CE 14 Solid Mechanics (Lecture 6) PDF

1/30/2011
Lecture 6
LECTURE 6 TOPICS
I. Beam Deflections Statically Indeterminate

Example Using Method of Superposition

Example Using Castiglianos Theorem
II. Beam Deflections

Review of Previous Methods

Conjugate Beam Method
1/30/2011
Lecture 6-1
Statically Indeterminate Beams

A beam is classified as statically indeterminate if
the number of unknown reactions exceeds the
available number of equilibrium equations.
Methods:
1. Double Integration Method (ES 13)

2. Area Moment Method (ES 13)
3. Method of Superposition (CE 14)
4. Method of Virtual Work (CE 14)
5. Castiglianos Theorem (CE 14)
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Consider the following beam,
Free Body Diagram:
100 kN
A
100 kN
B
MA
RB
VA
Number of Unknowns:
Number of Equilibrium Equations:
3
2

Example 1
w
Determine the left reaction in

terms of w and L. EI is constant.
Use Method of Superposition.
B
L
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Example 1
Given Beam
Solution:
w
MB
Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

No. of Unknowns: 3 (RA, RB, MB)
No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 2
RA
Fy = 0
MP = 0
B
RB
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE!
An additional equation is necessary to solve all the unknowns.
This additional equation will be obtained from equation of

compatibility using Method of Superposition!

Example 1
Given Beam
Solution:
Step 2: Breakdown Given Beam

A
Replace roller support at A with
unknown reaction RA
RA
B
L
A
2
B
1
A
B
RA
Beam 1
Therefore the third equation is:
Beam 2
1 + 2 = 0
@ roller support A
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Example 1
Given Beam
Solution:
Step 3: Apply Superposition

A
From the Table of Formulas
B
L
RA
w
A
2
B
RA
Beam 1
Beam 2
4
Case 2:
1 =
wL
8EI
Case 1:
2 = +
RA L3
3EI

Example 1
Given Beam
Solution:

A
Solving for RA
1 + 2 = 0
1 =
Third Equation
wL4
8EI
wL4 RA L3
+
=0
8EI 3EI
2 = +
RA
B
L
RA L3
3EI
3
RA = wL
8
Positive Value. Correct

Assumed Direction.
NOTE: If the reactions at fixed support B are also required, the
equations of equilibrium can now be used to solve for RB and MB.
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Example 2
w
Determine the reaction at the

center of the beam in terms of w
and L. EI is constant.
Use Method of Superposition.
B
L

Example 2
Given Beam
Solution:
w
MC

No. of Unknowns: 4 (RA, RB, RC,MC)
RA
MP = 0
Fy = 0
RB
RC
Two additional equations are necessary to solve all the unknowns.
The additional equations will be obtained from equations of

compatibility using Method of Superposition!
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Example 2
Given Beam
Solution:
w
MC

A
Convert the given beam to simply
supported beam.
RA
C
RC
RB
Replace the roller support at B with
unknown reaction RB and the fixed

support with pin with unknown
moment MC.
Converted Beam
w
MC
A
C
L
RB

Example 2
Converted Beam
Solution:
w
MC

A
L
C
L
RB
w
A
1
B
@ middle roller support
MC
3
C
Beam 3
Beam 2
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
B
3
RB
Beam 1
3rd equation is:
B
2
4th equation is:
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
@ fixed end
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Example 2
Solution:
Beam 1
w
A
From Table of Formulas
1
B
B
2
5w(2 L )
384 EI
2 =
w(2 L )
24 EI
2 =
2L
RB (2 L )
48EI
M C (2 L )
16 EI
MC
C
2L
4
1 =
B
3
RB
2L
1 =
Beam 3
Beam 2
3 =
RB (2 L )
16 EI
3 =
M C (2 L )
3EI

Example 2
Solution:
Consider 3rd Equation
5w(2 L ) RB (2 L ) M C (2 L )
+
+
=0
384 EI
48EI
16 EI
5wL4 RB L3 M C L2
+
+
=0
24
6
4
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
Solving for MC
MC =
5wL2 2 RB L
6
3
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Example 2
Solution:
Consider 4th Equation
Solving for RB
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
8
RB = wL
7
w(2 L ) RB (2 L ) M C (2 L )
=0
24 EI
16 EI
3EI
3
NOTE:
1. If MC is required,
use the 3rd
Equation.
2. If RA and RC are
required, use the
two equations of
equilibrium.
wL3 RB L2 2M C L
=0
3
4
3
Substitute MC from previous slide
wL3 RB L2 2 5wL2 2 RB L
L = 0
3
4
3 6
3

