3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

352*5$0$&,1/,1($/<352*5$0$&,1/,1($/
(17(5$&21(;&(/</,1'2

$XWRUHV-DYLHU)DXOtQIIDXOLQ#XRFHGXQJHO$-XDQDMXDQS#XRFHGX


(648(0$'(&217(1,'26BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB


3UREQRWDEOHV


&DVRVUHDOHV




3URJUDPDFLyQ
/LQHDO






3/(

(;&(/




/LQGR

([FHO

0DQHMRSUiFWLFR


6ROYHU





(;&(/YHUVXV/,1'2



,1752'8&&,1BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

/D SURJUDPDFLyQ OLQHDO \ OD SURJUDPDFLyQ OLQHDO HQWHUD FXDQGR ODV YDULDEOHV GHO SUREOHPD VHDQ
Q~PHURV HQWHURV FRQVWLWX\HQ DFWXDOPHQWH HO HMH \ IXQGDPHQWR GH RWUDV PXFKDV WpFQLFDV GH
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ 2SHUDWLYD $PEDV WpFQLFDV VLUYHQ GH VRSRUWH HQ OD WRPD GH GHFLVLRQHV HQ PXFKDV
iUHDV GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR KXPDQR 3RU HOOR XQ FRQRFLPLHQWR LQPHGLDWR GH OD PDQHUD GH UHVROYHU
SURJUDPDVOLQHDOHV \ OLQHDOHVHQWHURVSURSRUFLRQDDODSHUVRQD UHVSRQVDEOHGH WRPDUGHFLVLRQHV
XQDUPDSRGHURVDSDUDVHUXVDGDHQXQDPELHQWHGHLQFHUWLGXPEUH/DUHVROXFLyQHIHFWLYDGHHVWH
WLSRGHSURJUDPDVSXHGHOOHYDUVHDFDERFRQD\XGDGHODKRMDGHFiOFXOR([FHORELHQDWUDYpVGH
SURJUDPDVHVSHFLDOL]DGRVFRPR/LQGR(OFRQRFLPLHQWRGHSUREOHPDVOLQHDOHVQRWDEOHVVLUYHSDUD
HOGLVHxRGHODUHVROXFLyQGHQXHYRVSUREOHPDVVLQSODQWHDU

/DXWLOLGDGLQIRUPiWLFD([FHOKDGHVSHUWDGRXQJUDQLQWHUpVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGRFHQWHSDUDOD
HQVHxDQ]D GH ODV WpFQLFDV FXDQWLWDWLYDV GH WDO IRUPD TXH VRQ QXPHURVDV ODV UHIHUHQFLDV
DFWXDOL]DGDVGHOLEURVGH(VWDGtVWLFDH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ2SHUDWLYDTXHH[SOLFDQHVWDVPDWHULDVFRQHO
XVR GH HVD KRMD GH FiOFXOR $GHPiV ([FHO VH KD FRQYHUWLGR HQ XQD KHUUDPLHQWD KDELWXDO HQ OD
*HVWLyQ GH (PSUHVDV ORJUDQGR UHVROYHU FRQ DFLHUWR QXPHURVRV SUREOHPDV GH OD HPSUHVD
FRQFHUQLHQWHV FRQ WHPDV PX\ GLYHUVRV FRPR VRQ 0DWHPiWLFDV (VWDGtVWLFD ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ
2SHUDWLYD &RQWDELOLGDG 7RPD GH GHFLVLRQHV ,QYHUVLyQ )LQDQFLDFLyQ 3URGXFFLyQ 0DUNHWLQJ
HQWUHRWURV6HKDFHSUHFLVRSXHVFRQRFHUHVWDKHUUDPLHQWDLQIRUPiWLFDLQWHJUDGRUD







3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



2%-(7,926

3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

,QWURGXFLUVH HQ HO XVR GH ([FHO SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GH SURJUDPDV OLQHDOHV FRQRFLHQGR VXV
YHQWDMDVHLQFRQYHQLHQWHV
$SUHQGHUDUHVROYHUSURJUDPDVOLQHDOHVXVDQGRODDSOLFDFLyQLQIRUPiWLFD0LFURVRIW([FHO
6DEHUUHVROYHUFRQODD\XGDGH/LQGRR([FHOSUREOHPDVGHSURJUDPDFLyQOLQHDOHQWHUD



&212&,0,(172635(9,26

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB


(V UHFRPHQGDEOH TXH HO OHFWRU WHQJD XQRV FRQRFLPLHQWRV EiVLFRV GH 0DWHPiWLFDV D QLYHO GH
%DFKLOOHUDWRRHTXLYDOHQWH7DPELpQVRQQHFHVDULRVFRQRFLPLHQWRVEiVLFRVGHODKRMDGHFiOFXOR
([FHO $VLPLVPR HV DFRQVHMDEOH KDEHU OHtGR SUHYLDPHQWH HO PDWKEORFN ,QWURGXFFLyQ D OD
,QYHVWLJDFLyQ2SHUDWLYD



&21&(3726)81'$0(17$/(6<&$626&2162)7:$5(BBBBBBBBBBBBBB




5HVROXFLyQGHSURJUDPDVOLQHDOHVFRQODKRMDGHFiOFXOR([FHO

(Q OD DFWXDOLGDG QR VyOR ORV SURJUDPDV HVSHFLDOL]DGRV FRPR HO /,1'2 SHUPLWHQ UHVROYHU ORV
SUREOHPDVGH3/7DPELpQODVKRMDVGHFiOFXORFRPR(;&(/RIUHFHQHVWDSRVLELOLGDGPHGLDQWH
ODPDFUR6ROYHU(;&(/HVFDSD]GHUHVROYHUHQFXHVWLyQGHVHJXQGRVSUREOHPDVGHKDVWD
YDULDEOHV\UHVWULFFLRQHVRIUHFLHQGRDGHPiVODVYHQWDMDVGHXQDKRMDGHFiOFXORHQFXDQWRD
SUHVHQWDFLyQ HVWXGLR GH HVFHQDULRV HWF 6L VH UHTXLHUH GH XQD FDSDFLGDG D~Q PD\RU HV
SRVLEOH UHFXUULU D ORV FUHDGRUHV GH OD PDFUR ZZZIURQWV\VFRP SDUD REWHQHU XQD YHUVLyQ PiV
SRWHQWHGHODPLVPD


