Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
7. INTELLECTUAL CONDITIONS:
Intellectually they were progressed than any other nation of their time.
They were masters of ancient astrology.
They divided the ZODIAC into twelve signs and named its constellations.
They could foretell lunar and solar eclipse.
They had more improved the calendar then that of Egyptians.
They devised a week of seven days.
They further divided the day into hours and hours into minutes.
8. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS:
Babylonians were worshippers of many gods.
The most prominent feature of their religion was their belief in evil spirits.
They sought to save themselves from the evil spirits by magic rites.
Secondly, they believed in astrology or foretelling of events by the aspects of the planets and
stars.
9. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:
They were interested both in agriculture and commerce.
They were especially interested in rearing flocks.
No coinage was invented yet; trade and commerce was done through barter system.
The Babylonian merchants devised a system of keeping accounts and banking; they also fixed
weights and measures.
Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest European city in the middle ages.
8. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS:
Christianity was the state religion of the Byzantine Empire.
The emperor was master of both political and religious affairs.
He claimed Divine Right to Rule.
9. POLITICAL CONDITIONS:
Byzantine was absolute monarchy surrounded by a well trained and centralized bureaucracy.
The control of the emperor was absolute.
At the centre of Sassanid caste system was the SHEHNSHAH, ruling over all the nobles.
6. INTELLECTUAL CONDITIONS:
1 The Sassanid kings were enlightened patrons of letters and philosophy.
2 Khusro I had the works of Plato and Aristotle translated into Pehlvi and even read them
himself.
3 Under his patronage, the college of Gundi Shahpur, founded in 5th Century, became the
greatest intellectual centre of the time.
4 The art flourished tremendously in Sassanid Empire and influenced Islamic culture and
architecture in the years to come.
7. POLITICAL CONDITIONS:
1 The Sassanid empire was absolute monarchy with the Shehnshah being the absolute and
ultimate ruler.
8. DECLINE AND DOWNFALL OF SASSANID EMPIRE:
2 After a series of wars, with the Sassanids, the Muslims brought the downfall of the empire, in
the 651 A.D
4. RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS:
Religiously, the Arabia painted a lamentable picture.
They were indulged in idolatry and nature worshiping.
They did not believe in oneness of God and life hereafter.
The house of Kaaba had become the house of idols.
Only it had 360 idols.
Magicians exploited the poor who believed in evil spirits and superstitions.
5. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:
Barren soil and non-navigable rivers and dry climate made cultivation of Arab desert impossible.
Poverty made the most penniless Arabs to commit infanticide.
Bedouins mainly reared flock and cattle.
Camel acted as ship of the desert.
In TRADE, Makkah was the a great commercial centre.
South Arabia supplied super fine leather and valuable materials for dress.
North Arabia supplied corn and weapons.
Trade was carried out through barter system.
6. INTELLECTUAL CONDITIONS:
The Arabs excelled the whole world especially in their poetry, memory power and eloquence.
They had wild love for their language, Arabic.
Amral Qais was the most prominent pre-Islamic poet.
Education in the modern sense was yet to develop.
7. CONCLUSION:
The stage was set; the moment was psychological for the rise of a great religious and psychological
leader. The Prophet came as a mercy towards the creatures and raised the Arabs from a fallen state
to the highest pitch of glory.
( Philip K. Hitti )
1
2
3
4
5
6
3.
1
2
3
4
POLITICAL REFORMS
Islamic political system based on equality, liberty and fraternity.
No more tribal warfare.
Concept of pan-Islamism.
Establishment of Islamic Empire which is one of the greatest empire of all the time.
4. INTELLECTUAL REFORMS
1 Islam brought a revolutionary change in the pre-Islamic intellectual domains.
2 Islam promoted learning and education.
It is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman to acquire knowledge.
(Al-hadith)
3 Arabs who were previously known as lizard eaters became the most civilized people on the
face of earth.
4 Muslim rulers patronized educational, cultural and intellectual development in the cities of
Baghdad, Damascus, Cordova and Granada which proved to be greatest centers of
civilization in the world.
5. ECONOMIC REFORMS
1 Islam introduced the best economic system the human society ever witnessed.
2 Measures like Zakat, Charity, ensures the circulation of wealth and discourage its
accumulation into few hands.
