Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ASTHMA
SUBJECT
: ENGLISH II
TERM
: 2016 III
PROFFESOR
STUDENT
CYCLE
: III
ROOM
: 302
YEAR
: 2016
pg. 1
INDEX
Dedication .............................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION:.......................................................................................................... 5
Chapter I: Framework:.................................................................................................6
1.
DEFINITION:.......................................................................................................6
1.1.
What is Asthma?............................................................................................6
1.2.
1.3.
SYMPTOMS....................................................................................................6
1.4.
DIAGNOSIS:...................................................................................................7
MEDICAL HISTORY...............................................................................................8
3.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY............................................................................................8
4.
PHARMACOTHERAPY:.........................................................................................9
5.
TREATMENT........................................................................................................10
6.
Study sites....................................................................................................11
6.2.
Spirometry....................................................................................................12
6.3.
6.4.
Prevalence of asthma..................................................................................12
pg. 2
Dedication
pg. 3
INDEX
Dedication ................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION:...........................................................................5
Chapter I: Framework:.......................................................................6
1.
DEFINITION:...........................................................................6
1.1.
What is Asthma?...................................................................6
1.2.
1.3.
SYMPTOMS.........................................................................6
1.4.
DIAGNOSIS:.........................................................................7
MEDICAL HISTORY.....................................................................8
3.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY...................................................................8
4.
PHARMACOTHERAPY:.................................................................9
5.
TREATMENT............................................................................10
6.
Study sites.........................................................................11
6.2.
Spirometry.........................................................................12
6.3.
6.4.
Prevalence of asthma..................................................................................12
pg. 4
INTRODUCTION:
Although asthma is often believed to be a disorder localized to the lungs,
current evidence indicates that it may represent a component of systemic
airway disease involving the entire respiratory tract, and this is supported by the
fact that asthma frequently coexists with other atopic disorders, particularly
allergic rhinitis.
It is more prevalent in children with a family history of atopy, and symptoms and
exacerbations are frequently provoked by a wide range of triggers including viral
infections, indoor and outdoor allergens, exercise, tobacco smoke and poor air
quality. Many infants and preschool children experience recurrent episodes of
bronchial symptoms, especially wheezing and cough, beginning at a few
months of age, mainly during a lower respiratory tract infection, and since a
clinical diagnosis of asthma usually can be made with certainty by age 5, the
early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of respiratory symptoms are
essential. Even though children have a higher overall prevalence of asthma
compared to adults.
As poorer countries undergo rapid urbanisation and development, rates of
asthma have increased. These increases have been reported across
continents.1 It has become clear that asthma is no longer a developed country
disease. Worldwide, it is reported that the prevalence of asthma is
approximately 300 million.
pg. 5
Chapter I: Framework:
1. DEFINITION:
1.1. What is Asthma?
Asthma is an inflammatory disorder
of
the
respiratory
system,
During
an
attack,
the
Symptoms
Wheezing
Breathlessness
Cough, productive or dry
Chest discomfort
Pattern of symptoms
Perennial/seasonal
Episodic/continual
Diurnal
Severity of symptom classification
Number of symptom episodes per week
Number of nocturnal symptoms per month
1.4. DIAGNOSIS:
The diagnosis of asthma involves a thorough medical history, physical
examination, and objective assessments of lung function (spirometry preferred).
Bronchoprovocation challenge testing and assessing for markers of airway
inflammation may also be helpful for diagnosing the disease, particularly when
objective measurements of lung function are normal despite the presence of
asthma symptoms.
1.5. ESTABLISH DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA AND DETERMINE LEVEL OF
SEVERITY:
Recommendations:
The diagnosis of asthma is based on the patient's medical history,
physical examination, pulmonary function tests and laboratory test
results.
Spirometry is recommended for the diagnosis of asthma.
The level of asthma severity is determined by both impairment and
risk.