1DGDPHMRUTXHYHUXQHMHPSORSDUDLOXVWUDUFyPRIXQFLRQDHVWHSURJUDPD


(MHPSOR8QDIiEULFDGHYDVRVXWLOL]DHQHOSURFHVRGHSURGXFFLyQXQDPiTXLQDFRQKRUDV
GHGLVSRQLELOLGDG SRUVHPDQD/RV YDVRVSURGXFLGRVGXUDQWHXQD VHPDQDVHYDQDOPDFHQDQGR
KDVWD HO ILQDO GH OD PLVPD PRPHQWR HQ TXH VRQ HQYLDGRV D ODV FDVDV GH GLVWULEXFLyQ /D
HPSUHVD RIUHFH GRV WLSRV GH YDVRV SDUD ]XPR = \ YDVRV  YLQR 9 /D PiTXLQD QHFHVLWD 
KRUDV SDUD SURGXFLU  FDMDV GH = \  KRUDV SDUD SURGXFLU  FDMDV GH 9 &DGD FDMD GH =
UHTXLHUHGHFFFHQWtPHWURVF~ELFRVSDUDVXDOPDFHQDPLHQWRPLHQWUDVTXHFDGDFDMDGH9
QHFHVLWD  FF /RV DOPDFHQHV WLHQHQ XQD FDSDFLGDG Pi[LPD GH  FF (O EHQHILFLR SRU
FDGDFDMDGH=SURGXFLGDHVGH\HOGHFDGDFDMDGH9(OGHSDUWDPHQWRGHPDUNHWLQJ
HVWLPDTXHHVSRVLEOHYHQGHUWDQWRV9FRPRVHDQSURGXFLGRVSHURVyORXQPi[LPRGHFDMDV
GH=SRUVHPDQD'HWHUPLQDUODSURGXFFLyQVHPDQDOTXHPD[LPL]DORVEHQHILFLRVGHODHPSUHVD


/ODPDQGR; QFDMDVGH=SURGXFLGDVH< QFDMDVGH9SURGXFLGDVHOSODQWHDPLHQWR
VHUi


Maximizar:
Sujeto a:

5 X

0.06 X
100 X

4.5 Y
+
+

0.05 Y
200 Y
X <=
X , Y

<= 60
<= 150000
800
>= 0









3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

(O VLJXLHQWH SDVR HV GLVHxDU OD KRMD GH FiOFXOR UHVXOWDQGR FRQYHQLHQWH HQ HVWH SXQWR DVLJQDU
QRPEUHV D ODV FHOGDV TXH LQWHUYHQJDQ HQ ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV PHGLDQWH OD RSFLyQ Insertar >
Nombre > DefinirGHIRUPDTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOSURJUDPDVHDQPiVIiFLOHVGHLQWHUSUHWDU




$KRUDGHEHUHPRVVHOHFFLRQDUODRSFLyQ6ROYHUTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQHOPHQ~GH+HUUDPLHQWDV
1RVDSDUHFHUiODYHQWDQDGHGLiORJRGHODPDFURHQODFXDOLQWURGXFLUHPRV)FRPRODFHOGD
D PD[LPL]DU  R HO QRPEUH TXH OH KD\DPRV GDGR VLHQGR ( \ ( ODV YDULDEOHV D DMXVWDU
)LQDOPHQWHWHQGUHPRVTXHHVSHFLILFDUWRGDVODVUHVWULFFLRQHVGHOSUREOHPDLQFOXLGDVODVGHQR
QHJDWLYLGDGGHODVYDULDEOHVDPHQRVTXH\DKD\DPRVVHOHFFLRQDGRHVWDV~OWLPDVUHVWULFFLRQHV
SRUGHIHFWRHQ2SFLRQHV




















<DVyORUHVWDKDFHUFOLFVREUHHOERWyQ5HVROYHU\HOSURJUDPDQRVGHYROYHUiODVROXFLyQGHHVWH
SUREOHPD KD\ TXH SURGXFLU  YDVRV VHPDQDOHV GH ]XPR = \   GH YLQR 9 OR FXDO QRV
GDUiXQRVEHQHILFLRVGH(OSURJUDPDWDPELpQQRVSUHJXQWDUiVLTXHUHPRVDOJ~QLQIRUPH
FRPSOHPHQWDULR'HPRPHQWRQRVOLPLWDUHPRVDVROLFLWDUXQLQIRUPHVREUHODV5HVSXHVWDV








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

9DORUySWLPRGHODIXQFLyQ
REMHWLYR

6ROXFLyQySWLPD



(MHPSORVGHUHVROXFLyQGHSURJUDPDVOLQHDOHVFRQ/LQGR

(MHPSOR8QDHPSUHVDIDEULFDGRVPRGHORVGHRUGHQDGRUHVGHJUDQGHVSUHVWDFLRQHVHO$\HO
% /D HPSUHVD WLHQH FRQWUDWDGRV FLQFR WpFQLFRV FDGD XQR GH ORV FXDOHV KD GH WUDEDMDU
H[DFWDPHQWH  KRUDV DO PHV HQ OD OtQHD GH HQVDPEODMH ORV GLUHFWLYRV LQVLVWHQ HQ TXH FDGD
WpFQLFRKDGHHVWDUWUDEDMDQGRGXUDQWHWRGDVODVKRUDVTXHVHOHSDJDQ(OHQVDPEODMHGHFDGD
$UHTXLHUHGHKRUDVGHWpFQLFRPLHQWUDVTXHHOGHFDGD%QHFHVLWD/DHPSUHVDTXLHUH
TXH GXUDQWHHOSUy[LPRPHVVHSURGX]FDQ QRPHQRV GH$ \ %&DGD $JHQHUDXQRV
EHQHILFLRVGH \FDGD%GH'HWHUPLQDUHOQ~PHURGHFDGDPRGHORDSURGXFLU
GXUDQWHHOSUy[LPRPHVGHPDQHUDTXHVHPD[LPLFHQORVEHQHILFLRV