Example 3
w
Determine the reactions at the

roller supports A and B in terms
of w and L. EI is constant.
Use Castiglianos Theorem.
B
L
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Example 3
Given Beam
Solution:
w
MC

No. of Unknowns: 4 (RA, RB, RC,MC)
RA
MP = 0
Fy = 0
RB
RC
Two additional equations are necessary to solve all the unknowns.
The additional equations will be obtained from equations of

compatibility using Castiglianos Theorem!

Example 3
Given Beam
Solution:
Step 2: External Force / Reaction

Replace the roller supports with
reactions RA and RB
Treat RA and RB as the arbitrary force P
A
RA
C
L
RB
being used in Castiglianos Theorem
10
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Example 3
Given Beam
w
Solution:
Step 3: Internal Moment, M
Establish x coordinate axis.
Get reactions at fixed end in terms of
RA
C
L
RB
RA and RB (if necessary)

Reactions are not required.
Moment Function, M
1
M = + R A x 0 + RB x L
M
=x
RA
M
= xL
RB
w
x0
2
= RA x + RB x L
wx 2
2
NOTE: Do not set RA = RB = 0 !!!

Example 3
Given Beam
w
Solution:
Step 4: Castiglianos Theorem
3rd Equation (at Roller Support A)
A =
U
1 2 L M
=
dx = 0
M
RA EI 0 RA
A
RA
C
L
RB
Deflection at Roller Support A is ZERO!

4th Equation (at Roller Support B)
B =
U
1 2 L M
=
dx = 0
M
RB EI 0 RB
Deflection at Roller Support B is ZERO!
11
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Example 3
Given Beam
w
Solution:
A
A =
1 2 L M
U
=
dx = 0
M
RA EI 0 RA
RA
C
L
RB
1 2L
wx 2
R A x + RB x L
( x ) dx = 0
EI 0
2
1 2L
wx 3
2
=
R A x + RB x x L
dx = 0
EI 0
2
A =
Integrate by
Parts
u=x
let
dv = x L dx
du = dx
v=
xL
2

Example 3
Solution:
A =
1 2L
wx 3
2
R A x + RB x x L
dx = 0
EI 0
2
x xL 2 xL
1 x3
=
RA + RB
EI 3
2
6
2L
wx 4
8 =0
0
8
5
RA L3 + RB L3 2wL4 = 0
3
6
16 RA + 5 RB 12wL = 0
(3rd)
12
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Example 3
Given Beam
Solution:
B =
1 2 L M
U
=
dx = 0
M
RB EI 0 RB
RA
C
L
RB
1 2L
wx 2
RA x + RB x L
( x L ) dx = 0
EI 0
2
wx 2 x L
1 2L
2
=
RA x x L + RB x L
dx = 0
EI 0
2
B =
Integrate by
Parts!!
let
u=x
dv = x L dx
2
xL
du = dx v =
2
let
u = x2
dv = x L dx
2
xL
du = 2 xdx v =
2

Example 3
Solution:
B =
wx 2 x L
1 2L
2
R
x
x
L
+
R
x
A
B
EI 0
2
dx = 0
2L
x2 x L
2x x L
=
dx
2
2
0
Integrate by Parts again!
B =
1
EI
x xL 2 xL
RA
2
6

3
2
3
2
xL
x xL
xL
w x x L
+ RB
3
2
2
3
12
2L
= 0
13
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Example 3
Solution:
xL
1 x x L
RA
EI
2
6
2
B =
xL
x xL
xL
w x x L
+ RB

3
2
2
3
12
2L
= 0
5
1
17
RA L3 + RB L3 wL4 = 0
6
3
24
20 RA + 8RB 17 wL = 0
(4th)