3 Islam strictly prohibits economic exploitation of people in any form or shape.
4 Islam gives right of inheritance to woman which the Arabs during Jahliya Period denied.
STUDY AREA TWO: THE HOLY PROPHET ( P.B.U.H)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CHARTER OF MADINAH
IMPORTANT CLAUSES
1 Common nationality for all communities.
2 Common defense. Common enemies/Common friends.
3 (All parties are bound help each other in case of foreign assault. None among the
stakeholders can sign a separate peace while Muslims are fighting in the path of Allah.)
4 Common interest against Quraish. (No non-believer in Madinah will intervene in favour of
Quraish.)
5 Religious freedom for all.
6 Equal Rights for all. (Social, Legal and Economic Equality.)
7 Protection of the oppressed.
8
9
10
11
TREATY OF HUDAIBIYA
1. BACKGROUND
Six years had passed since Muslims left Makkah.
They had strong desire to visit their homes and pilgrimage.
2.
1
2
3
4
INTENTION OF PILGRIMAGE
Departure from Madinah with 1400 companions.
6th Hijri, in the month of Zulqadha.
Response of Quraish.
Stay at Hudaibiya
3.
1
2
3
4
BAIT-E-RIDHWAN
Hazrat Uthman (R.A) sent as a messenger.
Quraish reluctance to allow to the pilgrimage.
Rumour of Hazrat Uthmans (R.A) death.
Oath of allegiance under the tree.
4. TREATY OF HUDAIBIYA
SOHAIL BIN AMAR came from the side of Quraish to negotiate the terms of the treaty.
5.
2
3
4
5
6
EVENTS
March of Army (10,000 Mujhadeen)
Abu Sufyan arrested and pardoned
The Prophet (P.B.U.H) was in Makkah
The most peaceful conquest
Breaking of idols
Forgiveness for all
1) BACKGROUND
10th Hijrah, The Prophet felt that his mission was completed and the sublime task accomplished
Divine indications that he would soon join his Lord. (Surah Nasr)
He decided to make farewell address on the occasion of Hajj
All the tribes were informed
2) EVENTS
Departure from Madina and arrival at Makkah
Performance of Hajj rituals
Arrival at Arafat (9 Zil-Hajj)
The sermon
O people! You have rights over your wives and your wives over you. Treat your wives with kindness. You
have taken them on the security of Allah and made them lawful unto you by the words of Allah.
iii. Muslim Brotherhood
O people! Listen to my words and remember that all Muslims are brothers unto one another.
iv. Preaching of Justice
Guard yourself from committing injustice.
v.No exploitation of the weak
You will not take your brothers belongings which he will not give you out of good will.
vi. Rights of slaves
Feed your slaves as you feed yourselves and cloth your slaves as you cloth yourselves.
vii. Bloodshed prohibited
All bloodshed in the days of ignorance is to be left unavenged.
viii. Islam perfected
This day have I perfected for you your faith and completed my blessing upon you, and have accepted for you
Islam as religion. (AL-QURAN)
4) IMPORTANCE OF THE SERMON
Never before had a spectacle been witnessed in the annals of world nor had humanity heard such moving
words, advocating respect for the humans.
(Bashir-ud-Din Muhammad)
This sermon on the mount appeals by its practicality and strong common sense to higher minds.
(Syed Ameer Ali)
SOCIAL EQUALITY
PARAGON OF PEACE
SUPPORTER OF EDUCATION AND KNOWLEDGE
SAVIOUR OF WOMEN
RELIGIOUS TOLERENCE
SAVIOUR OF SLAVES AND THEIR RIGHTS
UPHOLDER OF JUSTICE
DEATH OF ETHNOCENTRISM
1) PURPOSE OF FIGHTING
Not wealth, power and luxury
To eradicate evils from the world
To make man slave of Allah rather than that of man
2) POLICY OF FIGHTING
Three choices for enemies
i. Embrace Islam and become our brothers
ii.Pay tax (Jazya) and take our security
iii.
Come out for fight
6) ACHIEVEMENTS AS A SOLDIER
7) CONCLUSION
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A), in this critical situation, himself marched against them with Hazrat
Ali (R.A), Talha (R.A) and Zubair (R.A).
He posted them on the outer defense of Madinah.
He ordered the people of Madinah to be ready at a moments notice.
Finally there happened the Battle of Dhul Qassa in which the three Najadi tribes; Banu Abs,
Banu Zubyan, and Banu Sulaym attacked Madinah.
It resulted in the victory of Muslims.
When Usama returned victorious from Syrian expedition, Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) appointed
him to disperse the rebellion tribes around Madinah which he did in the Battle of Rabadah.