6HDQ    ;  Q RUGHQDGRUHV GH WLSR $ D FRQVWUXLU  H <  Q RUGHQDGRUHV GH WLSR % D
FRQVWUXLU


8VDUHPRV/,1'2SDUDUHVROYHUHVWHSUREOHPDDXQTXHWDPELpQSRGUtDUHVROYHUVHFRQ(;&(/








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR



MAX

1200 X + 1800 Y

ST
20X + 25Y = 800
X >= 10
Y >= 15
END

LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

2
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)
55200.00
VARIABLE
VALUE
REDUCED COST
X
10.000000
0.000000
Y
24.000000
0.000000
ROW
SLACK OR SURPLUS
DUAL PRICES
2)
0.000000
72.000000
3)
0.000000
-240.000000
4)
9.000000
0.000000
NO. ITERATIONS=
2


&RPR VH DSUHFLD HQ OD YHQWDQD GH RXWSXW GHEHUtDPRV IDEULFDU  RUGHQDGRUHV $ \ 
RUGHQDGRUHV%FRQORTXHFRQVHJXLUtDPRVXQRVEHQHILFLRVGH



(MHPSOR  8QD SUHVWLJLRVD HQWLGDG ILQDQFLHUD KD DQDOL]DGR \ UHFRPHQGDGR GRV SDTXHWHV GH
DFFLRQHVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVDGRVFRPSDxtDVGLIHUHQWHVDORVPLHPEURVGHXQFOXEGHLQYHUVRUHV
/RVLQYHUVRUHVHVWDEDQLQWHUHVDGRVHQIDFWRUHVWDOHVFRPRHOFUHFLPLHQWRDFRUWR\PHGLRSOD]R
GH ODV DFFLRQHV \ ODV WDVDV GH GLYLGHQGRV GH ODV PLVPDV /DV HVWLPDFLRQHV GH OD HQWLGDG VH
PXHVWUDQHQODWDEODVLJXLHQWH

3$48(7(6'($&&,21(6

)$&725(6
&RPSDxtD(OpFWULFD &RPSDxtDGH6HJXURV
3RWHQFLDO GH FUHFLPLHQWR D FRUWR SOD]R SRU


FDGDHXURLQYHUWLGR


3RWHQFLDO GH FUHFLPLHQWR D PHGLR SOD]R SRU


FDGDHXURLQYHUWLGR





7DVDSRWHQFLDOGHGLYLGHQGRV



/RVPLHPEURVGHOFOXEWLHQHQFRPRREMHWLYRVDFRQVHJXLUXQDJDQDQFLDGHDOPHQRVD
FRUWR SOD]R  XQD JDQDQFLD GH DO PHQRV   D PHGLR SOD]R \  XQRV LQJUHVRV SRU
GLYLGHQGRVGHQRPHQRVGHSRUDxR&XiOHVODFDQWLGDGPtQLPDTXHGHEHUiLQYHUWLUFDGD
PLHPEURDILQGHORJUDUVXVSUHWHQVLRQHV"

6HDQ; (XURVLQYHUWLGRVHQDFFLRQHVHOpFWULFDVH <  (XURVLQYHUWLGRV HQDFFLRQHVGH
VHJXURV



MIN

X + Y

ST
corto) 0.36X + 0.24Y >= 720
medio) 1.67X + 1.50Y >= 5000
divid) 0.04X + 0.08Y >= 200
END

LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

1
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)
3179.348
VARIABLE
VALUE
REDUCED COST
X
1358.695625
0.000000
Y
1820.652187
0.000000
ROW
SLACK OR SURPLUS
DUAL PRICES
CORTO)
206.086953
0.000000
MEDIO)
0.000000
-0.543478
DIVID)
0.000000
-2.309783
NO. ITERATIONS=
1








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

$ SDUWLU GHO RXWSXW SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU TXH OD FDQWLGDG PtQLPD D LQYHUWLU VHUi GH  
UHSDUWLGRVGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPDHQDFFLRQHVGHODFRPSDxtDHOpFWULFD\HQ
DFFLRQHVGHODFRPSDxtDGHVHJXURV



(MHPSOR  8QD HPSUHVD SURGXFWRUD GH SLHQVRV FRPSXHVWRV SDUD DQLPDOHV QHFHVLWD GHWHUPLQDU
ODV FDQWLGDGHV GH FDGD FRPSRQHQWH TXH GHEH FRPSUDU D ILQ GH FXPSOLU XQRV UHTXLVLWRV
QXWULFLRQDOHV D OD YH] TXH PLQLPL]D ORV FRVWHV WRWDOHV GH OD FRPSUD (O FRPSXHVWR SXHGH
IDEULFDUVHDSDUWLUGHWUHVWLSRVGHJUDQRVFDGDXQRGHORVFXDOHVFRQODVLJXLHQWHFRPSRVLFLyQGH
LQJUHGLHQWHVSRUNLOR



,1*5(',(17(6
$
%
&
'

