Chap 008

Chapter 08 - The Heirs to the Roman Empire: Byzantium and the West in the Early Middle Ages
Chapter 08
The Heirs to the Roman Empire: Byzantium and the West in the Early
Middle Ages
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Compared with the Roman Empire, European governments from 600 to 1000 in both the
East and West
A. lost all traces of earlier Roman institutions.
B. became increasingly centralized and unified.
C. provided more services, which required more employees.
D. depended more on the personal relationships between rulers and aristocrats.
2. Byzantine soldiers were paid through the theme system, which consisted of
A. the right to sell captured enemies into slavery.
B. grants of land in specific zones.
C. precious metals pillaged from conquered territories.
D. payments from the Byzantine emperor's personal purse.
3. Which seventh-century emperor won brilliant victories over the Persians but lost North
Africa, Palestine, and Syria to the Arabs?
A. Leo III
B. Basil II
C. Heraclius
D. Justinian
4. Who convoked a Council at Nicaea in 787 which restored the veneration of icons?
A. Leo III
B. Irene
C. Heraclius
D. Constantine V
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5. Which emperor ignited the Iconoclastic Controversy in 726?

A. Constantine V
B. Leo III
C. Basil II
D. Heraclius
6. Charlemagne's palace complex was

A. located at Aachen.
B. built over the course of almost twenty years.
C. spectacular in appearance, but it was not a model for other early medieval Western
churches.
D. All these answers are correct.
7. Clovis was the most important member of which influential Frankish dynasty?
A. the Carolingians
B. the Merovingians
C. the Ottonians
D. the Capetians
8. In 733, Charles Martel defeated a Muslim raiding party in a battle fought near
A. Anjou.
B. Rome.
C. Kent.
D. Poitiers.
9. For over a century the family of Charles Martel dominated which office that served as a
sort of "prime minister" to the Frankish court?
A. Patriarch
B. Missi Dominici
C. Mayor of the Palace
D. Capitulary
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10. Who became the first Carolingian king of the Franks in 751?
A. Pippin III
B. Charlemagne
C. Charles Martel
D. Otto the Great
11. The Papal States emerged in the mid-eighth century following the defeat of which
people?
A. Arabs
B. Seljuk Turks
C. Visigoths
D. Lombards
12. On Christmas Day, 800, Leo III made which man emperor?
A. Pippin III
B. Otto the Great
C. Charlemagne
D. Hugh Capet
13. Which of the following statements about Charlemagne is true?

A. He was one of the most accomplished writers of his age.
B. Despite his piety, he sired a dozen illegitimate children.
C. He insisted on calling himself emperor, despite the pope's reluctance to recognize him as
such.
D. His religious devotion was purely emotional, and he had no interest in or capacity for the
niceties of theological disputes.
14. The development of Carolingian minuscule was an important advance in the field of
A. writing.
B. weaponry.
C. architecture.
D. agriculture.
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15. A student trained in the seven liberal arts would have learned about all of the following
subjects EXCEPT
A. astronomy.
B. geometry.
C. chemistry.
D. arithmetic.
16. The seven liberal arts taught at Carolingian schools included the acquisition of basic
grammatical skills in which language?
A. Greek
B. German
C. Latin
D. French
17. Which king of Saxony was crowned emperor in Rome in 962?

A. Charlemagne
B. Otto I
C. Alfred
D. Hugh Capet
18. In his most famous work, John of Damascus argued against

A. the application of dialectic reasoning to religious belief.
B. Aristotle's influence on Christian theology.
C. iconoclasm.
D. the oppression of women.
19. Who was the greatest Neoplatonist in the Byzantine literary tradition?
A. John of Damascus
B. John Moschus
C. Photius
D. Maximus the Confessor
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20. What was the subject matter of The Spiritual Meadow by John Moschus?
A. the split between the Eastern and Western churches
B. the conquest of Byzantine lands by Arab invaders
C. the lives of famous eastern ascetics
D. the evil of worshipping religious icons
21. Who wrote the Alexiad?

A. Anna Comnena
B. Irene
C. Maximus the Confessor
D. Photius
22. What is the most important contribution of Photius's Library?

