 k 2
x
x
x
2
d w 3
dw
+ xy
+ w=k
2
dx
dx
e
2
d y
2
dx
f
y'
g y' ' +
ORDER
1
DEGREE
1
TYPE
Ordinary
Ordinary
Ordinary
Partial
Ordinary
2
2
3
1
Ordinary
Ordinary
GS
ODE
xy 2=cy
Solution
By differentiation and combination
xy 22=cy
2
x ( 2 ydy ) + y dx0=cdy
2
dy
y
2
3
2
2 xy dy + y dx=xy dy2 dy
xy 2 dy +2 dy + y 3 dx=0
( xy 2 +2 ) dy + y 3 dx=0
x ( 2 ydy ) + y 2 dx0= xy
By isolation of constants
xy 22=cy
2
xy =c
y
y ( 0 )2 dy
=0
2
y
2 dy
xdy + ydx + 2 =0 y 2
y
2
3
xy dy + y dx +2 dy=0
y 3 dx+ ( xy 2+2 ) dy =0
Example 2
Eliminate the arbitrary constants of
4
xdy + ydx
Solution
y= Ae2 x + Bxe2 x
'
2x
2x
2x
y = A ( 2 e )+ B [ x ( 2 e ) + e ( 1 ) ]
y ' =2 Ae 2 x + 2 Bxe2 x + Be2 x
y ' =2 y+ Be 2 x
''
2x
y =2 y ' +2 Be
y= Ae2 x + Bxe2 x
eqn 1
eqn 2
eqn 3
Answer (ODE)
'
1.
y=cx+ c +1
2.
y 2=4 ax
3.
y=4+ ce3 x
dy
3 y +12=0
dx
4.
y=x + c 1 e x +c 2 ex
y -y+x=0
5.
y=x 2 +c 1 x +c 2 ex
6.
y= Ae x + Bxe x
y -2y'+y=0
7.
y=c1 ex +c 2 e 2 x +c 3 e3 x
y=x y + ( y ' ) +1
ydx2 xdy=0
8.
(x+ 1) y +xy'-y=0
y=c1 x+ c2 e
Separation of Variables
For first order differential equation where M and N may be function of both x and y
equation 1.
M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy=0
Hence equation 1 can be put in the form
A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy =0
By integrating,
A ( x ) dx+ B ( y ) dy= 0
A ( x ) dx+ B ( y ) dy=c
Example 1
Determine the general solution of xydx( x +2 ) dy=0.
Ans. e x =cy ( x +2 )2
Solution
[ xydx( x +2 ) dy=0 ]
1
y ( x+ 2)
x
( x +2
) dx dyy = 0
2
(1 x+2
) dx dyy = 0
x2 ( x+2 ) Iny=Inc
x ( x+ 2 )2Iny=Inc
x=Inc+ Iny+(x +2)2
x= [ cy ( x+ 2 )2 ]
e x =e [cy (x+2) ]
2
e x =cy (x+2)2
Example 2
Obtain the general solution of
Example 3
Determine the particular solution of
5 x2 =2(1+ y 2)
xy y ' =1+ y2
Ans.
siny=c cosx
x 2 y +2=cy
y |c ( 1x )|=1
x 2
2
e + y =c
2
( x+1)2 + y 2 + ( c ( x 1 ) ) =0
2
x=c (1+ y )
y 8 ( 1+ 4 e2 x ) =c
5 Inx x( y +1 ) e y =c
x 2=cy 3
(4 +e 2 x )1 /2=cy
2
2
2
x + tan y=c
( sec x +tan x )=cy
x 6 y 9 = y 31
x 33 y +2=0
x+ [ ( y 1 ) /( x +1) ] =.307
(9e 3 x )1/3 y=8
( x+ 1) / e x +(1 / y =2)
y=(x /2)2 /3
Theorem 1:
If M ( x , y)
x=vy , if M < N.
( x 2xy + y 2 ) dxxydy=0 .