7,32'(*5$12
;
<
=















(O FRVWH HQ HXURV SRU NLOR GH ORV JUDQRV ; < \ = HV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH GH   \  /D
FDQWLGDGPtQLPDUHTXHULGDSRUDQLPDO\PHVHVGHNJGHLQJUHGLHQWH$NJGHLQJUHGLHQWH%
NJGHLQJUHGLHQWH&\NJGHLQJUHGLHQWH'$GHPiVODFDQWLGDGPHQVXDOGHJUDQRGHWLSR=
TXH OD HPSUHVD SXHGH DGTXLULU GH VX SURYHHGRU HVWi OLPLWDGD D  NJ 'DGR TXH HO SLHQVR
SURGXFLGRVLUYHSDUDDOLPHQWDUXQDPHGLDGHDQLPDOHVDOPHVODUHVWULFFLyQDQWHULRUVLJQLILFD
TXHQRSRGHPRVFRQWDUFRQPiVGHNJGHJUDQRGHWLSR=SRUFDGDDQLPDO\PHV3ODQWHDU\
UHVROYHUHOSUREOHPD

'HILQLPRV; NJDFRPSUDUGHJUDQR;SRUFDGDDQLPDO\PHV\DQiORJDPHQWH<\=



MIN 2X + 4Y + 2.5Z
ST
ingrA)
ingrB)
ingrC)
ingrD)
limitz)

3X
2X
X
6X

+ 2Y + 4Z >= 4
+ 3Y + Z >= 5
+
2Z >= 1
+ 8Y + 4Z >= 8
Z <= 5

END
LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP
3
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)
5.000000
VARIABLE
VALUE
REDUCED COST
X
2.500000
0.000000
Y
0.000000
1.000000
Z
0.000000
1.500000
ROW
SLACK OR SURPLUS
DUAL PRICES
INGRA)
3.500000
0.000000
INGRB)
0.000000
-1.000000
INGRC)
1.500000
0.000000
INGRD)
7.000000
0.000000
LIMITZ)
5.000000
0.000000
NO. ITERATIONS=
3



$GTXLULUHPRVVyORNJGHWLSR;SRUFDGDDQLPDO\PHVFRQORTXHHOFRVWHSRUDQLPDO\PHV
VHUiGH








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR


(MHPSOR  0ROOHW (OHFWURQLFV 6$ IDEULFD FXDWUR OtQHDV GH SURGXFWRV GH DOWD WHFQRORJtD ORV
FXDOHV VRQ XWLOL]DGRV HQ OD LQGXVWULD DHURVSDFLDO &DGD SURGXFWR GHEH SDVDU SRU GLIHUHQWHV
GHSDUWDPHQWRVGXUDQWHVX HODERUDFLyQ (QODVWDEODV VLJXLHQWHV VHGDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHD HO
WLHPSR HQ KRUDV TXH XQD XQLGDG GH FDGD FODVH KD GH SHUPDQHFHU HQ FDGD XQR GH ORV
GHSDUWDPHQWRV \ ORV EHQHILFLRV TXH GLFKD XQLGDG UHSRUWD \ E OD FDSDFLGDG SURGXFWLYD
GLVSRQLEOH SRU GHSDUWDPHQWR \ PHV DVt FRPR ODV FDQWLGDGHV PtQLPDV D SURGXFLU 8WLOL]DQGR
GLFKDLQIRUPDFLyQGHWHUPLQDORVQLYHOHVGHSURGXFFLyQPHQVXDO



(MHPSOR/DHPSUHVD%LFLFOHWDV&DVWDOOD6$RIUHFHDVXVFOLHQWHVXQRGHORVSURGXFWRVPiVGH
PRGD HQ OR UHIHUHQWH D MXJXHWHV SDUD QLxRV ODV QXHYDV ELFLFOHWDV HUJRQyPLFDV GH FXDGUR GH
DOXPLQLR \ GLVHxR IXWXULVWD HQ YHUVLRQHV SDUD FKLFR \ SDUD FKLFD /D FRPSDxtD VDEH TXH SRGUi
YHQGHUWRGDVODVELFLFOHWDVTXHVHDFDSD]GHIDEULFDUDODVGHFKLFR\DODVGHFKLFD

/RVFRQWDEOHVGHODHPSUHVDKDQFDOFXODGRTXHORVFRVWHVGHPDQRGHREUDVXSRQHQHOGHO
SUHFLRGHYHQWDHQODVGHFKLFR\HOGHOSUHFLRGHYHQWDHQODVGHFKLFD/RVGHPiVFRVWHV
GHSURGXFFLyQH[FOX\HQGRODSLQWXUD \ HO HPSDTXHWDGRDVFLHQGHQD SRU FDGDELFLFOHWDGH
FKLFR\SRUFDGDELFLFOHWDGHFKLFD)LQDOPHQWHORVFRVWHVGHSLQWXUD\HPSDTXHWDGRVRQGH
SRUELFLFOHWDVHDGHFKLFRRGHFKLFD

/D FDSDFLGDG SURGXFWLYD GH OD SODQWD HV GH  ELFLFOHWDV SRU GtD &DGD ELFLFOHWD GH FKLFR
QHFHVLWD GH  KRUDV GH PDQR GH REUD SRU  KRUDV FDGD XQD GH FKLFD (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG
%LFLFOHWDV &DVWDOOD WLHQH XQD SODQWLOOD GH  WUDEDMDGRUHV FDGD XQR GH HOORV FRQ XQD MRUQDGD
ODERUDO GH  KRUDV GLDULDV /D HPSUHVD QR WLHQH LQWHQFLyQ GH YDULDU VX SODQWLOOD GDGR TXH VLJXH
XQDSROtWLFDEDVDGDHQODHVWDELOLGDGGHODPLVPD

'HWHUPLQDU OD SURGXFFLyQ ySWLPD TXH PD[LPLFH EHQHILFLRV GH FDGD XQR GH ORV PRGHORV GH
ELFLFOHWDV

6HDQ; QELFLFOHWDVGHFKLFRDSURGXFLUH
< QELFLFOHWDVGHFKLFDDSURGXFLU







3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR


,QJUHVRV ;<

&RVWHV  ; <;<;< ;<

%HQHILFLRV ,QJUHVRV&RVWHV ;<

MAX

57X + 55Y

ST
X +
Y <= 390
2.5X + 2.4Y <= 960
END

LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE

1)
VARIABLE
X
Y
ROW
2)
3)