Example 3
Given Beam
w
Solution:
Solving the 3rd and 4th Equations
Simultaneously
RA
16 RA + 5 RB 12wL = 0
(3rd)
20 RA + 8RB 17 wL = 0
(4th)
RA =
11
wL
28
8
RB = wL
7
C
L
RB
NOTE:
1. If MC and RC at fixed support
C are required, use the two
equations of equilibrium.
2. Try solving this problem using
Method of Virtual Work!!!
14
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Example 3
Solution:
METHOD of VIRTUAL WORK
A =
Setting up the additional 3rd Equation

x
Virtual Beam
1 2L
mM dx = 0
EI 0
Real Beam
w
A
L
A
RA
Set-up moment function, m
C
L
RB
Set-up moment function, M

Example 3
Solution:
METHOD of VIRTUAL WORK
B =
Setting up the additional 4th Equation

x
Virtual Beam
1 2L
mM dx = 0
EI 0
Real Beam
w
1
Set-up moment function, m
A
RA
C
L
RB
Set-up moment function, M
15
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Lecture 6-2
Beam Deflections
Methods:
1. Double Integration Method (ES 13)

2. Area Moment Method (ES 13)
3. Method of Superposition (CE 14)
4. Method of Virtual Work (CE 14)
5. Castiglianos Theorem (CE 14)
6. Conjugate Beam (CE 14)
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Beam Deflections by Conjugate Beam

This method was developed by H. Muller-Breslau in
1865.
M/EI
w
A
B
L
REAL BEAM
CONJUGATE BEAM
The slope and deflection at any point in the real beam is
equal to the shear and moment at the same point on the

conjugate beam, respectively.

Recall the following equations:
Eq. 1:
Eq. 4:
Eq. 2:
Eq. 5:
Eq. 3:
17
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Consider Equation 3,
Therefore the slope is,

Eq. 6
Solving for the deflection
and knowing that

But
For small deformation
Eq. 7

Consider Eq. 4 and 5,
Therefore
Eq. 8
Eq. 9
18
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Comparing Eq. 8 with Eq. 6, and Eq. 9 with Eq. 7
Eq. 8
Eq. 9
Eq. 6
Eq. 7
Here, the shear V compares with the slope , the moment M compares with the
displacement y, and the external load w compares with the M/EI diagram.
To make use of this comparison we will now consider a beam having the same
length as the real beam, but referred to as CONJUGATE BEAM.

The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram
derived from the load w on the real beam.

M/EI
w
A
C
L
REAL BEAM
C
L
CONJUGATE BEAM
THEOREM 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically

equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
19
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The conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram
derived from the load w on the real beam.

M/EI
w
A
L
REAL BEAM
C
L
CONJUGATE BEAM
THEOREM 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is

numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the
conjugate beam.

CONJUGATE BEAM Supports
REAL BEAM
1. Pin
, = 0
2. Roller
, = 0
3. Fixed
= 0, = 0
CONJUGATE BEAM
1. Pin
V, M = 0
2. Roller
V, M = 0
3. Free
V = 0, M = 0
20
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REAL BEAM
4. Free
CONJUGATE BEAM
4. Fixed
V, M
5. Internal Pin
, = 0
6. Internal Roller
, = 0
5. Hinge
V, M = 0
6. Hinge
V, M = 0

REAL BEAM
7. Hinge
CONJUGATE BEAM
7. Internal Roller
V, M
21
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CONJUGATE BEAMS
REAL BEAM
CONJUGATE BEAM

CONJUGATE BEAMS
REAL BEAM
CONJUGATE BEAM
22
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SIGN CONVENTION:
- POSITIVE SENSE IN CONJUGATE BEAM
M
Left FBD
Right FBD
- Always assume the positive sense of V and M in the

Conjugate Beam.
- SO, IN REAL BEAM
Positive V means Counter Clockwise from orig. longitudinal axis
Positive M means Upward Deflection from orig. longitudinal axis

Example 1
P
Determine the deflection and

slope at the concentrated load
P in terms of P, L, E and I. EI
is constant.
C C
C
L/4
3L/4
Use Conjugate Beam Method.
23
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Example 1
FBD:
Solution:
Step 1: Draw M/EI Diagram