Thus the defense of Madinah which once was a great challenge was strengthened by Hazrat
Abu Bakr (R.A).
3. NON-PAYERS OF ZAKAT:
1 After the demise of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) different tribes refused to pay Zakat.
2 Due to grim circumstances at the threshold of Hazrat Abu Bakrs caliphate some prominent
companions thought it tactful to give relaxation in payment of Zakat.
3 Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) strictly turned down any idea of allowing distortion in the teachings
of Islam and said, I swear by Allah that even if so much as a piece of string is withheld from
Zakat, I shall order war against them.
4. PRETENDERS OF PROPHETHOOD:
i) Musailma, the liar:
He belonged to the powerful tribe of Banu Hanifa.
He lived in Yamama.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) dispatched Akrama and Shurahbil to put him down.
But they were unable to do so before the might of Musailama.
Finally Hazrat Khalid defeated and killed him in a fierce battle.
ii) Sajah Bint Al - Harith
1 She belonged to Bani Tamim.
2 She gathered might.
3 On way to Madinah she met Musalama and married him.
4 Hazrat Khalid crushed the revolt in Bani Tamim.
iii) Tulaiha
1 He belonged to Bani Asad.
2 He was given a crushing defeat by Hazrat Khalid.
3 After defeat he escaped and returned to Islam again.
iv) Aswad Ansi
1 He rose in Yemen.
2 Due to split in his army, he was killed by his own commander.
APOSTASY MOVEMENT:
1 After the demise of the Prophet (P.B.U.H), a number of tribes revolted both politically and
religiously.
2
3
The Arabs except Makkah, Taif, and some other tribes, took the death of the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) as a golden opportunity to throw off the yoke of allegiance to Madinah.
Now it was the greatest challenge for Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) to destroy the apostasy in
Arabia and bring people back into the lap of ISLAM.
CAUSES OF APOSTASY:
i) Disunity
Apostasy cropped up because Arabia was never wholly united under the fold of Islam.
ii) Tribal System
1 Arabs were loyal to their tribal chiefs and customs.
2 They never learnt to live up under a central political authority.
3 Thus, after the demise of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), they wanted to remain attached with their
tribal system.
iii) Desire to revive old order
1 With appearance of Islam, many chieftains lost their power.
2 They resorted to apostasy in order to revive old order.
iv) Arabian Nomadism; Bedouins
1 The Bedouins were born rebels, wild,anarchic and ungovernable in spirit, disloyal in
allegiance.
2 Islam forbade them from these evils and tried to discipline them with injunctions of new
faith.
3 However, Islam could not sunk deep into their hearts in a short time.
4 Thus, they turned to apostasy.
V) Attraction of new religion
Teachings of Islam were too harsh for the Arabs who loved the license and indulgence of the
paganism of pre-islamic times.
They could not digest the restrictions on drinking, plundering, and bloodshed.
vi) Lack of proper training
1 Most of the tribes who apostatized were the ones who could not be properly trained by the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his devoted companions.
2 Therefore, these tribes could not be well Islamized.
vii) Economic Cause
The Arabs were never known to the payment of Zakat and Khiraj.
However, these were mandatory to be paid which proved heavy on their pockets.
Thus it compelled them to join hands with apostasy movement.
viii)
Lack of communication
1 It instigated the people of the far flung areas to defect the center.
2 Communication gap created many misunderstandings among tribes.
ix) Tribal Bigotry
1 During jahliya period tribes were opponents of one another.
2 This was prohibited by Islam which tried to make all Arabs brother to one another.
3 However, it was not accepted by the tribes and they refused to forget the centuries old
enmity.
4 In order to continue tribal bigotry they turned to apostasy.
ACHEIVEMENTS OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR (R.A)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Saviour of Islam
Destruction of apostasy
Destruction of false Prophethood.
Enforcement of Zakat
Victory in Syrian expedition
Compilation of the Holy Quran
The conquest in Byzantine and Persian Empires.
6
7
8
9
Note: Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) passed away while the Sassanid invasion by Muslims
reached at this point. From now on, the conquests will be recorded in the caliphate of
Hazrat Umer (R.A).
5. THE BATTLE OF BRIDGE
20 Masna came to Madinah, once again for further help to invade Iraq and Iran.
21 He met Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) on his death bed who advised Hazrat Umer (R.A), the second
caliph, to give every possible help to Masna.
