E6 201

Power Electronics

Quiz 1

1. Figure 1 shows an SCR, its schematic model, and two periodic operational waveforms.
The first operational waveform is half sinusoid with a peak current of 100 A. The second
operational waveform is a pulse width modulated waveform with a peak of 100 A and a
duty ratio of 50%. The power dissipation in the device is respectively 56.8 W and 100
W under the two operating conditions.
100 A

100 A

I
t

rd

T/2

t
0

T/2

Figure 1: An SCR, Schematic Model and Two Operational Waveforms

(A) Evaluate average current and rms current for the two operational waveforms.
(B) Evaluate model parameters V and rd of the scr.
(12)
2. Figure 2 shows the voltage across and current through a power switching device (PSD)
during the ON/OFF transient. The ON state current is 120 A. The OFF state volatge
is 600 V. The voltage and current transitions may be considered piece-wise linear.
800 V
I

600 V

120
100 V

t
0

2 s 4 s

5 s

6 s

Figure 2: Transient voltage and current in a PSD during ON/OFF Transition

(A) Sketch the switching transition on the V-I plane and indicate the salient points in
the transition.
(B) Indicate the power dissipation at each of the corner points of the switching transition
(0, 2s, 4s, 5s, 6s).
(12)
1

3. Figure 3 shows a magnetic circuit with 100 turns of winding. The magnetic circuit
consists of two separate cores (core 1 with 40 mm2 and core 2 with 100 mm2 ). Assume
the magnetic materials to be perfect (r = ). The core 1 and core 2 saturate at
Bm = 0.2 T . Assume the saturation to be perfect.
100 turns

5 mm

40 mm2
1 mm core 1

100 mm2

core 2

Figure 3: A Magnetic Circuit with a Composite Core

(A) Evaluate the inductance on account of core 1 alone (along with its saturation current).
(B) Evaluate the inductance on account of core 2 alone (along with its saturation
curent).
(C) Sketch the /I characteristics of the composite core.
(12)
4. Figure 4 shows the periodic current (of period 5 ms) through a capacitor. The positive
half and negative half currents are both sinusoidal with different peak values. The
positive peak current is 20 A. The equivalent series resistance of the capacitor is 1 .
The thermal resistance of the capacitor Rth is 0.5 C/W .
IC

20 A

t
0

1 ms

5 ms

Figure 4: Periodic Current in a Capacitor

(A) Evaluate the negative peak current in the capacitor.
(B) Evaluate the rms current in the capacitor.
(C) Evaluate the losses in the ESR of the capacitor.
2

(D) Evaluate the internal temperature rise in the capacitor.

(10)
5. Figure 5 shows a controlled rectifier consisting of a half controlled converter and a fully
controlled converter in series. The input power to these rectifiers are derived from two
secondaries of a transformer as shown. The transformer voltages are given in Fig. 5.
The output current is 20 A, continuous and ripple free.

230 V ac

20 A

v o1(t)
Vo1

I1

= 30
Iin
230 V ac

v(t)
I2

v o2(t)
Vo2
= 60

230 V ac

Figure 5: A Controlled Rectifier

(A) Evaluate the average bridge output voltages Vo1 and Vo2 .
(B) Sketch the bridge output voltages vo1 (t), vo2 (t), and the total bridge output voltage
v(t).
(C) Sketch the currents I1 and I2 and mark the salient values.
(D) Sketch the current Iin and mark the salient values.
(14)

E6 201
8.30 am to 10.00 am

Quiz 2

Power Electronics
27 October 2005

1. A permanent magnet dc motor used with a bicycle drive draws a no load current of 1
A at 36 V. The machine at full load draws a current of 8 A and runs at 200 rpm. The
resistance of the armature circuit is 1 . The iron loss may be considered negligible.
(A) Evaluate the mechanical loss at no load in watts.
(B) Evaluate ratio of full load speed to no load speed.
(C) The mechanical (friction) loss may be considered proportional to square of speed.
Evaluate the mechanical loss at full load in watts.
(D) Evaluate the output power of the motor at full load in watts.
(E) Evalute the output torque in Nm under rated speed at full load.
(10)
2. The following equation gives the current to voltage transfer function of the above motor.
(s + 0.50)
Gi (s) = 111.11 2
(s + 20.0s + 2000)
(A) Write down the transfer function in normalised pole-zero form.
(B) Sketch the asymptotic magnitude gain plot of the transfer function on appropriate
axes and mark all the salient features (dc gain, characteristic frequencies, slopes,
peak gain, and unity gain cross-over frequency) of the plot.
(C) Verify if the dc gain matches with the no load data given in Problem 1.
(12)
3. The following equation gives the transfer function of a power converter and its compensator.
625 (s + 50)(s + 4000)
G(s)H(s) =
.
s (s2 + 100s + 250000)
(A) Sketch and mark the salient points (characteristic frequencies, critical slopes, peak
gains, cross-over frequency) on the asymptotic loop gain.
(B) Comment on the stability of the closed loop controller.
(14)
4. Figure 4 shows a current controlled chopper operating with a feed-forward controller.
The inductance L is 10 mH. The resistance R is 1. The load voltage V is 40 V. The
current controller is set for a reference of I = 2A.
(A) Evaluate the closed loop current controller response time constant.
1