21930.00
VALUE
240.000000
150.000000

REDUCED COST
0.000000
0.000000

SLACK OR SURPLUS
0.000000
0.000000

DUAL PRICES
7.000000
20.000000

NO. ITERATIONS=


$VtSXHVORySWLPRVHUiSURGXFLUELFLFOHWDVGHFKLFR\GHFKLFDFRQORTXHVHORJUDUiQ
XQRVEHQHILFLRVGH




(MHPSOR  )RUMDGRV 6$ KD VXVFULWR XQ FRQWUDWR SDUD VXPLQLVWUDU FKDVLV GH DFHUR SDUD
DXWRPyYLOHV TXH VHUiQ IDEULFDGRV HQ XQD QXHYD SODQWD GH SURGXFFLyQ FHUFDQD /D SROtWLFD GH
FDOLGDGWRWDOTXHVHHVWiLPSODQWDQGRHQGLFKDSODQWDH[LJHTXHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHFDGDFKDVLV
VLJDODVVLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHV


0$7(5,$/
01,02
0;,02
0DQJDQHVR


6LOLFLR


&DUEyQ




)RUMDGRV6$PH]FODRFKRPDWHULDOHVSDUDSURGXFLUXQDWRQHODGDGHDFHURGHVWLQDGRDFKDVLV


0DWHULDO
GLVSRQLEOH
$
$
$
,
,
&
&
&

0DQJDQHVR










6LOLFLR &DUEyQ .LORVGLVSRQLEOHV &RVWHSRUNLOR



















6LQOtPLWH

6LQOtPLWH
6LQOtPLWH
6LQOtPLWH











3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'













3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR


'HWHUPLQDUTXpFDQWLGDGGHFDGDPDWHULDOGHEHUtDXVDUVHSDUDSURGXFLUXQDWRQHODGDGHDFHUR
GHIRUPDTXHVHFXPSODQORVUHTXLVLWRVGHFDOLGDG\VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHVHPLQLPLFHQORVFRVWHV


MIN
ST

1.2A1 + 1.3A2 + 1.5A3 + 0.9I1 + 0.7I2 + 1.0C1 + 1.2C2 + 0.9C3

A1 + A2 + A3 + I1
0.70A1 + 0.55A2 +
0.70A1 + 0.55A2 +
0.15A1 + 0.30A2 +
0.15A1 + 0.30A2 +
0.03A1 + 0.01A2 +
0.03A1 + 0.01A2 +
A2
C1
C2
C3

<=
<=
<=
<=

+ I2 +
0.12A3
0.12A3
0.26A3
0.26A3
0.03I1
0.03I1

C1 + C2 + C3 = 1000
+0.01I1 + 0.05I2 >=
+0.01I1 + 0.05I2 <=
+0.10I1 + 0.025I2 +
+0.10I1 + 0.025I2 +
+ 0.18C1 + 0.20C2 +
+ 0.18C1 + 0.20C2 +

21
45
0.24C1
0.24C1
0.25C3
0.25C3

+ 0.25C2 + 0.23C3 >= 43

+ 0.25C2 + 0.23C3 <= 46
>= 25.5
<= 53.5

300
50
200
200

END
LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE

1)
720.4000
VARIABLE
VALUE
REDUCED COST
A1
0.000000
0.476000
A2
0.000000
0.592000
A3
0.000000
0.800000
I1
0.000000
0.176000
I2
898.000000
0.000000
C1
0.000000
0.156000
C2
0.000000
0.340000
C3
102.000000
0.000000
ROW
SLACK OR SURPLUS
DUAL PRICES
2)
0.000000
-0.700000
3)
23.900000
0.000000
4)
0.100000
0.000000
5)
2.910000
0.000000
6)
0.090000
0.000000
7)
0.000000
-0.800000
8)
28.000000
0.000000
9)
300.000000
0.000000
10)
50.000000
0.000000
11)
200.000000
0.000000
12)
98.000000
0.000000
NO. ITERATIONS=
6






8VRGH/LQGRYHUVXVXVRGH([FHO

(Q OD UHVROXFLyQ GH ORV SURJUDPDV DQWHULRUHV VH KD KHFKR XVR SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHO SURJUDPD
/,1'2 (Q HVWH VHQWLGR HO HPSOHR GH XQ SURJUDPD X RWUR SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GH XQ SURJUDPD
OLQHDO GHSHQGH GH OR TXH HO XVXDULR TXLHUD REWHQHU FRQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GHO SUREOHPD 6L
FRPSDUDPRV ODV YHQWDMDV H LQFRQYHQLHQWHV GH DPERV SURJUDPDV SRGHPRV HVWDEOHFHU OR
VLJXLHQWH

9HQWDMDVGH/,1'2IUHQWHD(;&(/

/,1'2SUHVHQWDGRVYHQWDMDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVIUHQWHD(;&(/

 (O SODQWHDPLHQWR GHO SURJUDPD OLQHDO HQ /,1'2 HQ FXDQWR D VX LQWURGXFFLyQ HQ HO
SDTXHWHLQIRUPiWLFRHVH[DFWDPHQWHLJXDODFRPRVHHVFULEHRULJLQDOPHQWHHQXQDKRMD
GHSDSHO









3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

 (O XVXDULR SRVHH XQ FRQWURO PX\ VHQFLOOR GH ODV YDULDQWHV GHO SURJUDPD OLQHDO TXH VH
TXLHUDQKDFHUDQiOLVLVGHVHQVLELOLGDGGXDOLGDGUHVWULFFLRQHVGHLQWHJULGDG