A. It provides an intimate glimpse of the inner workings of the Byzantine court.
B. It contains the only surviving extracts from a number of ancient works.
C. It offers important ethnographic information about the peoples living in lands conquered
by the Byzantines.
D. It is one of the first known works of history by a woman.
23. The Institutes by Cassiodorus can be best described as

A. a list of the best commentaries on religious and secular matters.
B. an account of the conversion of the English kings to Christianity.
C. a list of maxims designed to instruct kings on how to govern in a manner compatible with
Christian dogma.
D. a withering attack on the practice of worshipping religious icons.
24. Which tenth-century emperor wrote the two treatises On Ceremonies and On the
Administration of the Empire?
A. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
B. Maurice
C. Alexius I Comnenus
D. Otto I
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25. Alcuin accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

A. educating Charlemagne's daughters as well as his sons.
B. writing elementary texts.
C. teaching Charlemagne how to write.
D. training two dozen students who founded schools of their own.
26. Which influential bishop of Seville attempted to write an encyclopedia arranged around
the origins and meanings of words?
A. Isidore
B. Alcuin
C. Benedict
D. Theodulf
27. The principles of Benedict's Rule included all of the following EXCEPT
A. obedience.
B. solitude.
C. stability.
D. conversion.
28. The accomplishments of Theodulf of Orlans included all of the following EXCEPT
A. designing the chapel at Germigny-des-Prs.
B. composing the finest poetry of his age.
C. applying mathematical perspective to painted art.
D. writing learned treatises about a variety of theological subjects.
29. Which of the following statements about Bede is LEAST accurate?

A. He helped to popularize the use of AD dating
B. His writing was poor because he lived in a place where Latin was not spoken.
C. He developed a reference system that anticipated modern footnotes.
D. Along with biblical commentaries, he wrote a history of the development of Christianity in
England.
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30. In elucidating Charlemagne's response to the Second Council of Nicaea, Theodulf of

Orlans wrote that
A. a picture of Jesus was as holy as Jesus' own body and self, and must be worshipped
accordingly.
B. any attempt to depict God, Jesus, or the saints was a blasphemous attempt to mimic God's
own creative powers.
C. it was legitimate to possess sacred art for commemoration or decoration, and it was
heretical to worship or to destroy such art.
D. religious icons had no inherent religious worth and so could be ignored or destroyed.
31. According to the philosopher John Scottus Eriugena,

A. God was completely distinct from the world he had created.
B. the natural world that could be perceived by the senses had been created by the Devil.
C. nature could be divided into four categories, one of which was equivalent to Platonic
forms.
D. nothing in nature could exist unless it took a physical form, so God and the soul must both
have a material existence, and ideas had no independent existence.
32. The works of the female author Dhuoda are significant primarily because
A. of the stunning originality of her philosophical ideas.
B. they provide evidence that she was highly educated.
C. they provide the only first-hand account of life in a ninth-century convent.
D. she was one of the first women to argue publicly that women were the equals of men in all
things.
33. All of the following statements about Hrotsvitha are true EXCEPT that
A. she wrote six surviving plays.
B. she is the only laywoman from her period whose writings are known.
C. she is considered Germany's first female poet.
D. she celebrated the virtues of female ascetics and martyrs.
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34. The final conquest of Byzantium was in 1453 by the

A. European crusaders.
B. Seljuk Turks.
C. Ottoman Turks.
D. Bulgarians.
35. The most significant military innovations in the early medieval West were related to
A. mounted infantry.
B. sailing vessels.
C. artillery.
D. metal armor.
36. The earliest vernacular writings were composed in

A. regions such as Greece and Asia Minor, which remained under the government of the
Byzantine Empire.
B. regions such as France and Germany, which retained a significant degree of Roman
cultural influence after the fall of Rome.
C. regions such as Wales and Ireland, which lay outside the bounds of the former Roman
Empire.
D. the Italian peninsula, where authors attempted to restore the glory of Rome through their
literature.
37. Anna Comnena's most famous work can be described as