Draw Free Body Diagram
Solve for the Reactions
MB = 0
Fy = 0
A
RA
RA = 3P 4
RB = P 4
C
3L/4
L/4
RB
M/EI
/EI Diagram
Draw Moment Diagram
EI
3PL/16EI
1. Shear and BM Diagrams

2. Moment Diagram by Parts
x
Since EI is constant, M/EI Diagram
is the same as Moment Diagram

Example 1
FBD:
Solution:
Step 2: Draw Conjugate Beam

Conjugate Beam (Loaded w/ M/EI)
Support @ A: Hinge
Support @ B: Roller
MB = 0
1 3PL L 3L 1 L
RA ' (L )
+
2 16 EI 4 4 3 4
1 3PL 3L 2 3L

= 0
2 16 EI 4 3 4
7 PL2
RA ' =
128EI
No need to
solve for RB.
C
3L/4
L/4
Conjugate Beam
3PL/16EI
C
RA
B
RB
24
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Example 1
FBD:
Solution:

Apply Method of Section at C
C C
MC = 0
3L/4
L/4
7 PL2 L 1 3PL L 1 L
M C '+

= 0
128EI 4 2 16 EI 4 3 4
Conjugate Beam (Left FBD)
3PL3
MC '=
3PL/16EI
256 EI
Deflection at C
3PL3
3PL3
=
256 EI
256 EI
C = M C ' =
Deflection at Real Beam is equal

to Moment at Conjugate Beam
MC
A
7 PL2
128EI
VC
Assume
Positive
Senses of
MC and VC

Example 1
FBD:
Solution:

Apply Method of Section at C
Fy = 0
7 PL
1 3PL L
+
= 0
128EI 2 16 EI 4
C
L/4
VC '
VC ' =
PL2
32 EI
C C
3L/4

3PL/16EI
Slope at C
C = VC ' =
PL2
32 EI
PL3
cw
32 EI
Slope at Real Beam is equal to

Shear at Conjugate Beam
MC
A
7 PL2
128EI
C
VC
Assume
Positive
Senses of
MC and VC
25
1/30/2011

Example 1
WHAT IF EI IS NOT CONSTANT?
Draw Moment Diagram
Divide Moment Diagram by EI for
Segment AC and 2EI for CB
Load the Conjugate Beam with M/EI
then solve for the required deflection
and slope.
M/EI
/EI Diagram
P
A
EI
2EI
C
3L/4
L/4
Moment Diagram
3PL/16EI
3PL/16EIE
I
3PL/32EIE
I
x

Example 2
15kN
10kN
For the given beam as shown,

determine the deflection at B
and slope at E. EI is constant.
C
B B
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
D
1.5 m
26
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Example 2
FBD:
Solution:
FBD of CE
RE = 7.5 kN
MC = 0
FBD of Entire Beam
M A = 21.25 kNm
MA = 0
Fy = 0
RA = 17.5 kN
MA
15kN
10kN
B C
RE
RA
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
1.5 m
M/EI
/EI Diagram
11.25
EI
B C
The Beam is Statically Determinate!!!
E
D
3.75
EI
Draw Moment Diagram and M/EI
21.25
EI
Diagram. EI is constant.

Example 2
15kN
10kN
Solution:
Conjugate Beam
Support @ A: Free
Support @ C: Roller
Support @ E: Roller
Load Conjugate Beam with M/EI
Diagram
B C
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
D
1.5 m
Conjugate Beam
11.25
EI
B C
3.75
EI
E
D
21.25
EI
27
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Example 2
15kN
10kN
Solution:
Apply Method of Section at B
Deflection at B
7.7083 = 7.7083
B = M B '=
EI
EI
MB = 0
1 21.25 3.75 2
M B '+
(1) (1)
2 EI
EI 3
7.7083
3.75 1
+
M B '=
(1) (1) = 0
EI 2
EI
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
1.5 m

MB
3.75
EI

Assume
Positive
Senses of
MB and VB
VB
21.25
EI

Example 2
15kN
10kN
Solution:
Slope at E in actual beam is the shear
at E (or reaction RE) in conjugate
beam.
Solve for RE
MC = 0
RE '=
3.6805
EI
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
1.5 m
Conjugate Beam
1 21.25 3.75 2
3.75 1
(1) (1) + 0.5 +