(VWRVIXHURQORVJUDQGHVPRWLYRVGHVXSRSXODULGDGDILQDOHVGHORVRFKHQWD\SULQFLSLRVGH
ORV QRYHQWD $O ILQ \ DO FDER pVRV HUDQ ORV REMHWLYRV TXH EXVFDED VX FRQVWUXFWRU /LQXV
6FKUDJH HQ  FXDQGR VH GLVHxD OD SULPHUD YHUVLyQ GH /,1'2 ,QLFLDOPHQWH HVWDED
SUHVHQWDGDHQIRUPDWR'26SDUD3&3RVWHULRUPHQWH\DHQORVDxRVQRYHQWDVHSXEOLFDVX
YHUVLyQEDMR:LQGRZVWDO\FRPRVHODFRQRFHDKRUD



9HQWDMDVGH(;&(/IUHQWHD/,1'2

(OHPSOHRGH(;&(/SUHVHQWDYHQWDMDVIUHQWHD/,1'2TXHVHH[SOLFLWDUiQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ

D


E

(;&(/ HV XQ SURJUDPD FRQWHQLGR HQ HO SDTXHWH LQIRUPiWLFR 0LFURVRIW 2IILFH GH
DPSOLD GLIXVLyQ FRPHUFLDO HQ XQLYHUVLGDGHV \ HPSUHVDV 3RU HVWD UD]yQ QR HV
QHFHVDULR KDFHU XQD LQYHUVLyQ HVSHFtILFD SDUD OD UHVROXFLyQ GH HVWH SURJUDPD
+DELWXDOPHQWH VH GLVSRQH GH pO SRUTXH VX XVR HV VREUDGDPHQWH FRQRFLGR (Q HVWH
VHQWLGR/,1'2KDGHDGTXLULUVHH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDUDRSWLPL]DU SURJUDPDVOLQHDOHV
$GHPiV PXFKRV XVXDULRV FRQRFHQ SHUIHFWDPHQWH (;&(/ \ QR HV QHFHVDULR XQ
HQWUHQDPLHQWRHVSHFtILFRSDUDVXHPSOHRHQODRSWLPL]DFLyQGHSURJUDPDVOLQHDOHV
$XQTXHODLQWURGXFFLyQGHORVGDWRVGHXQSURJUDPDOLQHDOHQ([FHOHVLQLFLDOPHQWH
PiVFRVWRVDTXHHQ/,1'2ODUDSLGH]GHORVFiOFXORV\ODIDFLOLGDGGHFRPSUHQVLyQ
GHODYHQWDQDGHLQIRUPHVILQDOHVSXHGHQFRPSHQVDUHVDGLILFXOWDGLQLFLDO


F

(;&(/SHUPLWHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHFRPSOHPHQWRVRDGGLQVTXHSRWHQFLDQODIXHU]D
UHVROXWRULD GHO SURJUDPD (VWRV FRPSOHPHQWRV SHUPLWHQ GLVHxDU RSHUDFLRQHV GH
FiOFXOR TXH RULJLQDULDPHQWH QR HVWDEDQ SHQVDGDV SDUD (;&(/ 'H HVWH PRGR HO
6ROYHU GH (;&(/ HV XQ FRPSOHPHQWR TXH SHUPLWH UHVROYHU SURJUDPDV OLQHDOHV
QRUPDOPHQWH6ROYHUQRDSDUHFHFRQXQDLQVWDODFLyQWtSLFDGHO (;&(/VLQRTXHHV
QHFHVDULRXQDLQVWDODFLyQSHUVRQDOL]DGD






3URJUDPDFLyQ/LQHDO(QWHUD3/(FRQ/LQGR\([FHO


(QPXFKDVVLWXDFLRQHVGHODYLGDUHDOGHELGRDODLQGLYLVLELOLGDGGHODPD\RUtDGHORVSURGXFWRV
QRVHUiVXILFLHQWHFRQREWHQHUFRPRVROXFLyQD XQSUREOHPDGH3/YDORUHVGHFLPDOHV$VtSRU
HMHPSORQRWLHQHPXFKRVHQWLGRTXHODVROXFLyQDQXHVWURSUREOHPDGHPD[LPL]DUEHQHILFLRVVHD
IDEULFDUOiPSDUDVGHWLSR,\OiPSDUDVGHWLSR,,QLTXHODIRUPDGHPLQLPL]DUORVFRVWHV
GH WUDQVSRUWH VHD KDFLHQGR  YLDMHV FRQ HO FDPLyQ $ \  FRQ HO % (Q WDOHV VLWXDFLRQHV
GHEHUHPRVLQFOXLUHQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRODUHVWULFFLyQDGLFLRQDOGHTXHWRGDVODVYDULDEOHVKDQGH
VHU YDORUHV HQWHURV SRU OR TXH HVWDUHPRV DQWH XQ SUREOHPD GH 3URJUDPDFLyQ /LQHDO (QWHUD
3/(

8QD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ D OD VROXFLyQ GH XQ SUREOHPD 3/( SRGUtD REWHQHUVH UHVROYLHQGR HO
SUREOHPD 3/ DVRFLDGR HV GHFLU ROYLGiQGRVH GH OD UHVWULFFLyQ VREUH OD QR GLYLVLELOLGDG GH ODV
YDULDEOHV 'H KHFKR VL OD VROXFLyQ GHO  3/ UHVXOWD VHU HQWHUD HQWRQFHV pVWD VHUi WDPELpQ OD
VROXFLyQGHO3/(6LDOJXQDGHODVYDULDEOHVGHODVROXFLyQQRHVHQWHUDSRGUtDPRVSHQVDUHQ
UHGRQGHDU HO YDORU REWHQLGR SRU HO HQWHUR PiV SUy[LPR \ TXH HVWp HQ OD UHJLyQ IDFWLEOH (VWH
SURFHGLPLHQWRSXHGHVHUUHODWLYDPHQWHEXHQRFXDQGRORVYDORUHVUHGRQGHDGRVVRQPX\JUDQGHV
SHURUHVXOWDPX\SHOLJURVRVLHVWRVYDORUHVVRQSHTXHxRVHQWDOFDVRHVPX\SUREDEOHTXHOD
VROXFLyQGHO3/(VHDPX\GLIHUHQWHDODTXHVHREWLHQHUHGRQGHDQGRORVYDORUHVGHO3/

