MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Bahasa
Inggris
4
PART 2
Grammar:
WRITING SPONSORSHIP
LETTER

Fakultas
FASILKOM

Program
Studi

Program
SISTEM
INFORMASI DAN
INFORMATIKA

TatapMuk
a

Kode MK

DisusunOleh

90027

Drs. Budiantoro, MA

Abstract

Kompetensi

the aim of this study is to understand

vocabularies of SPONSORSHIP letter
IN This material is a basic language
skill, in listening and reading.

Students are able to understand, first,

the vocabulary by WRITING from
general resources of
COMMUNICATION USING letters,
second, in grammar, E.G. the terms in
this types of communication

Pembahasan
A cash flow describes a real or virtual movement of money:

a cash flow in its narrow sense is a payment (in a currency),

especially from one central bank account to another; the term
'cash flow' is mostly used to describe payments that are
expected to happen in the future, are thus uncertain and
therefore need to be forecasted with cash flows;

a cash flow is determined by its time t, nominal amount

N, currency CCYand account A; symbolically CF=CF(t,N,CCY,A).

it is however popular to use cash flows in a less specified

sense describing (symbolic) payments into or out of a business,
project, or financial product.

Cash flows are narrowly interconnected with the concepts

of value, interest rate and liquidity. A cash flow that shall happen
on a future day tN can be transformed into a cashflow of the same
value in t0.
Cash flow analysis
Cash flows are often transformed into measures that give
information e.g. on a company's value and situation:

to determine a project's rate of return or value. The time of

cash flows into and out of projects are used as inputs in financial
models such as internal rate of return and net present value.

to determine problems with a business's liquidity. Being

profitable does not necessarily mean being liquid. A company
can fail because of a shortage of cash even while profitable.

as an alternative measure of a business's profits when it is

believed that accrual accounting concepts do not represent
economic realities. For instance, a company may be notionally
profitable but generating little operational cash (as may be the
case for a company that barters its products rather than selling
for cash). In such a case, the company may be deriving
additional operating cash by issuing shares or raising additional
debt finance.

cash flow can be used to evaluate the 'quality' of income

generated by accrual accounting. When net income is composed
of large non-cash items it is considered low quality.

to evaluate the risks within a financial product, e.g., matching

cash requirements, evaluating default risk, re-investment
requirements, etc.

Cash flow notion is based loosely on cash flow statement

accounting standards. the term is flexible and can refer to time
intervals spanning over past-future. It can refer to the total of all
flows involved or a subset of those flows. Subset terms include net
cash flow, operating cash flow and free cash flow.
Symptoms of cash flow problems.[citation needed] There are many
reasons a business can suffer cash flow problems some are down
to mismanagement and poor decisions, and in some cases factors
outside of your control. Any of the following symptoms can indicate
that a business is experiencing cash flow problems:

Up to overdraft limit no headroom / returned payments

Stretch to pay salaries each month

Trade creditor arrears

Taxation arrears

Rent arrears

No working capital buffer surviving day to day

Negative working capital on balance sheet over geared /

losses?

Lack of funds for remedial action (redundancies / premises

relocation)

Lack of profitability insufficient to support owner / managers

lifestyle

Unable to pay for professional advice

Cash flow problems can be avoided through good credit

management; the Chartered Institute of Credit Management has
produced a series of Managing Cash flow Guides which are
available on its website (see references) which have been
dowloaded more than 500,000 times at December 2015

MODALS and MODALS PERFECT

What have researchers said about Modal Verbs?

The use of modal verbs is one of the problematic areas of English

Grammar. (Randolph Quirk et al., 220)
In respect to the later developments of meaning carried by [modal
auxiliaries], the situation is exceedingly complex and no rules yet
formed seem adequate to mark out precisely their area of use.
(Peter Howard Fries, 175)
What makes it so difficult to account for the use ofmodal
auxiliaries or modalsis that their meaning has both a logical and
a practical (or pragmatic) element. (Geoffrey N Leech, 66)
The mood represented by modal verbs or auxiliaries expresses
certain attitudes of mind of the speaker towards the contents of the
sentence. (Jespersen)
Modal verbs express modality defined as the
Modal verbs express modality defined as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
so as to reflect the speakers judgment of the
so as to reflect the speakers judgment of the
likelihood of the proposition it expresses being true.
likelihood of the proposition it expresses being true.
(Randolph Quirk et al. 219)
(Randolph Quirk et al. 219)

Modals are mainly used when we want to indicate our

attitude to what we are saying, or when we are considering
how what we say will affect the person we are
communicating with.
They are Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and
specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence.
Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as Modal Auxiliary
verbs because they help other verbs.
The modal auxiliary verbs or modal verbs are can,
could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, ought
to, must, need and dare.
We use modal verbs to talk about possibility, willingness,
ability, obligation, certainty and permission.
It might rain .(possibility)

 You must be home by 11 oclock. (obligation)

Will you help me? (willingness)
You havent eaten all day. You must be hungry.
(certainty)
May I borrow your car? (permission)
Modals (except ought) are always followed by the base
form of the verb.
I might play tennis tomorrow.
You ought to tell her.
Modals never inflect or conjugate
no ing or ed forms,
no s in the 3rd person singular present.
He can ski
He cans ski X or He can skis X
Modals do not use do or did to form negatives.
They cant be serious
They dont can be serious X
The negative of can is written as one word.
She cannot (cant) come.
Could is sometimes the past of can (ability).
Louise can read.
Louise could read when she was three.
Modals do not use do or did to form questions.
Would you like to come with me?
Do you would like to come with me? X
Talking about the past:
modal verb + have + past
participle.
Peter is late. He may have missed his bus.
(Perhaps he missed his bus.)