[ x 2 ( 1v ) dxvx 3 dv=0 ]
1
(1v) x3
dx
v
dv=0
x 1v
dx
v
+
dv= 0
x v 1
1
dxx + (1+ v1
) dv= 0
x+ v + ( v 1 )=Inc
v =
v
=
x
c
x ( v1)
[ ( )]
c
y
x 1
x
y
=
x
[ ( )]
c
yx
x
x
e =e
e y=
[ ]
c
yx
c
yx
y
( yx ) e x =c
Example 2
Find the particular solution of
xydx+ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dy =0 ; when x = 1, y = 1.
Solution
xydx+ ( x 2+ y 2 ) dy =0
Let x=vy
dx=vdy + ydv
vy 2 ( vdy + ydv ) + ( v 2 y 2 + y 2 ) dy=0
v 2 y 2 dy + vy 3 dv+v 2 y 2 dy + y 2 dy=0
[ y 2 ( 2 v 2+1 ) dy + vy 3 dv=0 ]
1
( 2 v +1 ) y 3
2
dy
v
+ 2 dv =0
y
2 v +1
let u =
1
y + ( 2 v2 +1 ) = c 1 4
4
vdv =
4 y+ ( 2 v 2+1 ) =4 c 1
y 4 + ( 2 v 2 +1 ) = c 14
y 4 ( 2 v 2 +1 )= c14
4
4
1
e y ( 2 v +1)=e c
y 4 ( 2 v 2 +1 )=c
y4 2
x2
+1 =c
y2
2 v 2 +1
let
c=c1
du=4 vdv
du
4
y4 2
x2 + y 2
=c
y2
y 2 ( 2 x 2+ y 2 )=c
12 [ 2 ( 1 )2+ 12 ]=c
c =3
so ; y 2 ( 2 x 2+ y 2 ) =3
3 ( 3 x2 + y 2 ) dx2 xydy=0
2 ( 2 x 2 + y 2 ) dxxydy
x 2 y ' =4 x 2+7 xy +2 y 2
xydx( x 2 +3 y 2 ) dy=0
xydx( x +2 y )2 dy=0
3 x2 2 y 2 ( dy /dx ) 2 xy
xcsc ( y /x ) y ) dx + xdy=0
( x y y+ yx ) dx+ x ( y x ) dy=0
ydx + ( 2 x y ) dy =0
y 2 dx=( xy x2 )dy
11.
( x y ) ( 4 x + y ) dx+ x ( 5 x y ) dy=0
x 3=c (9 x 2+ y 2)
x 4=c2 (4 x 2+ y 2)
x 2 ( y +2 x ) =c ( y + x)
x 2=2 y2 Inc y 3
e x / y =cy 3 ( x+ y)
y 3=c (x 22 y 2)
( x /c ) =cos( y /x )
( x y ) Inx+ y Iny=cx+ y
3 xy 2 y 3=c
xIny y=cx
x+ y
( y x 2 + y 2 ) dxxdy=0
x 2=44 y
3 x2 y 4 + 4 y 6=4
4 ( x +2 y ) Iny=2 yx
2 y 2+3 x 2=5 x 4
example 2
Find the general solution of the equation ( x2 y+ 3 ) dx+ ( 2 x y ) dy=0
solution
the two lines are not parallel, equate to zero and solve for x and y (x = 1, y
= 2)
let x =x' +1 y = y ' + 2
x'+ 1
'
'
'
'
( 2 ( y ' + 2 ) +3 ] d x + [ 2 ( x +1 ) ( y +2 ) ] d y =0
'
'
'
( x +12 y 4+ 3 ) d x + ( 2 x ' +2 y ' 2 ) d y ' =0
( x ' 2 y' ) d x' + ( 2 x ' y ' ) d y ' =0 homogeneous D . E
let y ' =v x' , d y ' =vd x ' + x ' dv
divide by x'
( x ' 2 v x ' ) d x ' +( 2 x' v x' ) ( vd x ' + x ' dv )=0
'
'
'
( 12 v ) d x + ( 2v ) ( vd x + x dv ) =0
[( 12 v ) +v ( 2v ) ]d x ' + x ' ( 2v ) dv=0
( 12 v +2 vv 2 ) d x' + x ' ( 2v ) dv=0
( 1v 2 ) d x ' + x' ( 2v ) dv =0
d x ' 2v
+
dv=0
'
2
x 1v
by partial fraction
d x ' 1/2
3/2
+
dv +
dv =0
'
1v
1+
v
x
integrate
1
3