/RV SURFHGLPLHQWRV WHyULFRV TXH VH HPSOHDQ HQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH HVWRV SUREOHPDV GH 3/( VRQ
EiVLFDPHQWH GRV HO PpWRGR %UDQFK %RXQG \ HO GH 3ODQRV GH &RUWH GH *RPRU\ 'HVGH HO








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

SXQWR GH YLVWD FRPSXWDFLRQDO WDQWR HO /,1'2 FRPR OD KRMD GH FiOFXOR ([FHO IDFLOLWDQ
VREUHPDQHUDODUHVROXFLyQGHXQ3/(WDQVyORHVQHFHVDULRLQGLFDUOHDOSURJUDPDTXpYDULDEOHV
KDQGHWRPDUYDORUHVHQWHURV9HDPRVXQHMHPSORFRQ/,1'2


 11 X + 10 Y

2X + Y < 12
 X 3Y > 1

X
Y




MAX
ST

END
GIN
GIN














LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

2
OBJECTIVE VALUE =
72.4285736
NEW INTEGER SOLUTION OF
66.0000000
AT BRANCH 0
PIVOT 7
BOUND ON OPTIMUM: 66.00000
ENUMERATION COMPLETE. BRANCHES=
0 PIVOTS=
7
LAST INTEGER SOLUTION IS THE BEST FOUND
RE-INSTALLING BEST SOLUTION...
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)

66.00000

VARIABLE
X
Y

ROW
2)
3)

VALUE
6.000000
0.000000

SLACK OR SURPLUS
0.000000
5.000000

NO. ITERATIONS=
7
BRANCHES=
0 DETERM.=

1.000E

REDUCED COST
-11.000000
-10.000000

DUAL PRICES
0.000000
0.000000

$TXt OH KHPRV LQGLFDGR DO SURJUDPD TXH DPEDV YDULDEOHV HUDQ HQWHUDV PHGLDQWH HO FRPDQGR
*,1\/,1'2QRVKDGHYXHOWRHQHORXWSXWODVROXFLyQHQWHUD; < FRQODTXHHOYDORUGH
ODIXQFLyQREMHWLYRHVGH3RGHPRVYHUODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHHVWHSUREOHPD3/(\VXDVRFLDGR
3/HQHOVLJXLHQWHRXWSXW


MAX 
11 X + 10 Y
ST 
 2X + Y < 12
 X 3Y > 1
END 








LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

2
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)
72.42857
VARIABLE
X
Y
ROW
2)
3)

VALUE
5.285714
1.428571
SLACK OR SURPLUS
0.000000
0.000000

NO. ITERATIONS=

REDUCED COST
0.000000
0.000000
DUAL PRICES
6.142857
-1.285714

2EVHUYDPRVTXHODVROXFLyQGHO3/HV; H< VROXFLyQTXHQRWHQGUiVHQWLGRVL

;H<UHSUHVHQWDQREMHWRVLQGLYLVLEOHVFRQODFXDOVHREWLHQHXQYDORUSDUDODIXQFLyQREMHWLYRGH
1RWDUILQDOPHQWHTXHVLUHGRQGHiVHPRVHVWRVYDORUHVWRPDUtDPRVFRPRVROXFLyQ; 
H< FRQORTXHQXHVWUDIXQFLyQREMHWLYRYDOGUtDLHODVROXFLyQGHUHGRQGHRQRVGDXQ
YDORUSHRUTXHHOORJUDGRXVDQGR3/(HVWRHQHOVXSXHVWRGHTXHHVWDVROXFLyQVHDIDFWLEOH(Q
HVWHHMHPSORSXHGHSDUHFHUTXHODGLIHUHQFLDHVSRFDSHUREDVWDFRQLPDJLQDUHOFDVRH[WUHPR
GHTXHFDGDXQLGDGVXSXVLHVHPLOOyQGHSDUDGDUVHFXHQWDGHODVJUDQGHVSpUGLGDVTXHHVWH
UHGRQGHRFDXVDUtDDQXHVWUDHPSUHVD










3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

(QRFDVLRQHVSXHGHRFXUULUTXHODYDULDEOHQRVyORWHQJDTXHVHUHQWHUDVLQRTXHDGHPiVGHED
VHUELQDULDLH~QLFDPHQWHSXHGDWRPDUORVYDORUHVy(VWDUHPRVSXHVDQWHXQSUREOHPD
GH3/(%LQDULD



(VWHWLSRGHYDULDEOHVHVWtSLFRGHODVVLWXDFLRQHVWRGRRQDGDFRPRSRUHMHPSORHOWHQHUTXH
GHFLGLUVLFRQVWUXLURQRXQDQXHYDIDFWRUtDRFRPSUDURQRXQORWHJUDQGHGHDOJ~QUHFXUVRSDUD
REWHQHUGHVFXHQWRVGHEHUHPRVWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOFRVWHGHPDQWHQHUHOUHFXUVRHQVWRFN

/,1'2 RIUHFH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH LQGLFDU TXH XQD YDULDEOH HV ELQDULD PHGLDQWH HO FRPDQGR ,17
9HDPRVXQHMHPSOR



MAX -100X
+ 20A + 12B

ST
 A - 10X
< 0
B < 11
A +
B < 7

END 
INT X



















LP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP

1
OBJECTIVE VALUE =
124.000000
SET

X TO >=

1 AT

1, BND= 112.0

TWIN=

84.00

NEW INTEGER SOLUTION OF 112.000000

AT BRANCH
BOUND ON OPTIMUM: 112.0000
DELETE
X AT LEVEL
1
ENUMERATION COMPLETE. BRANCHES=
1 PIVOTS=

7
1 PIVOT

LAST INTEGER SOLUTION IS THE BEST FOUND

RE-INSTALLING BEST SOLUTION...
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE
1)

112.0000

VARIABLE
X
A
B

ROW
2)
3)
4)