Asthma triggers
Viral respiratory infections
Environmental allergens
pg. 7
5. TREATMENT
The primary goal of asthma management is to achieve and maintain control of
the disease in order to prevent exacerbations (abrupt and/or progressive
worsening of asthma symptoms that often require immediate medical attention
and/or the use of oral steroid therapy) and reduce the risk of morbidity and
mortality. The level of asthma control should be assessed at each visit, and
treatment should be tailored to achieve control. In most asthma patients, control
can be achieved through the use of both avoidance measures and
pharmacological interventions. The pharmacologic agents commonly used for
the treatment of asthma can be classified as controllers (medications taken
daily on a long-term basis that achieve control primarily through antiinflammatory effects) and relievers (medications used on an as-needed basis
for quick relief of bronchoconstriction and symptoms). Controller medications
include ICSs, leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs), long-acting beta2agonists (LABAs) in combination with an ICS, and anti-IgE therapy. Reliever
medications include rapid-acting inhaled beta2-agonists and inhaled
anticholinergics. Allergen-specific immunotherapy may also be considered in
most patients with allergic asthma, but must be prescribed by physicians who
are adequately trained in the treatment of allergies. Systemic corticosteroid
therapy may also be required for the management of acute asthma
exacerbations. When asthma control has been achieved, ongoing monitoring is
essential to establish the minimum maintenance doses required to maintain
control. However, because asthma is a variable disease, treatment may need to
be adjusted periodically in response to loss of control. It is also imperative that
all asthma patients be empowered to take an active role in the management of
their disease. This can be accomplished by providing patients with a
personalized written action plan for disease management and by educating the
patient about the nature of the disease, the role of medications, the importance
of adhering to controller therapy, and the appropriate use of inhaler devices
Usual initial treatment is with short-acting beta2 -agonist (albuterol)
administered by nebulizer or MDI/spacer. Nebulized albuterol (2.5 mg/3 mL);
depending on response to therapy, this dose may be repeated at 20-munite
intervals for up to three times. Albuterol MDI/spacer 2-6 puffs; depending on
response to therapy, this dose may be repeated at 20-minute intervals for up to
three times. Alternatives: Levalbuterol Nebulized levalbuterol (1.25mg/3mL);
depending on response to therapy, this dose may be repeated three times at 20
pg. 10
pg. 11
6.2. Spirometry
We performed spirometry with a
portable, battery-operated, handheld
spirometer (SpiroPro, Jaeger/Cardinal
Health,
Hoechberg,
Germany).
SpiroPro uses disposable, single-use
factory-calibrated pneumotachometer
tubes (pneumotachs). We asked
participants to withhold any shortacting bronchodilators within 8h and
long-acting bronchodilators for 24
48h of testing unless clinically
necessary; however, we did not have
instances where this occurred. Our
criteria were based on those
European
Respi/European
Respiratory
Society
American
Thoracic Society and European Respiratory
Society
(ATS/ERS) which specify 4h for short-acting bronchodilators and 12 h for longacting bronchodilators. We revisited participants who reported having a
respiratory infection in the last 2 weeks on a later date. Participants with heart
rate >140, systolic blood pressure >185 or diastolic blood pressure >105 would
not have been eligible for testing on that day, although this did not occur. We
obtained information on smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption in the
immediate period before testing, although these were not considered exclusion
criteria.
pg. 12
pg. 13
Videos:
pg. 14
Others:
WordReference.com. Online Language Dictionaries: EnglishSpanish Dictionary [Internet]. Copyright 2016 [cited 2016 May 30]
Available from:
http://www.wordreference.com/es/translation.asp?traword
Vocabulary:
DEVELOPING (en desarrollo): To become affected with a disease.
Patients with a family history of asthma and atopy are at significantly higher
risk of developing asthma.
RISK (riesgo): The probability that an event will occur.
Patients with a family history of asthma and atopy are at significantly higher
risk of developing asthma.
ELICITING (provocar): Any stimulus, conditioned or unconditioned, that
elicits a response.
Eliciting
symptoms
should
emphasize
characterizing
the
current
pg. 15
pg. 16