22 Hazrat Umer (R.A) sent reinforcement with Masna, and made Abu Ubaid commander despite
the opposition of other companions.
23 Abu Ubaid reached Iraq and after some minor fights, there came the battle of bridge.
24 Both armies were settled on the opposite banks of river Euphrates.
25 Ubaid despite opposition of Masna, crossed the river, and made a fatal mistake.
26 Persians had come with elephants and damaged Muslim army very badly.
27 Due to unbridged river on their back, Muslims could not even draw back.
28 3,000 (three thousands) out of 9,000 (nine thousands) Muslims could survive.
29 Abu Ubaid himself got martyred.
6. BATTLE OF BUYAB
30 This time Masna was to face the Persian commander, Mehran.
31 Once again Euphrates, hurdled between two armies.
32 This time Mehran was asked to cross the river.
33 Despite being wounded, Masna fought courageously and stood victorious.
CONSEQUENCES OF DEFEAT AT BUYAB ON PERSIANS
34 Persians were shaken down to the ground.
35 They dethroned queen Azarmi Gard, and made Yazd Gard, their new emperor.
36 Yazd Gard appointed Rustam, their chief commander, to wipe out Muslims from sassinid
Empire.
37 Thus comes the decisive Battle of Qadisiya.
38 Hazrat Umer (R.A) himself wanted to command against Rustam in the decisive battle of
Qadisiya, but Majlis-e-Shura did not permit.
39 Finally, Saad bin Abi Waqas, was appointed supreme commander of Muslim Army for this
battle.
7. BATTLE OF QADISIYA
40 It took place on May 30; 637 A.D (Muharam 14th A.H)
41 Rustam came with 1,20,000 (One lac twenty thousand) soldiers.
42 Hazrat Saad had an army of 30,000 (thirty thousand) Muslims.
43 The battle lasted three days and four nights.
DAY ONE: IRANIAN came with elephants and damaged Muslims a great deal.
DAY- TWO: Muslims covered their camels in black cloth which frightened the Iranian horses
and remained dominant.
DAY THREE: Muslims attacked courageously. Fight went on all night. Muslims virtually
conquered.
DAY FOUR: Rustam himself entered to fight but was killed. Saad stood victorious.
8. FALL OF MADAIN, THE IRANIAN CAPITAL
44 After Qadisiya, Hazrat Saad advanced towards Madain.
45 The city was parted into two halves by the river Tirgris.
46 After some resistance Saad entered both halves by force.
47 Emperor fled away leaving the richest city of the Sassinid Empire for the Muslims.
9. BATTLE OF NAHWAND
48 Yazd Gard made final ditch effort to recover the Empire from Muslims and sent Mardan
Shah with one lac fifty thousand (1,50,000) army.
49 Hazrat Umer (R.A) desired to lead army himself but once again Majlis-e-Shura did not
permit.
50 Hazrat Nouman bin Makran, was appointed commander-in-chief of Muslim army.
51 Muslims ended up with victory.
52 After this battle, general expedition took place and the whole of Sassanid Empire fell to
Muslims.
MUSLIMS CONQUEST IN BYZANTINE EMPIRE (SYRIA, PALASTINE, JORDAN,
EGYPT)
53 Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) sent four divisions of army under four different commanders for
Syrian invasion.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
54
55
56
1. BATTLE OF AJNAHDAIN
57 It took place on July 30; 634 A.D
58 Muslim strength 40,000.
59 Christian strength 100,000 plus.
60 Muslim commander Khalid bin Waleed.
61 Christian commander Theodrus, emperors brother.
62 Khalid stood victorious and Theodrus fled away.
63 The news of the victory at Ajnahdain reached Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A) on his death bed.
Note: From now on, the conquests in Byzantine Empire will be recorded in the
caliphate of Hazrat Umer (R.A).
64 After the defeat at Ajnahdain, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius fled away from Emesa
(Hims) to Antich in northern Syria which became his second capital.
65 Now Khalid divided his army into three sections such as;
a) Shurabil to Jordan
b) Amr bin Aas to Palestine
c) He himself with Abu Ubaida and Yazid marched towards Damascus.
2. SIEGE OF DAMASCUS
66 Khalid laid down the siege of Damascus in 635 A.D
67 Khalid called Shurabil and Amr bin Aas also at the siege of Damascus.
68 Finally the Syrians came to terms and signed the treaty with Hazrat Khalid.
69 The Syrians were supposed to pay tax one dinar and one Jarib (twenty mounds of wheat) per
head annually.
