Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
World Communicates
Describe the energy transformations required in one of the following:
-
Mobile phone
Sound -> Electrical -> Electromagnetic (Radio) -> Electrical -> Sound
Define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium,
displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest,
trough transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength,
velocity.
Displacement is the distance that a single particle has moved from its
equilibrium position as a result of wave movement.
Longitudinal waves are waves in which the medium oscillates parallel to the
direction of wave propagation e.g. Sound.
Medium is the particles that a longitudinal wave propagates through.
Compression is the region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are closest together
Rarefaction is the region in a longitudinal wave
where the particles are furthest apart.
Transverse waves are waves in which the medium oscillates perpendicular to the
direction of wave propagation. E.g. Light
2
Amplitude is the maximum displacement as a result of wave movement
Crest is the point of maximum displacement
Trough is the point of minimum displacement
(negative)
Note that a wave may be graphed as displacement over time, which indicates
the displacement of a single particle as time passes, or as displacement over
distance, which indicates the displacement of multiple particles as distance
increases.
Therefore v=f
3
Where V is ms-1, f is Hz, and is m
It may occur in the wave intersection of two speakers are placed next to each
other.
out
by
the
Uv, X-rays and gamma rays are generally filtered out by the earths ionosphere
and stratosphere.
detection
of
various
wavebands
in
Method of Detection
Radio Receivers connected to aerials
Aerials, satellites
Skin, night vision goggles
Eye, Photographic film
Photographic film
Photographic film
Photographic film
Describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of
reflection from a plane surface on waves.
In a reflection, the angle of incidence, in relation to
the normal is always equal to the angle of reflection.
The normal is the line perpendicular the surface at
point of incidence.
Notes:
N2 and N1 are switched in order to everything else
The relative refractive index will be larger than 1 if medium 2 is denser than
medium 1. i.e. the n (absolute refractive index) also represents density.
the
the
the
the
Assess some of the impacts of changes in, and increased access to,
sources of energy for a community.
The use of wind and water energy in boats allowed for more efficient trading
between countries. The burning of coal allowed the production of new types of
alloy, for example steel, but also spread pollution and disease. Now, renewable
sources are being created, such as solar, wind, and hydro to try and reduce the
environmental effects of pollution.
Define the electric field as a field of force with a field strength equal to
the force per unit charge at the point.
9
An electric field is the region where a tiny electric charge experiences a force.
The strength may be calculated by
E = F/q
Where E is the electric field force, F is the force experienced by the charged
particle, and q is the charge on the particle.
The electric field direction is the direction a small positive charge would travel in.
Identify that current can be either direct with the net flow of charge
carriers moving in one direction or alternating with the charge carriers
moving backwards and forwards periodically.
Charge carriers are moving charges in an electric field, in this case, an electron.
There are two ways in which it may be transmitted. DC only moves the charge
carriers in one direction, whereas AC alternates the charge carriers backwards
and forwards by switching the polarity of terminals.
10
In terms of electricity, a conductor contains charge carriers, and an insulator
does not, (though if the voltage is high enough, it can become a conductor e.g.
lightning in air)
11
Explain why there are different circuits for lighting, heating and other
appliances in a house
Different circuits are used to control the maximum current that a specific
appliance may need. For example, lighting may require 8 amps, while a stove
may require 32 amps.
Explain that power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one
form to another
Power (Watts) is equal to energy over time. It is the rate at which energy is
transformed from one form to another
Identify that the total amount of energy used depends on the length of
time the current is flowing and can be calculated using:
Energy is P x T, where P is power, and T is time.
12
Because if joules were used, the numbers would be incredibly huge, and
therefore inconvenient to use.
Describe the behaviour of the magnetic poles of bar magnets when
they are brought close together
Magnets have a north and south pole. When two magnets are brought close
together, like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
Also, the closer they are, the more the force increases.
13
Discuss the dangers of an electric shock from both a 240-volt AC mains
supply and various DC voltages, from appliances, on the muscles of the
body
0.001A may make a person feel the sensation of a shock.
0.01A will induce violent muscle contraction, meaning they may be unable to
release the wire
0.02A will paralyse the respiratory muscles, stopping breathing
0.1A passing through a region of the heart will shock the muscles into erratic
contractions, so that the heart may no longer function. Death may occur in a few
minutes. (A 240V AC mains supply is 0.25 mA)
1A will cause serious burns to body tissues.
Earthing
Earthing connects the metal case of an appliance to the ground, and works with
the fuse to prevent the metal being electrified. If a live wire somehow becomes
exposed, and touches the metal case, the earth wire provides a path for the
electricity to go into the earth, completing the circuit. The resulting short circuit
then causes the fuse to burn out, thus cutting the circuit, and preventing the
metal case from being electrified.
Double Insulation
Double insulation is when the inside is covered in a layer of
plastic, meaning that there is no way for an exposed live wire to
touch the outer casing. This means that there is no need for an
earth wire, and a two core cable will suffice. The symbol for
double insulation is shown to the right.
14
Cosmic Engine
Outline the historical development of models of the universe from the
time of Aristotle to the time of Newton
Aristotle
Aristarchus
Copernicus
Galileo
Ionising power
Penetrating power
Effect of magnetic field
Effect of electric field
Idenfity the nature of emmisions reaching the Earth fro the Sun
Describe the particulate nature of the solar wind
Outline the cyclic nature of sunspot activity and its impact on Earth
through solar winds
15
Describe sunspots as representing regions of strong magnetic activity
and lower temperature