Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
4000 BC550 BC
The Ancient
Near East
.#
TIME LINE
CHAPTER
EVENTS
c. 4000 BC
30
c. 2330 BC
WORLD
EVENTS
c. 3100 BC
Hammurabi becomes
king of Babylon.
2000 BC
3000 BC
Menes unifies Upper
and Lower Egypt.
1792 BC
c. 2500 BC
Civilization develops
c. 2100 BC
in the Indus Valley. Minoan civilization
develops in Crete.
1766 BC
The Shang
dynasty begins
in China.
CHAPTER 2
w8ncfs_ane_opener.indd 30
2/15/07 7:53:19 AM
Reading
like a
Historian
965 BC
Solomon becomes
king of Israel.
814 BC
559 BC
1000 BC
c. 750 BC
31
Starting Points
Geography
Black
Sea
Interactive
Fertile Crescent
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32
Chapter 2
Listen to History
Go online to listen to an
explanation of the starting
points for this chapter.
go.hrw.com
Keyword: SHL ANE
Section
1 Mesopotamia
and Sumer
Before You Read
Main Idea
Reading Focus
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
ziggurat
city-state
polytheism
dynasty
cuneiform
Sargon
Hammurabi
Use a
diagram
like this one to record
details about Sumerian
society.
Sumer
The Sacred
Wedding
The ruins of the temple of Ur
have been partially rebuilt.
33
ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY
allocate to
distribute for a
particular purpose
Sumer
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GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 2
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34
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Reading
like a
Historian
A Cuneiform Tablet
Analyzing Primary SourcesEarly Sumerian writing used pictographs, or picture symbols. Each pictograph represented either an
object, such as a tree, or a syllable. Reading a cuneiform inscription
can teach us a great deal about the Sumerians. Look at the tablet
below and read the translation provided. As you read, think about
who might have written the document.
why it was written.
what we can learn about the Sumerians by reading it.
Sumerian Culture
Sumerian civilization produced great cultural
achievements. Perhaps the greatest was the
development of the first writing system. With
the ability to write down events, humankind
moved from prehistory into the historical age.
PS-Document Text
PS-ATRIBUTION
Math and Sciences The Sumerians developed a math system based on the number 60.
Because of their system we still divide an hour
into 60 minutes and a circle into 360 degrees.
The Sumerians also learned to use geometry,
which was necessary to build elaborate structures and irrigation systems.
Skills
FOCUS
35
Primary Sources
Hammurabis Code
Hammurabis Code listed 282 laws dealing with a variety of
subjects. A few examples of these laws are listed below.
196. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye
shall be put out.
202. If any one strike the body of a man higher in rank
than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip
in public.
Skills
FOCUS
36
Chapter 2
Empires in Mesopotamia
Over time, frequent warfare weakened Sumers
city-states. Then one after another, invading
peoples conquered the region. Because each
new invader adapted aspects of Sumerian culture to its own society, Sumerian civilization
continued to influence life in Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamian Achievements
Sumerians
Developed the worlds first civilization
Created cuneiform writing
Invented the wheel and the plow
Wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh
Built cities and ziggurats
Sumerian model
of a wheeled cart
Akkadians
Established the worlds first empire
Babylonians
Wrote Hammurabis Code
Section
go.hrw.com
Assessment
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL ANE HP
Critical Thinking
5. Categorize Draw a chart like the one below. Use your notes to complete
each row with details about the Sumerians achievements.
Category
Achievement or Innovation
Writing
Technology
Math & Science
The Arts
6. Description Write a journal entry from the point of view of a scribe who
lives in ancient Sumer. Describe your work, your position in society, and
some of the major features of life in your city.
The Ancient Near East
37
World
Literature
About the Reading Composed more than 4,000 years
ago, the Epic of Gilgamesh tells of a hero called Gilgamesh.
Though based on a real Sumerian king, the Gilgamesh of the
epic is no ordinary man. He is part man and part god, with
great powers but also with human weaknesses. In this passage, Gilgamesh reacts to the death of his friend Enkidu. He
seeks out Utnapashtim, a man the gods had made immortal,
hoping that he, too, can learn the secret of immortality.
Excerpt from
The Epic of
Gilgamesh
Bitterly Gilgamesh wept for his friend Enkidu; he
wandered over the wilderness as a hunter, he roamed
over the plains; in his bitterness he cried, How can
I rest, how can I be at peace? Despair is in my heart.
What my brother is now, that shall I be when I am
dead. Because I am afraid of death I will go as best I
can to find Utnapishtim whom they call the Faraway,
for he has entered the assembly of the gods. So
Gilgamesh traveled over the wilderness, he wandered
over the grasslands, a long journey, in search of
Utnapishtim, whom the gods took after the deluge;
and they set him to live in the land of Dilmun, in the
garden of the sun; and to him alone of men they gave
everlasting life.