A. a personal memoir of life at the Byzantine court.
B. a scholarly study of a particular reign of a Byzantine emperor.
C. an account of the wars against the Muslims.
D. the best summation of the Iconoclastic Controversy.
38. Which church commissioned by Justinian was profoundly influential, due both to its sheer
size and for being the ideal example of a dome placed on a square or elongated nave?
A. San Vitale in Ravenna
B. Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
C. Sant' Apollinare in Classe
D. Dafni near Athens
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39. What significant Byzantine architectural innovation allowed round domes to be placed
atop straight walls?
A. columns
B. vaults
C. pendentives
D. arches
40. One of the main features of the West after the collapse of Rome was its
A. centralized government from Paris.
B. economy based on international trade.
C. witnessing of the collapse of the early Christian church.
D. primarily agricultural economy.
41. "Neumes" were a significant advance in the field of

A. agriculture.
B. music.
C. military technology.
D. architecture.
42. In Byzantine art, a hodegetria depicts

A. Mary and Joseph in an intimate setting.
B. Mary portrayed as if presenting Jesus to the viewer.
C. Jesus alone upon the cross.
D. Jesus surrounded by all of his apostles.
43. The Byzantine churches of Hagia Sophia and San Vitale differed from the churches of
Rome and the catholic West primarily in that these Byzantine churches
A. incorporated large sections of stained glass windows.
B. innovated the westwork for ceremonial and practical purposes.
C. remained faithful to the basilican architectural form.
D. added an element of verticality that distinguished them from the horizontality of Roman
and Western churches.
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44. The Godescalc Evangelistary is an example of

A. an illuminated manuscript.
B. a basilican church.
C. a Gregorian chant.
D. Irish metalwork.
45. In the Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius

A. argued that everything always turns out for the best.
B. probed the question of why fortune seems so fickle.
C. denounced Christianity.
D. rejected intellectual inquiry as a way to the truth.
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Essay Questions
46. What role did the Orthodox religion play in Byzantine society and culture? Compare and
contrast Orthodox religion with the Roman Catholic faith.
Answers will vary
47. Compare the Byzantine Empire to the kingdom of the Franks. Which of the two polities
was strongest at the beginning of the early Middle Ages? Which was strongest as the early
Middle Ages came to a close?
Answers will vary
48. Did Charlemagne deserve the title of emperor? In what ways was his kingdom an heir to
the Roman Empire, and in what ways did it depart from its predecessor?
Answers will vary
49. Why did Charlemagne's kingdom disintegrate shortly after his death? How had he
managed to hold it together for as long as he had?
Answers will vary
50. What were the major characteristics of the Carolingian Renaissance? Was it a real rebirth
of learning or a heroic interlude between two dark periods?
Answers will vary
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51. Compare the literary works of early medieval Byzantine to those of the early medieval
West. What concerns did they share? In what ways were they different?
Answers will vary
52. Who preserved more of the legacy of the Roman Empire, the Byzantines or the Franks?
Answers will vary
53. How did the subject matter of vernacular literature differ from contemporary Latin and
Greek literatures? Can vernacular works be assumed to have had more appeal to the average
reader? Why or why not?
Answers will vary
54. Compare architectural trends in the East and the West during the early Middle Ages. How
did architectural developments in the two regions differ, and in what ways were they similar?
Answers will vary
55. What do innovations in military technology suggest about warfare in the early medieval
West? How did warfare there seem to differ from warfare in the East?
Answers will vary
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Chapter 08 - The Heirs to the Roman Empire: Byzantium and the West in the Early Middle Ages

5. Which emperor ignited the Iconoclastic Controversy in 726?

6. Charlemagne's palace complex was

13. Which of the following statements about Charlemagne is true?

17. Which king of Saxony was crowned emperor in Rome in 962?

18. In his most famous work, John of Damascus argued against

21. Who wrote the Alexiad?

22. What is the most important contribution of Photius's Library?

23. The Institutes by Cassiodorus can be best described as

25. Alcuin accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

29. Which of the following statements about Bede is LEAST accurate?

30. In elucidating Charlemagne's response to the Second Council of Nicaea, Theodulf of

31. According to the philosopher John Scottus Eriugena,

34. The final conquest of Byzantium was in 1453 by the

36. The earliest vernacular writings were composed in

37. Anna Comnena's most famous work can be described as

41. "Neumes" were a significant advance in the field of

42. In Byzantine art, a hodegetria depicts

44. The Godescalc Evangelistary is an example of

45. In the Consolation of Philosophy, Boethius

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