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De =
A
B + C e GDD
(1)
(2)
where FFWe = estimated fruit fresh weight (gr); and = empirical factors; Do =
observed apple diameter (mm).
The data set from the 1999/2000 growing season was used to obtain the logistic
models and coefficients of determination (r2) for each commercial orchard. The data set
from the 2000/2001 season was used for the validation of these models. Standard errors
of estimate (SEE), Z-tests to check whether the ratio b of observed (Do) and estimated
(De) diameter was significantly different from unity at the 95 % confidence level and
relative error (Ea) were all used to evaluate equation 1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The empirical factors (A,B, and C), specific growth rate (), and coefficients of
determination (r2) for the logistic models are shown in Table 1. This table indicates that
there was a good association (overall value of r 2 = 0.99) between apple diameter and
growing-degree days (GDD) in all commercial orchards during the growing season
1999/2000. Specific growth rates were similar, but empirical factors were different at
each location. In this study, final fruit diameters ranged from 68 mm to 78 mm and GDD
from full bloom to harvest were about 995 C (Figure 1).
Bramardi, S.J., Castro, H.R. and Zenelli, M.L., 1998. Fruit growth pattern of pear cv.
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Ortega-Farias, S., Flores, L.A., y Retamales, J., 1998. Models for predicting fruit
diameter of Packhams Triumph pears. Acta Horticulturae: 475:295-301.
Ortega-Farias, S. and Flores., 1998. Models for predicting fruit diameter of apple by
using heat units. 23rd Conf. on Agricultural and Forest Met., Albuquerque, New
Mexico. 66-68.
Schechter, I., Proctor, J.T.,, and Elfving, D. C., 1993. Reappraisal of seasonal apple fruit
growth. Can. J. Plant Sci., 73:549-556.
Thornley, J. H. and I.R. Johnson., 1990. Plant and crop modelling; A mathematical
approach to plant and crop physiology. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 669 p.
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Tables
Table 1. Empirical factors (A,B, and C), specific growth rate () and coefficient of
determination (r2) for the logistic model (Early harvest, cv. Royal Gala).
Commercial
Orchards
A
B
C
D
E
Average
2835
2280
3042
3145
2400
2740.4
35
30
39
37
32
34.6
122.4
92.09
134.6
122.4
87.5
111.8
(1/C)
0.0037
0.0035
0.0039
0.0035
0.0034
0.0036
r2
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.99
0.99
Figures
90
Diameter (mm)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
100
300
500
700
900
1100
GDD (C)
Fig. 1. Apple fruit growth (cv. Royal Gala) as a function of GDD during the 1999-2000
growing season.
FFW (gr)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
20
40
60
Apple Diameter (mm)
FFWo
80
FFWe
Fig. 2. Estimated (FFWe) and observed (FFWo) fruit fresh weight for cv. Royal Gala as
a function of fruit diameter.
Estimated (mm)
80
70
60
50
40
30
30
40
50
60
Observed (mm)
70
80
Fig. 3. Observed and estimated apple diameters (cv. Royal Gala) for the 2000-2001
growing season.