At night when he came to the mountain passes
Gilgamesh prayed: In these mountain passes long
ago I saw lions, I was afraid and I lifted my eyes to the
moon; I prayed and my prayers wend up to the gods,
so now, O moon god Sin, protect me. When he had
prayed he lay down to sleep, until he was woken from
out of a dream. He saw the lions round him glorying
in life; then he took his axe in his hand, he drew his
sword from his belt, and he fell upon them like an
arrow from the string, and struck and destroyed and
scattered them.
38
Chapter 2
Skills
FOCUS
World Literature
Keyword: SHL WRLIT
Section
Reading Focus
Indo-European invaders
introduced new technologies to the Fertile Crescent
while adapting earlier technologies developed by the
civilizations they encountered there.
Indo-Europeans
steppes
Nebuchadnezzar II
The Hittites
As the Babylonian Empire declined, other civilizations
prospered in and around the Fertile Crescent. Nomadic
tribes from the mountains and deserts moved into the
region as well, drawn by its wealth. As tribes battled
each other for land, a pattern slowly emerged in which
control passed from one empire to another.
Thunder
from the
Hittite soldiers
stormed through
Babylon in the
1500s BC.
Use a
chart
like the one below to
describe the peoples
of the Fertile Crescent.
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technique
method, way for
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40
Chapter 2
like Indo-European tribe, developed in Southwest Asia. About 2000 BC, they settled in Asia
Minor, which is now Turkey. There, the Hittites
conquered the surrounding people to build a
strong empire.
The Hittites success came largely through
their use of the horse-drawn war chariot. The
Hittite chariot was heavy and slow, but very
powerful. Whereas most chariots of the time
held only two soldiers, Hittite chariots held
three. As one man drove, a second fought, and
a third held shields for defense. This extra
defender enabled the Hittites to move their
chariots in close to enemy forces while staying
protected, easily crushing most foes.
Hittite Culture The Hittites, like the Akkadians and Babylonians, blended their culture
with the cultures around them. For example,
they used Sumerian cuneiform to write their
language. In addition, they developed a law
code similar to that of Hammurabi.
The Hittites did make a crucial contribution of their own to Near Eastern culture. They
were the first people in the region to master
ironworking techniques. The Hittites used iron
mostly for making ornaments, though later
peoples adopted it for tools and weapons
Hittite rule reached its peak in the 1300s,
but the Hittites remained a strong force in
western Asia until about 1200 BC. Their
empire then fell to powerful raiders, known to
historians only as the Sea Peoples.
SummarizeHow were the
Hittites able to build an empire in Asia Minor?
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GEOGRAPHY
The Assyrians The Assyrians were originally from northern Mesopotamia, near the city
of Assur along the upper Tigris River. There,
they grew barley and raised cattle. Like others
in the region, the Assyrians also adopted many
aspects of Sumerian culture.
Because the Assyrians land received fairly
good rainfall and lay along major trade routes,
many tribes invaded, seeking to control the
area. Over the centuries, the Assyrians had
often been dominated by other people.
The Assyrians briefly gained power in the
1300s BC and built an empire, but it did not
last. Then about 900 BC the Assyrians regained
strength. They built a new empire, which came
to include all of Mesopotamia as well as parts
of Asia Minor and Egypt.
41
Assyrian Rule The Assyrians created an efficient system to govern their vast empire. Kings
ruled through local leaders, each of whom governed a small area of the empire. In that area,
the local leader collected taxes, enforced laws,
and raised troops for the army. A system of
roads linked the distant parts of the empire.
Over these roads, messengers on horseback
raced with orders, troops moved with ease, and
merchants carried on a thriving trade.
To maintain peace across the empire, the
Assyrians ruthlessly punished anyone who
opposed them. They were widely known and
feared for their harsh treatment of anyone
who opposed them. One Assyrian king boasted
of his treatment of a group of rebels: I fed their
corpsescut into small piecesto the dogs, the
swine, the wolves, the vultures. Such brutality
fueled bitter hatred toward the Assyrians.
In spite of such brutality, the Assyrians produced great cultural achievements. Perhaps
the greatest was the library in Assyrias capital, Nineveh (ni-nuh-vuh). This huge library
included more than 20,000 cuneiform tablets
collected from across the empire. Among them
were many from Mesopotamia, including the
Epic of Gilgamesh. Today the texts this library
preserved are a valuable source of information
for scholars.