R
100

I V

d
Load

Gv = 1
25

I*

1/100

Figure 4: Inverter output waveform

(B) Evaluate the largest value of I , that can be given to the controller if loss of control
during start-up is to be avoided.
(C) Evaluate the steady state current in the load under the above operating conditions
if the voltage feed-forward gain (Gv ) drifts to 1.1.
(10)
5. Figure 5 shows the output waveform of an inverter. It consists of 3 pulses per half cycle.
Vdc

/6

2
/2

5/6

7/6

3/2

11/6

Vdc

Figure 5: Inverter output waveform

(A) Verify that the waveform is free from 3rd harmonic for all values of
(B) Evaluate the value of such that the output waveform is free from 5th harmonic.
(C) Evaluate V such that the fundamental output voltage is 230 V rms.
(D) Under this condition evaluate the percentage 7th harmonic in the output waveform.
(16)

Power Electronics
E6 201

1 December 2005
2.00pm to 5.00pm

Final Exam
Answer all questions
Make suitable assumptions

1. Figure 1 shows a composite switch consisting of a power mosfet channel switch in parallel
with the body diode. The diode on-state voltage is 1 V. The channel on-state resistance
rds (on) is 50 m. The current i through the switch is periodic sinusoidal current with
peak value of 40 A. The composite switch is mounted on a common heatsink with
a heat sink to ambient thermal resistance of 1.2 C/W . The device has a junction to
heatsink thermal resistance of 0.8 C/W . The ambient temperature is 50 C.
40 A

i
i

Figure 1: A Composite Switch and its Periodic Current

(A) Sketch the periodic current through the mosfet channel.
(B) Sketch the periodic current through the body diode.
(C) Evaluate the average power loss in the mosfet channel.
(D) Evaluate the average power loss in the body diode.
(E) Evaluate the temperature of the heatsink and that of the junction.
(10)
2. The turn-on transient voltage and current of a power switching device is shown in Fig. 2.
The circuit voltage is 720 V and the load current is 40 A. The switch may be considered
ideal in blocking (off-state current is zero) and conduction (on-state voltage is zero).
50 A

40 A

720 V
v(t)
i(t)

t
A

C
0

800 ns 900 ns

1 s

Figure 2: Switch-on Trajectory

(A) Sketch the switching trajectory on the v-i plane and mark the voltage, current, and
power dissipation at each of the corner points (A, B, C and D) of the switching
trajectory.
(B) Evaluate the switch-on energy loss (joule) in the transition from A to C.
(C) Evaluate the switch-on energy loss (joule) in the transition from C to D.
(15)
3. Figure 3 shows the magnetic circuit of an inductor. The inductor has 100 turns. The coil
carries a current of 1 A. The magnetic circuit has an airgap of 0.5 mm. The magnetic
circuit has a cross section of 10 mm by 10 mm. The window of the magnetic circuit is
25 mm by 25 mm. The depth of the window (into the paper) is 10 mm.
25 mm
100 Turns
BG
25
mm

BW
10 mm

0.5 mm

Figure 3: The Magnetic Circuit of an Inductor

(A) Assume that there is no leakage or fringing of the magnetic flux. The gap flux is
BG = 1.0 T . Evaluate the flux linkage and the inductance of the magnetic circuit.
(B) Assume now that there is no fringing but there is a uniform leakage field of density
BW = 0.02 T in the window as shown. The effective linkage of the leakage field
with all the turns may be taken to be 50%. Evaluate the total leakage flux linkage
and the effective inductance of the coil including the leakage field.
(10)
4. Figure 4 shows a periodic pulse shaping circuit. The capacitor is charged from a source
of 1 A through a switch S1 . The switch S1 is on for 1 second every cycle. The capacitor
(C) is 100 F . The output current shaping inductor (L) is 10 mH. The output pulse
current is obtained by switching on S2 for a duration T2 , after the capacitor is fully
charged.
(A) Sketch the periodic capacitor voltage and mark the salient features of the same.
(B) Evaluate the proper on time T2 for the switch S2 .
2

S1

S2

S1

S1

IC

Io

1s

T2

S2

1A

Figure 4: An LC Pulse Shaping Circuit

(C) Sketch the capacitor current IC and mark the salient features of the same.
(D) Sketch the output current Io and mark the salient features of the same.
(12)
5. Figure 5 shows a single phase diode rectifier. The source voltage is 230 V ac single
phase rms at 50 Hz. The conduction time of the diodes in every cycle is 1 mS. The
output dc voltage is filtered with the capacitor C at the output. The load current is
steady 1 A.
v(t)

