CHM 30 Terms

Chapter 1:
Mass

The property that defines the quantity of matter in an object.

Energy

The capacity to transfer heat or do work.

Physical Process

A transformation of a sample of matter, such as a change in its physical state, that does not alter the chemical identity of any substance in the sample.

Chemical Formula

A notation for representing elements and compounds; consists of the symbols of the constituent elements and subscripts identifying the number of atoms of each element in one molecule.

Chemical Equation

Notation in which chemical formulas express the identities and their coefficients express the quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction; a description of the identities and quantities of reactants (substances consumed during a chemical reaction) and products (substances formed).

Chemical Reaction

The transformation of one or more substances into different substances.

Chemical Bond

The energy that holds two atoms in a molecule together.

Filtration

A process for separating particles suspended in a liquid or a gas from that liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles.

Distillation

A separation technique in which the more volatile (more easily vaporized) components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, thereby separating them from the less volatile components.

Solid

A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume.

Liquid

A form of matter that occupies a definite volume but flows to assume the shape of its containers.

Gas

A form of matter that has neither definite volume nor shape, and that expands to fill its containers; also known as vapor.

Meter

The standard unit of lengt h, named after the Greek met ron, which means ''measure,'' and equivalent to 39.37 inches.

Significant Figures

All the certain digits in a measured value plus one est imated digit . The greater the number of significant figures, the greater the certainty with which the value is known.

Precision

The extent to which repeat ed measurements of the same variable agree.

Accuracy

The agreement between an experimental value and the true value.

Conversion Factor

A fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator but is expressed in different unit s, making the value of the fraction one.

Kelv in (K)

The SI unit of temperat ure.

Absolute Zero 0K

The zero point on the Kelv in temperature scale; theoret ically the lowest temperature possible.

Chapter 2:
Beta (& beta;) Decay

The process by which a neut ron decays into a proton and a & beta; part icle.

Beta (& beta;) Part icle

A radioact ive emission that is a high-energy electron.

Carboxylic Acid

An organic compound containing the - C OOH functional group.

Functional Group

A struct ural subunit in organic molecules that imparts characterist ic chemical and phy sical properties.

Neut ron C apture

The absorpt ion of a neut ron by a nucleus.

Nucleosynthesis

The natural format ion of nuclei as a result of fusion and other nuclear processes.

Nucleus

(of an atom)The positively charged center of an atom that contains nearly all the atom's mass.

Organic Compounds

Compounds containing carbon, and commonly including certain other elements such as hydrogen, oxy gen, and nit rogen.

Quarks

Elementary particles that combine to form neut rons and protons.

Radioactivity

The spontaneous emission of high- energy radiat ion and part icles by materials.

Chapter 3:

Chapter 4:
Half-react ions

One of the two halves of an oxidat ionreduct ion react ion; one half-reaction is the oxidation component, and the other is the reduct ion component.

Hydronium Ion (H3O+)

An H+ ion plus a water molecule,H2O; the form in which the hydrogen ion is found in an aqueous solut ion.

Ion Exchange

A process by which one ion is displaced by another.

Neutralization React ion

A react ion that takes place when an acid reacts with a base and produces a solution of a salt in water.

Oxidation

A chemical change in which a species loses electrons; the oxidation number of the species increases.

Oxidation Number (O.N.)

(also called oxidation state)

A posit ive or negat ive number based on the number of electrons the atom gains or loses when it forms an ion, or that it shares when it forms a covalent bond with another element; pure elements have an oxidation number of zero.

Oxidizing Agent

A substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons from anot her species, thereby ox idizing that species; the oxidizing agent is reduced in the reaction.

Reducing Agent

A substance in a redox reaction that giv es up elect rons to another species, thereby reducing that species; the reducing agent is ox idized in the reaction.

Reduction

A chemical change in which a species gains electrons; the ox idat ion number of the species decreases.

Salt

The product of a neutralizat ion reaction; it is made up of the cation of the base in the react ion plus the anion of the acid.

Saturated Solution

A solut ion that contains the max imum concentration of a solut e possible at a giv en temperature.

Solubility

The maximum amount of a substance that dissolves in a giv en quant ity of solvent at a given temperature.

Supersat urated Solut ion

A solut ion that contains more than the max imum quantity of solute predicted to be soluble in a given volume of solution at a giv en temperature.

Titrat ion

An analyt ical method for determ ining the concentration of a solute in a sample by react ing the solute with a standard solut ion of known concentrat ion.

Zeolites

Natural cry stalline minerals or synthet ic materials consisting of three-dimensional networks of channels that contain sodium or other 1+ cations.

Chapter 5:
Chapter 6
Absolute Temperature

Temperat ure expressed in kelvins on the absolute temperature scale, on which 0 K is the lowest possible temperature.

Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)

Standard Atmosphere (1 atm)

The force exerted by the gases surrounding Earth on Earth's surface and on all surfaces of all objects.
The pressure capable of supporting a column of mercury 760 mm high in a barometer.

Chapter 8
Chapter 9