1
ln x ' ln ( 1v ) + ln ( 1+ v )= lnc multply by 2
2
2
2
'
2 ln x ln (1v ) +3 ln ( 1+ v )=lnc
y'
back substitution (v= ' )
x
'
y
y'
2 ln x ' ln 1 ' +3 ln 1+ ' =lnc
x
x
2 ln x ' ln
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x' y '
x' + y'
+3
ln
=lnc
x'
x'
2 ln x ' [ ln ( x' y ' ) ln x ' ]+3 [ ln ( x' + y ' )ln x ' ]=lnc
2 ln x ' ln ( x' y' ) + ln x ' +3 ln ( x ' + y ' ) 3 ln x ' =lnc
ln ( x' y' ) +3 ln ( x ' + y ' )=lnc
back substitution x' =x 1, y ' = y 2
ln [ ( x1 )( y2 ) ] +3 ln [ ( x1 ) + ( y2 ) ] =lnc
3 ln ( x+ y3 )ln ( x y+ 1 )=lnc
x+ y3
ln
x+ y3
ln
EXERCISES
Find the general solution
a ( x+ y1 ) dx+ ( 2 x +2 y+1 ) dy =0
b ( 6 x3 y +2 ) dx+ ( y 2 x +1 ) dy=0
c ( y2 ) dx( x y 1 ) dy=0
d ( x4 y3 ) dx( x6 y 5 ) dy=0
e ( 2 x +3 y1 ) dx + ( 2 x +3 y +2 ) dy=0
f ( 3 x y+ 6 ) dx+ ( 6 x2 y6 ) dy=0
x2 ( x+ y ) +3 ln ( x + y +2 )=c
3 x y5 ln ( 4 y+ 2 x )=c
x3=( y2 ) lnc ( y2)
(x2 y1)2=c ( x3 y2)
2 x +2 y +c=6 ln ( 2 x+3 y7)
7 x+14 y+ 18 ln (21 x7 y 12 )=c
Exact Equations
Like the differential equations with homogeneous coefficients of first order and first
degree,the exact equations also have their general equations in the form of:
M ( x , y ) dx +
N ( x , y ) dy=0 . But these can not be put in the form of
A ( x ) dx + B ( y ) dy =0 , where the general solution may be determined by integration;
or it can not be put in the form in which separation of variables may be possible.
The general solution of an exact equation is: F = c, where F = f (x , y ) .
M N
=
Before solving F, the following condition must be satisfied.
(Test for
y x
exactness)
To determine F, use the relationship
F
=M ( x , y )
a.
x
F
=N ( x , y )
b.
y
To find the general solution, the procedure is as follows:
1. Integrate (a) holding y as constant and express the constant of integration
as a function of y, say C(y).
2. Differentiate F partially with respect to y.
3. Equate the
F
y
obtained in (2) to
N (x , y ) .
Example 1
Find the general solution of ( y 22 xy +6 x ) dx( x 22 xy+ 2 ) dy=0
2
2
2
Answer
xy x y +3 x 2 y=c
Example 2
Find the particular solution of ( x+ y ) dx + ( x y ) dy=0 ; when x = 1, y = 1.
Answer
x 2+2 xy y 2 =2
Exercises
Find the general solution
1.
3 x ( xy2 ) dx + ( x 3 +2 y ) dy=0
2.