3. BATTLE OF YARMOK
70 It took place on August 20; 636 A.D
71 It was the decisive battle in the Syrian land.
72 Byzantine commander Theodrus came with one lac plus troops.
73 Hazrat Khalid had thirty thousand Mujahideen.
74 Byzantine army despite greater in number was divided and parted in racial and geographical
terms.
75 Secondly, they were strange to the adverse climate of the desert.
76 The Arabs were extremely united under the command of Hazrat Khalid.
77 They were also fighting on home ground as desert and its climate were never new to them.
78 Almost one lac of the Christian soldiers were put under the sword by Muslims.
79 After the battle of Yarmok there was no formidable resistance for the Muslims in the Syrian
land.
Syria is as calm as a camel. Khalid wrote to the Caliph.
80 After this battle, Hazrat Umer (R.A) dismissed Khalid from the commandership of Muslim
army and appointed Abu Ubaida Al Jarah as new supreme commander of Muslim army.
81 Abu Ubaida divided his army such as;
i. Shurabil sent to Jordan.
ii. Yazid sent to Lebanon.
iii. Amr bin Aas to Palestine and Jerusalem.
iv. Abu Ubaida himself captured Damascus.
4. CAPTURE OF JERUSALEM
82 Amr approached Jerusalem.
83 Byzantine commander Artubun came out for fight.
84 After facing the Muslim resistance, Artubun offered to surrender the city but demanded that
the Muslim caliph should himself come to receive the keys of the city.
85 Hazrat Umer (R.A) reached Jerusalem on camel with his slave.
86 The treaty was signed between Hazrat Umer (R.A) and people of Jerusalem.
87 After this, Umer (R.A) was reluctant to launch any further invasion.
5. CONQUEST OF EGYPT
88 Amr bin Aas seeks permission from Hazrat Umer (R.A) to invade Egypt which he is given
after some reluctance.
89 Amr left for Egypt with four thousand troops in Dec; 639 A.D.
6. SIEGE OF BABYLON
90 Amr laid down the siege in April; 640 A.D.
91 Cyrus, the Byzantine governor of Egypt, shut himself up in the fortress of Babylon.
92 Hazrat Zubair (R.A) arrived with the reinforcement of about ten thousand Muslims.
93 After this reinforcement Muslim army tightened the siege and the Cyrus was compelled to
come to negations with Muslims.
94 After the treaty, Cyrus surrendered the city to Muslims.
7. FALL OF ALEXANDRIA
95 Now Amr laid down siege of Alexandria.
96 The city was heavily garrisoned by 50,000 Byzantine troops.
97 Muslim army was extremely short of siege weapons and most needed navy without which
siege of such a big city was impossible.
98 Meanwhile, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius died.
99 His grandson, Constantine-II, ascended to the throne.
100
He was young and weak as an
emperor.
101
Thus Cyrus ignored him and after
a treaty surrendered Alexandria to Muslims.
102
After the fall of Alexandria, the
whole of Egypt fell to Muslims.
8. FOUNDATION OF FUSTAT
103
After complete victory in Egypt,
Amr, with the advise of Hazrat Umer (R.A) founded city of Fustat which became Muslim
capital of Egypt.
ADMINISTRATION/MANAGEMENT/REFORMS OF HAZRAT UMER (R.A)
1. MAJLIS-E-SHURA
104
Hazrat Umer (R.A) was a born
democrat.
105
After becoming caliph he
constituted Majlis-e-Shura which was prime decision making body of the Islamic Republic.
106
It was composed of the most
important sahaba and think tanks of Islam.
107
Every important decision was
referred to the Majlis.
108
If it could not draw consensus, it
was referred to the public.
109
The will of the majority would
prevail.
110 At the time of the battle of Qadisiyah and Nahwand, Hazrat Umer (R.A) decided to lead the
army himself, but the Majlis did not permit.
2. ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE
111He divided the country into eleven provinces.
112Each was headed by governor called Wali.
113A collector, a treasurer, a Qazi, an army commander, a police officer,a head of accounts were
also appointed in each province.
114Each province was further divided into districts.
115Each district had its own administrative officer, treasurer and a judge.
3. SELECTION, POWERS AND DUTIES OF ADMINISTRATOR
116Hazrat Umer (R.A) was very meticulous in selection of administrators.
117He would consult with Majlis-e-Shura, and selected the best suited person.