(1) (1) + 0.5
2 EI
EI 3
EI 2
A
1 3.75
2
1 11.25 1
+
(0.5) (0.5) +
(3) (3)
2 EI
3
2 EI 2
RE ' (3) = 0
11.25
EI
B C
E
D
3.75
EI
21.25
EI
RC
RE
28
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Example 2
15kN
10kN
Solution:
Slope at E
3.6805
E = RE '=
ccw
EI
Slope at Real Beam is equal to
Shear at Conjugate Beam
1.0 0.5 1.5 m
1.5 m
Conjugate Beam
11.25
EI
B C
E
D
3.75
EI
21.25
EI
RE
RC

Example 3
8 kN
Determine the maximum

deflection of the steel beam
shown. E = 200 GPa and I =
60(106) mm4.
max
9m
3m
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Example 3
FBD:
8 kN
Solution:
MB = 0
Fy = 0
RA
RB
RA = 2 kN
RB = 6 kN
9m
3m
M/EI
/EI Diagram
Draw Moment Diagram

18/EI
Since EI is constant, M/EI Diagram
is the same as Moment Diagram

x

Example 3
8 kN
Solution:
Conjugate Beam (Loaded w/ M/EI)
Support @ A: Hinge
Support @ B: Roller
MB = 0
1 18
1 18
RA ' (12) (9)(6 ) (3)(2 ) = 0
2 EI
2 EI
45
No need to
RA ' =
solve for R .
B
EI
Assume maximum deflection
occurs at C, a distance x from A.
A
x
9m
max
3m
Conjugate Beam
x
18/EI
B
RA
C
RB
30
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Example 3
8 kN
Solution:
Apply Method of Sections at C
Solve for x:
C = 0 = VC '
At point C:
Fy = 0
A
x
9m
max
3m
Conjugate Beam
1 2x
45
VC ' = 0
( x )
EI
2 EI
x 2 = 45
x = 6.71m
(0 x 9 m )
2x/EI
(by similar
triangles)
MC
A
Okay!
45/EI
VC = 0

Example 3
8 kN
Solution:
Solve for max
max = M C '

6.71 m
9m
MC = 0
1 2 6.71
6.71 45
M C '
(6.71)
+ (6.71) = 0
2 EI
3 EI
201.2 kNm 3
EI
201.2 kNm 3
=
EI
3m
Conjugate Beam
6.71 m
M C '=
max
max
2(6.71)/EI
MC
A
45/EI
31
1/30/2011

Example 3
8 kN
Solution:
Solve for max
max =
=
A
6.71 m
201.2 kNm 3
EI
9m
201.2 kNm
[200GPa][60(10 )mm ]
6
max
3m
Conjugate Beam
6.71 m
max = 0.0168m = 16.8mm
2(6.71)/EI
MC
A
45/EI
32

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1/30/2011

Example Using Method of Superposition

II. Beam Deflections

Review of Previous Methods

Statically Indeterminate Beams

1. Double Integration Method (ES 13)

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Determine the left reaction in

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 2

This additional equation will be obtained from equation of

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 2: Breakdown Given Beam

Replace roller support at A with

Therefore the third equation is:

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 3: Apply Superposition

From the Table of Formulas

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 3: Apply Superposition

Positive Value. Correct

NOTE: If the reactions at fixed support B are also required, the

equations of equilibrium can now be used to solve for RB and MB.

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Determine the reaction at the

Use Method of Superposition.

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 2

The additional equations will be obtained from equations of

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 2: Breakdown Given Beam

Convert the given beam to simply

Replace the roller support at B with

unknown reaction RB and the fixed

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 2: Breakdown Given Beam

@ middle roller support

3rd equation is:

4th equation is:

Statically Indeterminate Beams

From Table of Formulas

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Determine the reactions at the

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 1: Check Indeterminacy

No. of Equilibrium Equations.: 2

The additional equations will be obtained from equations of

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Step 2: External Force / Reaction

being used in Castiglianos Theorem

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Get reactions at fixed end in terms of

RA and RB (if necessary)

NOTE: Do not set RA = RB = 0 !!!

Statically Indeterminate Beams

Deflection at Roller Support A is ZERO!

Deflection at Roller Support B is ZERO!

Statically Indeterminate Beams