( 2 x3 xy 22 y+ 3 ) dx( x 2 y +2 x ) dy=0
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
( 2 xy3 x 2) dx + ( x 2 + y ) dy=0
( x+ y ) dx + ( x y ) dy=0
( cosxcosycotx ) dx sinxsinydy =0
( r + sincos ) dr+ r ( sin+cos ) d=0
2 x ( 3 x+ y y ex ) dx+ ( x 2+3 y 2 +ex ) dy=0
2
x 3 y3 x 2 + y 2=c
4
2 2
x x y 4 xy + 6 x =c
2
3 1 2
x yx + y =c
2
x 2+2 xy y 2 =c
sinxcosy =lncsinx
2
r +2 r ( sincos )=c
2
x y + y 3 +2 x3 + y ex =c
2
] [
1
x
2
dx+ y +
dy=0
2
( 1xy )
( 1xy )2
2
M ( 1xy ) ( 0 )( 1 ) [ 2 ( 1xy )(x ) ] 2 x ( 1xy )
2x
=
=
=
4
4
3
y
( 1xy )
( 1xy )
( 1xy )
2
( 1xy ) ( 2 x ) x [ 2 (1xy )( y ) ]
N
2x
2 xy
=0+
=
=
4
2
3
y
( 1xy )
(1xy ) ( 1xy )
2
N 2 x ( 1xy ) +2 x y 2 x2 x 2 y +2 x 2 y
2x
=
=
=
3
3
y
(1xy )
( 1xy )
( 1xy )3
M N
2x
=
=
y y (1xy )3
Step 1
F
=(1xy)2
x
exact equation
dF= ( 1xy )2 dx
14
][ ]
(1xy )
1
+C ( y )
1
y
1
F=
+C ( y)
y (1xy)
F=
Step 2
F y ( 1xy ) ( 0 ) 1(12 xy)
=
+C ,' ( y)
2
2
y
y (1xy)
F
2 xy 1
,'
=
+C ( y)
y y2 (1xy)2
Step 3
2 xy 1
x2
,'
2
(
)
+
C
y
=
y
+
y 2 (1xy)2
(1xy)2
Step 4
,'
2
C ( y)= y +
x2
12 xy
+ 2
2
( 1xy ) y ( 1xy )2
y 3 2 ( 1xy )
+x
3
1
][ ] [
y3
x
1
C ( y )= +
3 1xy y (1xy )
Step 5
3
F=
1
y
x
1
+ +
y3
x
+
=c
3 1xy
1
2=c
3
c=
5
3
2 1
(12 xy )(1xy )
1
+
x
1
][
1
12 xy
y
3
15 +
x
5
+ =0 3 ( 1xy )
1xy 3
xy y +5 xy 3 x 5=0
Find the particular solution
1.
(1xy )2 dx + [ y 2 + x 2 (1xy )2 ] dy =0 ; when x=2, y=1
2.
3 y ( x 21 ) dx + ( x 3 +8 y3 x ) dy=0 ; when x=0, y=1
3.
( 3+ y +2 y 2 sin 2 x ) dx+ ( x+2 xy ysin 2 x ) dy=0
4. ( x y 2 + x2 y +3 ) dx + x 2 ydy =2 ( x + y ) dy ; when x=1, y=1
xy2
x +3
xy 4 y 3+5 xy 3 x =5
xy ( x 23 )=4(1 y 2)
y 2 sin 2 x=c +2 x( 3+ y + y 2)
y x
1. If
h(x) is a function of x alone, then e h (x)dx is an
=
N
integrating factor.
M N
2. If y x
k(y) is a function of y alone, then e k (y )dy is an
=
M
integrating factor.
Note if either h(x) or k(y) is a constant, the above theorem still applies.
Example 3
Find the general solution of ( y 2x ) dx +2 ydy=0 Ans. y 2x +1=ce x
( y 2x ) dx +2 ydy=0
M
N
=2 y
=0
not exact
y
x
M N
y x 2 y 0
h ( x )=
=
N
2y
h ( x )=1
h( x)dx
(1)dx
x
i. f .=e
=e =e
( y 2x ) e x dx+ 2 ye x dy=0
M
N
x
x
=2 ye
=2 ye
y
x
exact
Step 1
F
=M ( x , y )
x
F
=( y 2 x) e x
x
F= y 2 e x xe x + e x + C( y )
Step 2
F
=2 ye x +C ' ( y)
y
Step 3
F
=N ( x , y )
x
2 ye x +C ' ( y ) =2 ye x
C' ( y )=0
Step 4
C ( y )=c
Step 5
F=c
y x +1=ce
Example 4
Find the general solution of ydx( x +6 y 2 ) dy=0
Ans.