118Each officer before taking his charge was given a list of his powers and duties.
119Those conditions were also read to the people whom he had to govern.
120
All his belongings were listed
before he left Madinah and were also checked on his return.
4. JUDICIAL SYSTEM
121
Hazrat Umer (R.A)s justice was
proverbial.
122
Nobody was above law before
him.
123
The judicial department was
called Quza.
124
Each district had its own court
headed by a Qazi.
125
Only the richest and most pious
people would be appointed as Qazi so that no corruption and influence should work.
5. POLICE AND PRISON HOUSES
126
foundation of Police department.
127
night watchman.
128
system of prison houses.
129
6. FINANCE DEPARTMENT
130
established the finance department.
131
conquered were administered by Dewan.
132
7. BAIT UL MAAL
133
Hazrat Umer (R.A) established
Baitul Maal in each province and one in central capital also.
134
The provincial baitul maal would
pay for the expenditures and surplus was sent to central baitul maal in Madinah.
8. PUBLC WORKS DEPARTMENT
135
It was a separate department.
Thousands of labourers were employed by this department.
136
One lac only in Egypt.
137
They were busy in construction of
waiting houses, roads, bridges, inns, water canals etc.
9. EDUCATIONAL REFORMS
138
interested in educating the masses.
139
Teachers were paid salaries by the government.
140
achievements in education are;
i) Initiating Islamic Hijrah Calendar.
ii) Islamic coinage
iii) Systematizing Arabic alphabets.
10. Military Reforms
141
pioneer of military administration.
142
soldiers registered.
143
the respective ranks.
DIVISION OF ARMY
144
army into two parts.
i) Regular Army; It continued fighting.
ii) Reserved Army; It was summoned when needed.
COMPOSITION OF ARMY
i) Cavalry; they fought on horses and camels.
ii) Infantry; they fought on foot.
MILITARY CODE
Hazrat Umer (R.A) gave a code of conduct for regular army.
The regular army was not supposed to remain away from homes more than four months.
CONSTRUCTION OF CANTONMENTS
1 Hazrat Umer (R.A) first time constructed cantonments, barracks, stables, pastures for the
facilitation of army.
2 Four main cantonments were at Kufa, Basra, Ramala, Fustat.
CHARACTER/ACHEIVEMENTS OF HAZRAT UMER (R.A)
Umers life requires but a few lines to sketch; simplicity and duty were the
guiding principles of his life; impartiality and devotion, the leading features of his
administration.
William Muir.
He was best suited to rule over the wild sons of the desert and other unruly elements
which threatened to disrupt the national unity and cohesion.
Muhammad Arshad.
Umer has been ranked higher than such men as ceaser etc. The reason is that the
conquests made by Arabs under Umer, taking into account both size and their duration, are
substantially more important than those of either Caesar or Charlemagne.
Micheal H. Hart, in his book, THE HUNDRED.
1. Pious and dutiful
2. A born democrat
3. Humble and simple
4. Master administrator
5. Paragon of Justice
6. Unparalleled conqueror
7. Stern and strict ruler
8. Humanitarian
9. Hardworking and deligent
10. Bold, Brave and determined.
CONCLUSION: HAZRAT UMER (R.A) retired to his home with the following soliloquy;
O Son of Khatab! Humble you were and Allah has elevated you; astray, and Allah has
guided you; weak, and Allah has strengthened you. Then, He caused you to rule over the necks of
your people. When one of them came seeking your aid, you did not strike him! What will you have
to say to your Lord when you present yourself before Him?
Philip K. Hitti.
1
2
This impacted hugely in terms of promulgating and establishing Islamic culture and
civilization in the newly conquered areas.
2.
1
2
3
4
3.
1
2
3
Postal System:
He improved the postal department.
Post was now carried on fast moving horses.
Thus, it linked center of the Empire with Damascus, the capital.
Development of Architecture:
He was a great admirer of art and architecture.
He paid special focus on the construction of Mosques.
Masjid-ul-Aqsa and the masterpiece Dome of Rock were constructed in Jerusalem by Abdul
Malik.
Moreover, the Grand Mosque in Damascus speak volumes of his love for Mosque architecture.
6.
1
2
3
Literary Achievements:
He himself was a matchless scholar of the day.
He would always love to promote literature and learning in his Empire.
He requested Saeed bin Musab to write exegesis (TAFSEER) of Holy Quran.