IR
C

1A

IC
230 V, 50 Hz
1 phase

Figure 5: An LC Pulse Shaping Circuit

(A) Evaluate the output voltage ripple, and sketch the output voltage v(t) and mark
the salient features of the same.
(B) Sketch the capacitor current IC and mark the salient features of the same.
(C) Sketch the rectifier output current IR and mark the salient features of the same.
(D) Evaluate the value of the output capacitance C.
(15)
6. Figure 6 shows a fully controlled thyristor rectifier. The source is 3 phase, 415 V (line
to line, rms) 50 Hz. The source voltage has a tolerance of 10%. The rectifier has an
inductive output filter adequately large so that the output dc current ripple is negligible.
The output voltage of the converter is variable between a maximum and minimum of
500 V dc to 100 V dc. Fill up the following table giving the operating points.
3

415 V, 50 Hz
3 phase
10%

100 A
100 V dc
to
500 V dc

Figure 6: A Controlled Three Phase Rectifier

Vin

Vout

415 + 10% V

100 V dc

415 + 10% V

500 V dc

415 10% V

100 V dc

415 10% V

500 V dc

415 V

400 V dc

Firing Angle in Degree

Power Factor

(10)
7. The following specification relates to a permanent magnet dc machine.
Rated Speed: 1500 rpm;
Rated Voltage: 180 V ;
Rated Power: 10 kW ;
Rated Current: 66.5 A;
The machine parameters are as follows.
L = 40 mH; R = 0.24 ; J = 0.1 N m.sec2 ; B = 0.03 N m.sec;
(A) Evaluate the back emf constant of the machine.
(B) At rated operating condition evaluate the copper loss, frictional loss, and the stray
losses in the machine.
(C) Evaluate the efficiency of the machine at rated operating condition.
(D) Make suitable simplifying assumptions and evaluate the no load current and no
load speed of the machine at rated voltage.
(12)

8. Figure 8 shows a chopper controlled dc series motor. The machine is operating at an

input voltage of 100 V, chopper duty ratio of 0.8, armature current of 5 A, shaft speed
of 15 rad/sec, and a load torque of 23.5 Nm. The machine parameters are
R = 1 ; B = 0.1 N m.sec; L = 100 mH; J = 0.2 N m.sec2 .
The shaft speed and the armature current i are the dynamic variables of the motor.
It is necessary to evaluate the small signal dynamic model of the converter.
R
vG

i
EB

d vG

J, B
TG

TL

Figure 8: A Series Motor

(A) From the given operating point, evaluate the back emf constant (ke in volt/(amp.rad/sec))
and torque constant (kt in N m/(amp2 )) of the machine.
(B) Write down the dynamic equations of the motor in the following form.
di
= f (i, , ke, d, vG , L, R)
dt
d
= g(i, , kt , d, vG , B, J, TL )
dt
(C) Evaluate the linear small signal dynamic model of the motor in the standard state
space format at the given operating point.
(12)
9. The small signal linearised control to current transfer function of the above converter/motor
drive is given by
i(s)
0.02(1 + s/0.5)
= Gi (s) =

(1 + s/16.3)(1 + s/158.8)
d(s)
It is desired to design a closed loop compensator of the form

H(s) = K

(1 + s/a) (1 + s/c)
(1 + s/b) (s/c)

It is desired that the loopgain of the closed loop current controller is in the form
Gi (s)H(s) = 50/s.
5

(A) Suggest suitable values for K, a, b, and c to obtain the above loopgain.
(B) Evaluate the current controller response time constant and settling time with the
above controller.
(12)
10. In three phase inverters, higher power transfer is possible for the given resources, when
space phasor modulation is employed. Figure 10 shows the typical voltage phasors
(A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) available fron the standard three phase voltage source
inverter bridge circuit. The inverter switching sequences are defined based on the switch
positions of (UVW). These space phasors are A(100), B(101), C(001), D(011), E(010),
F(110), G(000), and H(111). The converter is switching at a frequency (10 kHz) which is
considerably higher switching frequency compared to the fundamental output frequency
of the ac output from the inverter which is 50 Hz. It is desired to obtain the switching
subintervals in a switching period of 20 S, corresponding to the output space phasor
indicated by P = 0.56 30 . The switching states employed in one switching period are
A, B, C, and H.
C

P
VDC

30
H

G
1 unit
E

3 ph, VAC

Figure 10: 3 Phase Inverter under Space Phasor Modulation

(A) Evaluate the switching sub-intervals in S, TA at A, TB at B, TC at C and TH at H
in each switching period.
(Note that there are many solutions available. Exercise your judgement which will
reduce your computational work).
(12)