2
ydx( x +6 y ) dy=0
M
N
=1
=1
y
x
M N
2
k ( y )=
y x 1+1
k ( y )=
=
y
M
y
x6 y 2=cy
not exact
17
( )dy
2
i. f .=e k( y)dy =e y =e2 y =e y = y2
P ( y)dy
where:
Example 1
Find the general solution of
= e
P ( y ) dy
P ( y ) dy
Q ( y ) dy+ c
2 ( y4 x2 ) dx + xdy=0;
[ 2 ( y4 x 2) dx + xdy =0 ]
[ ]
1
xdx
2( y4 x2 ) dy
+ =0
x
dx
dy 2
+
y8 x=0
dx x
()
dy 2
+
y8 x 2
dx x
()
P ( x )=
2
x
Q ( x )=8 x
2x dx
2
P (x)dx
i. f .=e
=e
=e2 x =e x =x 2
yx 2= x 2 ( 8 x ) dx+ c
2
x y=2 x +c
x y=2 x +c
ydx + ( 3 x xy+ 2 ) dy =0 ;
( y +1 ) dx+ ( 4 x y ) dy=0
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ans.
xy 3=2 ( y 2 +2 y +2 ) + ce y
2 y=1+cex
2 y=x 5+ cx 3
y +1
20 x=4 y1+c
1
xu=ce3 u u
3
y=csinxcosx
xysinx=c +sinxxcosx
y=( 1+ x 2 ) (c+ xarctanx)
y2
12 x=3 y +2+
y=sin 2 x ( 1cosx )=2 sin 2 x sin 2
Bernoulli's Equation
General Form
M ( x , y ) dx + N ( x , y ) dy=0
Bernoulli's Equation
dy
+ P ( x ) y=Q (x) y n
dx
or
dx
+ P ( y ) x=Q ( y) x n
dy
1n
z= y
p ( x )=( 1n ) P( x )
q ( x )=( 1n ) Q( x )
General Solution
p( x)dx
p ( x ) dx
ze
= e
q ( x ) dx + c
dz
+ P ' ( y ) z =Q' ( y)
dy
1n
where:
z=x
p ( y )=( 1n ) P( y)
q ( y )=( 1n ) Q( y)
ze
p( y)dy
= e
p ( y ) dy
q ( y ) dy + c
x
2
where: e p (y )dy=
is the
Example
Find the general solution of
y ( 6 y 2x1 ) dx +2 xdy =0
[ y ( 6 y 2 x 1 ) dx+2 xdy=0 ]
Ans.
[ ]
1
xdx
y ( 6 y 2x 1 ) dy
+ =0
2x
dx
dy x +1
3 3
y + y =0
dx 2 x
x
dy x+1
3 3
y=
y
dx
2x
x
( ) ( )
p ( x )=( 1n ) P ( x )=( 13 )
1 x+1
1
=
=1+
( x+
2x )
x
x
q ( x )=( 1n ) Q ( x )=( 13 )
p ( x ) dx
( 3x )= 6x
( 1+ 1x ) dx
=e
=e x+ x =e x e x =xe x
x 6
y2 xe x = xe
dx+ c
x
[ y2 xe x =6 e x + c ] y 2 ex
x= y 2 (6+ cex )
i. f .=e
()
(2 x y) =cyx
y 2 ( cx )=x 3
6+ce
2
x=x= y
x 2= y 3 ( x+ 2)
2 y 2=x2 (3 x1)
x+ 3 y + c=3(x +2 y+ 2)
4 x siny=cx 41
x+ c=3(x y+5)
dv
dt
dv
=F net
dt
a=v
mv
dv
ds
dv
=Fnet
ds
Example
A motor boat and its load weigh 483 lb. Assume that the propeller force is constant
and equal to 24 lb. Water resistance is numerically equal to 1.5 v lb, where v is the
speed at any instant in ft/s. If the boat starts from rest, determine the speed and
the distance traveled at the end of 10 s.
v = 10.11 ft/s; s = 58.79 ft.
ma=F net
dv
a=
dt
dv
m =F net
dt
W dv
=F net
g dt
483
dv
=241.5 v
32.2
dt
dv
15 =1.5( 16v)
dt
dv
10 =(16v )
dt
dv
dt
=
(16v ) 10
dv
dt
(16v ) 10 = 0
t
( 16v ) =c
10
BC1: t = 0 v = 0
c = - ln 16
BC2: t = 10 v = ?