VALUE
1.000000
10.000000
1.000000

SLACK OR SURPLUS
0.000000
0.000000
6.000000

NO. ITERATIONS=
BRANCHES=

9
1 DETERM.=

REDUCED COST
20.000000
0.000000
0.000000

DUAL PRICES
8.000000
12.000000
0.000000

1.000E

'H QR KDEHU H[LJLGR TXH OD YDULDEOH ; IXHVH ELQDULD KXELpVHPRV REWHQLGR FRPR VROXFLyQ ORV
YDORUHV; $ \% FRQXQDIXQFLyQREMHWLYRGH6LDKRUDUHGRQGHiVHPRVHO
YDORU REWHQLGR SDUD ; HQ HVWD VROXFLyQ WRPDUtDPRV;   FRQ OR TXH QXHVWUD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR
VHUtDGH3RUVXSXHVWRODVROXFLyQTXHKHPRVREWHQLGRXVDQGR,17HVPHMRUSXHVQRVGDXQ
YDORUSDUDODIXQFLyQREMHWLYRGH

(OODGRQHJDWLYRGHHVWHFRPDQGRHVTXHVLVHXWLOL]DFRQPXFKDVYDULDEOHVHQXQSUREOHPDPX\
H[WHQVRDXPHQWDUiHOWLHPSRGHFRPSXWDFLyQQHFHVDULRSDUDREWHQHUODVROXFLyQGHOSURJUDPD


5HVROYHUXQSUREOHPDFRQYDULDEOHVHQWHUDVRELQDULDVXVDQGR([FHOHVWDQVHQFLOORFRPRDxDGLU
ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV UHVWULFFLRQHV HQ OD PDFUR GH 6ROYHU &RQYLHQH WHQHU FXLGDGR FRQ OD
QRWDFLyQ GH DPERV SURJUDPDV SXHV SDUD ODV YDULDEOHV HQWHUDV /,1'2 XVD HO FRPDQGR *,1 \
6ROYHUODH[SUHVLyQLQWPLHQWUDVTXHSDUDODVYDULDEOHVELQDULDV/,1'2XVDHOFRPDQGR,17\
6ROYHU ODV OHWUDV ELQ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH PXHVWUDQ ODV YHQWDQDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO HMHPSOR
ELQDULRDQWHULRU








3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR














3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'



%,%/,2*5$)$

3/\3/(FRQ([FHO\/LQGR

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB


>@ $QGHUVRQ '5 6ZHHQH\ ' - \ :LOOLDPV 7$  &RQWHPSRUDU\ 0DQDJHPHQW 6FLHQFH
ZLWK6SUHDGVKHHWV,QWHUQDWLRQDO7KRPVRQ3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\

>@ &DPP-\(YDQV-50DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFHDQG'HFLVLRQ7HFKQRORJ\6RXWK:HVWHUQ
&ROOHJH3XEOLVKLQJ

>@ (SSHQ *' *RXOG )- 6FKPLGW &3 0RRUH-+ :HDWKHUIRUG /5  ,QWURGXFWRU\
0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH'HFLVLRQ0RGHOLQJZLWK6SUHDGVKHHWV3UHQWLFH+DOO

>@ +LOOLHU )6 +LOOLHU 06 \ /LHEHUPDQQ *-  ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 0DQDJHPHQW 6FLHQFH $
0RGHOLQJDQG&DVH6WXGLHV$SSURDFKZLWK6SUHDGVKHHWV,UZLQ0F*UDZ+LOO

>@ /DZUHQFH$/\3DVWHUQDFN%$$SSOLHG0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH$&RPSXWHU,QWHJUDWHG
$SSURDFKIRU'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ(G:LOH\

>@:LQVWRQ:\$OEULJKW6&3UDFWLFDO0DQDJHPHQW6FLHQFH6SUHDGVKHHW0RGHOLQJDQG
$SSOLFDWLRQV'X[EXU\3UHVV




(1/$&(6 

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB




KWWSZZZOLQGRFRP
3iJLQDZHEGHOVRIWZDUH/,1'2


KWWSZZZPDWKQLXHGXaUXVLQNQRZQPDWKLQGH[;;KWPO
:HEFRQUHFXUVRVVREUHSURJUDPDFLyQOLQHDO

 KWWSZZZSHUVRQDOSVXHGXIDFXOW\WPWPFWPFOLQNVKWPO
:HEFRQUHFXUVRVVREUHSURJUDPDFLyQOLQHDO





KWWSZZZRSVPDQDJHPHQWFRP
:HEGH2360$1$*(0(17&20UHFXUVRVVREUHGLUHFFLyQGHRSHUDFLRQHV

KWWSZZZUSLHGXaPLWFKMVLWHVBRUKWPO
(QODFHVDZHEVVREUHLQYHVWLJDFLyQRSHUDWLYD

KWWSOLRQKUWSXEFRP2506KWPO
2506-RXUQDO

KWWSZZZSLWWHGXaMUFODVVRURULQWURGRF
$UWtFXORLQWURGXFWRULRDOD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ2SHUDWLYD\VXVDSOLFDFLRQHV





KWWSZZZNHPDHSR]QDQSO%RRNV([FHO6ROYHU77KWP
7XWRULDOVREUHRSWLPL]DFLyQFRQ([FHO6ROYHU

 KWWSZZZIDTVRUJIDTVOLQHDUSURJUDPPLQJIDT
:HEGHGLFDGDDSUHJXQWDVPiVFRPXQHVDFHUFDGH3URJUDPDFLyQ/LQHDO





KWWSFDUERQFXGHQYHUHGXaKJUHHQEHFRXUVHZDUH/3VKRUWLQWURKWPO
6HWUDWDGHXQFXUVREUHYHGH3URJUDPDFLyQ/LQHDO









3UR\HFWRH0DWK

)LQDQFLDGRSRUOD6HFUHWDUtDGH(VWDGRGH(GXFDFLyQ\8QLYHUVLGDGHV0(&'