Like many other empires, Assyria began to
decline over time. As the empire grew larger,
the Assyrians found it harder to control. Seeing
their chance, the Chaldeans (kal-dee-unz), who
lived in southern Mesopotamia, and the Medes,
who lived in what is now Iran, joined forces. In
612 BC they captured and torched Nineveh.
With its capital and government gone, the
Assyrian empire came to a sudden end.
Faces of History
Nebuchadnezzar II
c. 630562 BC
42
Chapter 2
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43
2/27/07 8:30:03 PM
Alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet, adopted and modified by the Greeks
and then the Romans, developed into our modern alphabet.
What similarities and differences can you see between the
three sets of letters shown here?
Phoenician
Greek
Latin
Section
go.hrw.com
Online Quiz
Assessment
44
not the Phoenicians only achievement. Perhaps their greatest achievementand their
most influential legacywas their alphabet.
To record their activities, Phoenician traders
developed one of the worlds first alphabets.
Letters and alphabets, which can be combined
to form countless words, are more flexible than
writing systems that use symbols or pictographs to represent words or ideas.
The Phoenician alphabet consisted of 22
letters, all consonants. As Phoenician traders traveled from port to port, many people
adopted their new alphabet because it made
writing easier. Among these people were the
Greeks, who expanded the alphabet to include
vowels and modified some of the letters.
The Phoenician alphabet influenced not
only the ancient world but the modern one as
well. The Greeks modified version of the old
Phoenician alphabet is the ancestor of the
modern alphabet we use to write the English
language. Many civilizations, including our
own, have benefited from the innovations of
the seafaring Phoenicians.
Critical Thinking
list the causes and effects of the rise and fall of each empire.
Empire or State
this section, select the one that you think was the most important. Then write a letter to persuade a historian to agree with
your position.
Section
3 The Hebrews
and Judaism
Before You Read
Main Idea
Reading Focus
Judaism
Torah
Abraham
covenant
patriarch
Moses
Exodus
Diaspora
monotheism
JOURNEY to an
Unknown Land
45
46
Chapter 2
World Religions
SACRED TEXTS
The Torah
HISTORYS VOICES
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GEOGRAPHY
Saul, David, and Solomon In the mid1000s BC the Philistines, a powerful people who
lived along the Mediterranean coast attacked
Israel. The effort to drive out the Philistines
led the Israelites to unite under one king.
Israels first king was a man named Saul.
Chosen for his military leadership, Saul had
some success fighting against the Philistines.
Described in the Hebrew Bible as a jealous and
troubled ruler, Saul was never able to win the
full support of the people.
David, who became Israels second king in
about 1000 BC, was well loved, and the people
united behind him. A strong king and military
leader, David was also a gifted poet and musician. Under David, Israel grew into a strong
kingdom centered on the capital, Jerusalem.
Under Davids son Solomon, the Kingdom
of Israel reached the height of its wealth and
influence. Solomon, praised in the Hebrew
Bible for his great wisdom, traded with other
48
Chapter 2
Section
Assessment
go.hrw.com
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL ANE HP
Critical Thinking
4. Sequence Draw a series of boxes like the one below. Using your notes,
list and describe each key event in the history of the Hebrews from
Abrahams migration to Canaan to the Babylonian Captivity.
5. Exposition Write a short newspaper article covering one of the following major events in Hebrew and Jewish history: the Exodus, the division
of Israel into two kingdoms, the Babylonian Captivity, or the return of
Jews to Jerusalem from Babylon. You should write the article from the
point of view of an objective reporter who lived in the ancient world.
Your article should be clear and address the questions of
who, what, where, when, and how.
49
Section
Reading Focus
Not wanting to kill a helpless baby, one of the servants took Cyrus out of the city and gave him to an old
shepherd to raise. Under the shepherds care, Cyrus grew
to be a clever and capable leader who wanted to free his
people from rule by the Medes. When he reached adulthood, Cyrus led a rebellion, overthrew his grandfather,
and made himself the new king.
A Dangerous
baby?
According to legend,
Cyrus the Great was
given as a baby to a
shepherd to raise.
50
Chapter 2
Use a
chart to
take notes on the politics and religion of the
Persian Empire.
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Reading Skills
Questioning
As you read, ask
yourself what Cyrus
is doing and why.
51
52
Chapter 2
Faces of History
Although Zoroaster
founded a religion that
attracted millions of
followers, historians
c. 628c. 551 BC
do not know much for
certain about his life.
They are not even sure when Zoroaster, also known as Zarathushtra,
lived. Ancient writings suggest that he was born in a rural community
in what is now Iran and that he grew up to become a priest. The same
sources say that he began to roam the world in search of wisdom
in his early 20s. At age 30, Zoroaster received a vision from the god
Ahura Mazda. In this vision, the god revealed teachings that Zoroaster
was to share with other people. Zoroaster later recorded those teachings in writings that became the heart of the Avesta.