10
- ln(16v) |ln16
10
v = 10.11 ft/s
mv
dv
=F net
ds
dv
=1.5(16v )
ds
vdv
ds
=
16v 10
15v
16
1
v
-v +
- (v - 16)
16
(1+ 16v
) dv 10ds = 0
-v - 16
s
=c
10
s=0
ln 16
ln ( 16v )
BC1: v = 0
c = -16
16
BC2: v = 10.11
s=?
10.11+16 ln 16 ( 1610.11 )
s
=16 ln 16
10
s = 58.79 ft
Exercises
1. A body falls from rest. If the resistance of the air is proportional to the speed,
and if the limiting speed is 160 ft/s, find the speed at the end of 5 seconds.
101.15 ft/s
2. A 4-lb moves in a straight line on horizontal plane whose coefficient of
friction is 1/4. The air resistance amounts to v 2 /16. The force acting upon
the body is 4 lb, if v = 0 when s = 4 ft. Find v when s = 12 ft.
Use g =
32 ft/ s 2
6.91 ft/s
3. Rework number 3, however, the force acting upon the body is 4s lb.
26.83
ft/s
4. A skater weighing 160 lb allows himself to be blown along by the wind. The
coefficient of friction is 1/40 and the pressure upon him amounts to 2(30-v)
lb. If v = 14 ft/s at t = 0, find v at t = 2 sec.
21.73 ft/s
5. A boy and sled together weigh 80 lb. They coast down a hill whose slope is
5/12 and on which the coefficient of friction is 13/480. The air resistance
amounts to v/13. Find v when t = 2 sec., if v = 0 at = 0.
22.46 ft/s
6. A ball weighing 1 lb is dropped from a great height. The air resistance
amounts to v/32.2 lb. Find v when s = 5 ft, if v = 0 when s = 0.
7. A certain particle weighs 8 lb as it sinks in the water its weight forces it
downward. Its buoyancy amounts to 4 lb and water resistance is v 2 . Find s
at v = 1.5 ft/s, when v = 0,
s = 0.
0.1027 ft.
Acceleration of
gravity at surface
Velocity of
escape ( in mi/s)
0.85g
____
6.3
Mars
____
2,100
3.1
Jupiter
2.6g
43,000
____
Sun
28g
____
380
0.885g
32,190
____
Neptune
1.19g
15,000
____
Pluto
0.07g
715
____
0.165g
1,080
____
____
6.95
Celestial Bodies
Venus
Uranus
Earths Moon
Earth
26
5. At 2:00 PM, a thermometer reading 80F is taken outside where the air
temperature is 20F. At 2:03 PM, the temperature reading yielded by
the thermometer is 42F. Later, the thermometer is brought inside,
where the air is at 80F. At 2:10 PM, the reading is 71F. When was the
thermometer brought indoors?
2:05 PM
6.
27
2. 5 thousand pesos was invested at the rate of 20% per annum, how many
years will it to earn 500 thousand pesos?
Mixing of Non-reacting Fluids
Accumulation = In - Out - Reaction
dx
=C R C out R out 0
dt
V 1=V 1 +( R R out ) t
where:
x = is the amount of salt any time t.
C =
mass of solute
volume of solution
kg lb lb
, ,
m3 ft 3 gal
R =
volume of solution
time
m3 ft 3 gal
, ,
s s min
C out =
Rout =
Example
A tank contains initially 200 ft 3 of the salt solution whose concentration is
1/ 2lb /ft 3 . Water enters the tank at the rate of 2 ft 3 per min and the solution
flows out at the rate of 4 ft 3 per min. Find the amount of salt after 10 minutes.