He is in our eyes, the greatest and in every respect the most powerful and illustrious ruler
amongst all the commanders of the faithful.
(WEIL)
We shall not find in the annals of the caliphate a more glorious reign than that of Al-Walid.
(William Muir)
The reign of Walid was famous for the expansion in the annals of Islam.
(E. Gibbon)
3
4
5
6
Alexander was a great conqueror, but his conquests could not turn into an Empire and lacked
prudent administrative setup.
However, Walid bin Abdul Malik, not only made glorious conquests and victories which shine
like gems in the pages of Islamic history, but also consolidated the Muslim Empire.
It was the second great period of Islamic expansion after Umar-I which made the Islamic
Empire one of the largest Empires in the world history.
His Empire extended from the confines of China to the Bay of Biscay and from the sea of Oral
the frontiers of Sindh and Punjab.
Walid enlarged and strengthened the Muslim Naval Fleet.
He divided the Fleet into five parts and deployed them around all the sea
borders of the Muslim Empire.
4
iv. Development of Art:
2 He promoted construction of Mosques in Damascus.
3 He further sanctioned the reconstruction of Egyptian and Jerusalem Mosques.
4 He also had the honour of renovating the tomb of Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
5 Most importantly, he made especial focus on the enlargement of Masjid-e-Nabvi.
From the borders of China and the Banks of the Indus, to the Atlantic, Walids word was the
law.
(William Muir)
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Paragon of Justice:
Exactly like Umar-I, he ensured the provision of justice.
He was more concerned about the selection of a Qazi than a governor.
His justice worked regardless of the family, status and influence of the offender.
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An egalitarian:
By the time he became caliph, the ethnic differences between Arab and Non-Arabs had been
deep-rooted in the Muslims Empire.
Arab considered themselves superior to the non-Arab Muslims.
Umar discouraged this social evil and promoted the concept of equality in the Islamic Empire.
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iii. Bait-ul-Maal:
Bait-ul-Maal became the royal treasury.
Caliphs and the royal family members embezzled bait-ul-maal for their personal expenditures.
To meet their lavish lifestyle, they imposed undue taxes and exploitations.
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v. Central Government:
The Umayyad central government was divided into five boards. These are as follows;
Diwan-ul-Jand:
o It was the board for military administration.
o It also dealt with scholarships and pensions.
Diwan-ul-Hiraj:
It was a board for financial management.
It maintained accounts and records.
Diwan-ul-Khatam:
o It maintained the record of correspondence and orders issued by the
caliph.
o It also issued circulars and pamphlets as decreed by the the caliph.
Diwan-ul-Barid
It was meant for postal services.
Posts were built at every 12 kilometers.
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Diwan-ul-Ahdas:
It administered police system.
Its responsibility was to ensure law and order and security of the citizens.
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7. Tribal Policy
1 Mudarites and Himyarites were two major tribes in Umayyad rule.
2 Umayyad supported agitation of one tribe against other.
8. The tragedy of Karbala
1 All the people in general, especially Shia community, was continuously reminiscent of tragedy
of Karbala.
2 The hostility of Umayyad towards the family of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) was dividing factor
between Umayyad rulers and their subjects.
3 Umayyads cursing of Hazrat Ali (R.A) in sermons raised the anti-Umayyad feelings in people.
9. Luxury and Extravagance of the Umayyads
1 Umayyad were addicted to worldly pleasures.
2 They widely indulged in evil activities and social sins.
Early Period:
Period of translation
It was followed by creative work.
Reasons/Driving forces behind acquisition of Knowledge:
Islams emphasis on acquiring knowledge from cradle to grave.
Translation of Greek, Persian and Indian works.
Translation were done under direct influence of Mansur, Harun and Mamun.
Hunayn bin Ishaq and his team of translators made most important medical writings of the
Greek by direct translations from the Greek and Syrian versions.
Development of Medicines
It ws the first science to developm among Msulims.
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Development of Chemistry:
i. Khalid bin Yazid bin Muawiya
ii.
Jabir bin Hayan (721-815 A.D)
He was popularly known as father of Chemistry owing to his contribution.
He discovered;
Nitric Acid
Sulphuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
White Lead
His popular works include;
Kitab-al-Tajmi
Kitab-al-Rahmah
ii. Al-Beruni
He worked in advanced Trigonometry.
Development of Astronomy
i. Al-Farzari
He translated Indian work on astronomy Sidhanta
ii. Al-Kindi
1 He improved astronomical instruments
iii.