Spreading his new religion brought Zoroaster into conflict with
many people. He faced opposition both from townspeople, who followed an older polytheistic religion, and from nomads, whose way of
life Zoroaster distrusted. Despite the opposition from these groups,
his teachings spread throughout the Persian Empire.
Draw Conclusions Why might historians know relatively little about
the life of Zoroaster?
Zoroaster
Zoroastrianism
During the reigns of Cyrus and Darius, a new
religion took hold in parts of Persia. It was
called Zoroastrianism and was based on the
teachings of a man named Zoroaster.
53
Linking
TO
Persian Achievements
The Persian Empire was huge, stretching across
most of Asia. Dozens of peoples with their own
customs and traditions lived within that vast
area. When they became part of the empire,
their diverse customs gradually blended into a
single Persian culture. Leaders like Cyrus and
Darius encouraged this blending, because they
knew the importance of cultural unity.
One advantage of this shared culture was
peace. For most of its early history, the Persian
Empire was relatively peaceful. There were
no major conflicts between peoples. Instead,
they worked together to improve their empire.
Together, the peoples of Persia made some
amazing cultural achievements.
Today
54
Chapter 2
Persepolis
Built by Darius as a ceremonial
capital, Persepolis was a grand
city filled with art and sculpture.
Historys Voices
Section
go.hrw.com
Assessment
Online Quiz
Keyword: SHL ANE HP
c. Elaborate Why do you think the Persian Empire never again regained
the heights it had reached under Darius I?
b. ExplainHow did Zoroaster say people should act? Why did he think
they should act this way?
Critical Thinking
4. Summarize Draw a chart like the one below. In each column, list
the political or religious achievements of each person named.
Cyrus
Darius
Zoroaster
55
CHAPTER
Document-Based Investigation
Building Empires
Historical ContextThe Fertile Crescent was the home of the worlds first
empires. Over centuries, dozens of peoples invaded and built empires of their own.
Task Study the selections and answer the questions that follow. After you have
studied all the documents, you will be asked to write an essay explaining how rulers
in the Fertile Crescent built and kept order in their empires. You will need to use
evidence from these selections and from Chapter 2 to support your position.
Sargons Empire
An Assyrian Conquest
Archaeologists have found fragments of ancient documents that detail the life of Sargon, the Akkadian
emperor. Though none of the fragments are complete,
what we have found describes the building of Sargons
empire from the emperors own point of view.
56
Chapter 2
Hammurabis Authority
When Anu the Sublime, King of the Anunaki, and Bel, the
lord of Heaven and earth, who decreed the fate of the
land, assigned to Marduk, the over-ruling son of Ea, God
of righteousness, dominion over earthly man, and made
him great among the Igigi, they called Babylon by his
illustrious name, made it great on earth, and founded an
everlasting kingdom in it, whose foundations are laid so
solidly as those of heaven and earth; then Anu and Bel
called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who
feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the
land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the
strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over
the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the
land, to further the well-being of mankind.
Skills
FOCUS
D ocument 1
D ocument 4
a. Recall What does Dunstan say were the main duties of
to take over his empire? What does this suggest about his
opinion of kingship?
D ocument 2
a. Identify Based on this carving, how did the Assyrians
form their empire?
b. Compare Do you think the Assyrians would agree with
Sargons view of empire building? Why or why not?
D ocument 3
a. Explain Why does Hammurabi say the gods gave him
power?
b. ElaborateHow do you think Hammurabi would have justified ruling a vast empire? Explain your answer.
57
CHAPTER
Chapter Review
Civilization Develops
in the Fertile Crescent
Main Teachings
of Judaism
Monotheismthe belief in only one God
Justice and Righteousnesstreating others well and
always doing what is right
Ethicsliving according to a set standard of behavior
Obediencefollowing Gods laws as set forth in the Torah
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Chapter 2
Akkadians
W Built the worlds first empire
Babylonians
W Built the city of Babylon
W
Hittites
W Made iron ornaments
Assyrians
W Formed a military society
Chaldeans
W Rebuilt Babylon
Phoenicians
W Traded across the Mediterranean
W
Developed an alphabet
Hebrews
W Practiced Judaism
W
Persians
W Formed a huge empire
W
Built roads
in Sumer?
b. Analyze Why was religion so influential in
Sumerian city-states?
c. Evaluate Do you think Hammurabi should be
remembered for his military achievements or his
cultural achievements? Why?
Reading Skills
Practice Online
w8nafs_ane_review.indd 59
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