81 lb
dx
=C R C out R out
dt
dx
x
= ( 0 )( 2 )
( 4)
dt
200+ ( 24 ) t
dx
4x
=
dt 2(100t)
dx
2 dt
=
x ( 100t )
dx
2 dt
+
= 0
x
(100t)
Inx - 2In (100-1) = c
BC1: t = 0
lb
=100 lb
3
ft
c = -4.61
x =?
BC1: t = 0
In x - 2In(100 - 10) = -4.61
X = 80.61 lb
Exercises
1. A tank initially contains 100 gal of brine whose salt concentration is 1/2
lb/gal. Brine whose salt concentration is 2 lb/gal flows into the tank at the
rate of 3 gpm. The mixture flows out at the rate of 2 gpm. Find the salt
content of brine at the end of 30 minutes.
171 lb
2. A tank contains 200 gallons of fresh water. Brine containing 2 lbs/gal of salt
enters the tank at 4 gpm and the mixture, kept uniform by stirring, runs out of
at 3 gpm. Find the amount of salt in the tank after 30 minutes.
197 lb
3. A tank contains initially 200 ft 3 of salt solution with salt content of 1/3 lb/
3
3
ft . Pure water flows in at the rate of 1 ft /min and the solution is kept
uniform through constant stirring. If the solution flows out at the rate of 2 ft 3
per min, find the salt content at the end of 4 mins.
63.83 lb
4. A tank initially contains 200 gallons of salt solution whose concentration is
1/4 lb/gal. A solution with salt content of 4 lb/gal flows into the tank at the rate
of 5 gpm. The mixture is kept uniform by constant stirring and flows out at the
rate of 4 gpm. Find the salt content of the solution at the end 40 minutes.
598.31 lb
simple circuit
1.) A resistor of 10 and an inductor of L = 2 H and a battery of E volts are
connected in series with a switch. At t = 0 the switch is closed and the
current i = 0. Find i for t>0 if:
a) E = 40
b) E = 20e-3t
c) E = 50sin5t
SW
2.) A resistor of 5 and a condenser C =0.02 F are connected in series with a
battery of E = 100 V. If at t = 0 , current i = 0 and the initial charge q of
the condenser is 5C. Find I and q at t>0 ?
R
E
30
may be written in the form of f(D) = R(x), where f(D) is a linear differential
operator.
General Solution
1. Distinct roots
y=c1 e a x + c 2 e a x ++ c k ea
2. Equal roots
y=c1 e +c 2 xe +c 3 x e ++ c k x
3. Imaginary roots
ax
ax
2 ax
k1 ax
Discriminant
is the most important part of the quadratic functions when we talk about the
nature of its roots. Given a quadratic equation: y = a x 2+ bx+ c , discriminant
(D) can be defined mathematically as D=b 24 ac .
Discriminant
Nature of Roots
D=0
Equal Roots
D>0
D<0
Imaginary Roots
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
( D 2 + D6 ) y=0
( D 33 D210 D ) y=0
( D3 +3 D24 D12 ) y=0
( D 26 D+ 9 ) y=0
( D 2 +4 D+ 4 ) y =0
( D 33 D2 +9 D+13 ) y=0
y 2 R ( x)
y R ( x)
dx + y 2 1
dx
W
W
W=
y1
y'1
y2
= y 1 y ' 2 y ' 1 y 2
y '2
Example:
y ' ' 2 y ' + y=x4 e x
m22 m+1=0
( m1 ) ( m1 )=0
m=1,1
y c =c 1 e x + c 2 x e x
y 1=e x , y 2=x e x , R ( x ) =x4 e x
W=
ex
xe x
= x e 2 x + e2 x x e 2 x =e2 x
ex x ex+ ex
y p= y 1
y2 R ( x )
y R(x)
dx + y 2 1
dx
W
W
x e x x4 e x
e x x4 e x
x
y p=e
dx+ xe
dx
e2 x
e2 x
x
y p=e
x3 dx + xe x x4 dx
2
x
x
1
1
1
+ xe x
= e x x 2 e x x2= e x x2
2
3 2
3
6
1
y= y c + y p=c 1 e x +c 2 x e x + e x x2
6
y p=e x
9.
( D 21 ) y=e x +1
1
1
c 1 e x + c2 ex + x e x e x 1
2
4
APPLICATION