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Al-Battani
He studies stars and prepared astronomical tables.
Mamun
He established an Observatory at Shammassia.
Development of Geography
1 Development of Geography was a need of Muslims at that time.
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Development of Geology
i. Ibne Sina
Development of History
i. Al-Tarabi
He was the greates Muslim historian
His prominent book was Akhbar-al-Rusul-wal-Mulk
Development of Philosophy
i. Al Kindi
He was first great Muslim philosopher.
He combined the views of Plato and Aristotle.
ii. Al-Farabi
1 He attempted to harmonize Greek philosophy with Islam.
iii. Ibne Sina
2 He wrote two books on philosophy, namely;
Kitab-al-Shifa
Aynul-Hikmat
iv. Ikhwan-as-Safa
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Development of Theology
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The famous four schools of thought, (Hanfi, Shafi, Maliki and Hanbali) also flourished during
Abbasid rule.
33 He sent his son Mahdi, who defeated the prince and re-established Arab suzerainty.
34 He also annexed Daylam in the same mission.
Byzantine Attacks
35 The Christians of Byzantine plundered and attacked Muslims time and again.
36 Al-Mansur defended Muslims at Malatia of Constantinople and built forts for the defense of
Muslims.
Conquest of Sindh
37 Sindh was re-conquered after turning down rebellion in 768 A.D - 151 A.H.
Nomination of Mahdi
38 As-Saffah had nominated his son Isa as his successor after Al-Mansur.
39 Al-Mansur snubbed that nomination and entitled his son Mahdi to be his successor.
40 Isa succumbed to Mahdis nomination after early resistance.
Al-Mansurs Advice to Mahdi
41 Always associate with those from whom you can get good advice.
42 Never let state treasury go bankrupt.
43 Concentrate on your work.
44 Keep the people and army contended.
Death of Al-Mansur
45 Al-Mansur died in 775 A.D, on his way to Makkah for pilgrimage.
courtiers were divided over making 12 years old Hisham as their ruler.
52 Ibn Abi Amir took advantage of the situation and incarcerated nascent Hisham-II by tricking
Regent Subh and himself became the authoritarian.
53 His resolve to rule over Spain made his uncrowned ruler for long time.
His efforts to win hearts of Theologians
54 He wrote the text of Holy Quran with his hands to portray himself as the bastion of Islam.
55 It was an attempt to obliterate and mitigate the hatred garnished by Faqihs of his time against
him.
56 He ordered to burn the books on philosophies and sciences which were pointed out by Faqihs.
57 This helped him gain favours of some of hardliners theologians of his time.
His Administrative and Military Achievements
58 He captured the fortress of Alhama in Leon in 981 A.D.
59 He led several expeditions to a number of Christian ruled territories which include Castile,
Leon and Navarre.
60 He inflicted a crushing defeat over them and emerged victorious in over 57 armed missions.
61 Overwhelmed by his successive victories, he conferred upon himself a honorific title, AlMansur Billah (Victorious with the aid of Allah).
62 He reorganized his army of approximately 6,00,000 men and brought reforms in it.
63 His military force consisted of two divisions mainly; Murtaziqa and Muttawia; Regular and
Volunteers respectively.
64 His most prized achievement is said to be the palace of Az-Zahira.
Medinatul Az-Zahira
65 It was a magnificent city built by him on the banks of river Guadalquivis.
66 He constructed a huge palace for himself which remains to be a worth-seeing site.
67 He also built a bridge on this river.
Revolt of his son Abdullah and count of Castile
68 His son Abdullah and Gorcia Fernadez, the count of Castile, orchestrated a clandestine scheme
to revolt against Al-Mansur.
69 Al-Mansur, dealt dexterously to this designed treachery and count of Castile made peace with
him while his son Abdullah was executed.
Revolt of Berber, Ziri
70 Regent Subh (Aurora), mother of beleaguered Hisham-II wanted to set his son free as to enable
him to accede to the throne.
71 She hired Berbers chief Ziri and offered him heavy amount to cast away Al-Mansur.
72 Al-Mansur meanwhile hankered the incarcerated Hisham-II and made him sign a document
giving away administration to the caliphate in favour of Al-Mansur.
Sacking of Santiago de Compostela
73 Santiago was regarded as holiest of Christian places.
74 No other ruler before Al-Mansur had dared to invade it.
75 Al-Mansur razed the city and brought all churches to the ground.
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