The Meanings of Modal Verbs

Intrinsic = imply some kind of human control over
events, so they include meanings which are often
described as permission, willingness and necessity.

 Extrinsic = involve some kind of human judgment about

what is or isnt likely to happen, so include meanings
which are described often as prediction or possibility.
All modal verbs have both intrinsic and extrinsic uses.
You can have a break now. (Intrinsic use)
Paris can be very hot in summer. (Extrinsic use)
I will see you tomorrow. (Intrinsic and extrinsic use)

How do we use modals?

Subje
ct

Verb

What do they express?

They can have different meanings depending on the
situations they are used.
To understand it better we are going to divide them into 3
categories
1. Single Concept Modal: they have one meaning
2. Double Concept Modal: they have two meanings
3. Modals in past (Perfect Modals) : They are used to
express a situation in the past

Single
concept
Modals

Double
Concept
Modals

Modals in
Past
(Perfect
Modals)

May

Would have

Must

Could have

Would

Might have

Shall

Should have

Could

May have

Can

Must have

Will
Might
Should
Ought to
Had better

Single Concept Modal

Mod
al

Concept

Examples

Will

Future

Joe will travel to NY next week

Might

Small probability

I might move to Canada some day

Should

Recommendation

You should go to the doctor

Ought
to

Formal
recommendation

We ought to know about first aids

Had
better

Warning

I had better study or I will fail the

test

Double Concept Modal

Moda
l

Concept

Examples

May (1)

Permission

May I come in?

May (2)

Good probability

We may visit Mexico this summer

Must (1)

Responsibility

Everyone must pay taxes

Must (2)

Assumption

She didnt arrive. She must be sick

Would
(1)

Past (used to)

When I was young, I would play

soccer

Would
(2)

Present unreal

I would buy the car but I cant

afford it

Modal
Shall (1)

Concept
Educated
expression

Examples
Excuse me, I shall go now.
Shall I clean it?

Offer
Shall (2)

Contractual
obligation

The company shall pay on

January 1st

Could (1)

Unreal Ability

I could go if I had time

Could (2)

Past Ability

She could play the piano, not

anymore

Can (1)

Present Ability

We can speak English

Can (2)

Permission

Can I have a sweet?

Perfect Modals (Modals in the Past)

They are modals that refer to actions that happened in the

past
MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle (V3)
It must have been a difficult decision
They should have invited her to their wedding

PERFECT
MODAL

USE

EXAMPLES

MUST

HAVE +
V3

Deduction in the past

Peter has arrived late. He must have

been in a traffic jam

MAY /
MIGHT

HAVE +
V3

Possibility in the past

Joe may / might have taken the wrong

train.

CANT

HAVE +
V3

Impossibility
(negative deduction)
in the past.

Mary is very sensitive. She cant have

passed a good time when her child
got sick.

COULD

HAVE +
V3

A possible action in
the past that was not
fulfilled

You could have played better

WOULD

HAVE +
V3

Unfulfilled wish in the

past

I would have visited you, but I forgot

your address

SHOULD
(NOT) /
OUGHT TO

HAVE +
V3

Regret about
something we did
wrong (didn't) in the
past.

You should / ought to have warned

me earlier

NEEDNT

HAVE +
V3

Says that we did

something although
it was not necessary
to be done.

You neednt have bought it.

Modal

Concept

I could have passed my exam but I

didnt study enough.

He shouldnt have told them

You neednt have come. Why have

you done it?

Examples

Would have Past unreal action

I would have bought the car, but I didnt have money

Could have

Past unreal Ability

She could have taken the flight

May have

Past unreal PossibilityWe may have passed the test, but it was in French

Might have

Past Unreal Small

Probability

You might have sold the house, if you really needed

the money

Should
have

Past unreal
Recommendation

You should have listened to the doctor

Must have

Past unreal
assumption

We must have been crazy!

Modals-like verbs
There are few verbs which often serve as modals too.
These are modal-like verbs
They need to be conjugated
Modal

Concept

Example

Like to

Enjoy

I like to watch TV

Want to

Desire

John wants to buy a car

Need to

Necessity

We really needed to talk to

you

Have to

Obligation Susan had to pay the rent

Have got to

Have to

Ive got to go now

Look forward
to

Future
plan

I look forward to seeing you

again

PRACTICE
EXERCISE 1

Choose the best answer: a, b, c or d

1. My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to b. Would c. Should d. Could
2. I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency
room.
a. Might b. could
c. ought to d. can
3. If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new
diet.
a. Could b. mustnt c. dont have to d. had to
4. Johnnies fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!
a. Will
b. might c. may
d. ought to
5. You _______ come too early. We wont leave until 9 oclock.
a. Has to b. must
c. neednt d. cant
6. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to
b. must
c. would d. mustnt
7. You _________ talk during tests. Its forbidden!
a. dont have to b. mustnt c. couldnt d. ought to
8. I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.
a. Can
b. would c. must
d. have to
9. They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldnt
b. mustnt c. shouldnt
d. couldnt
10.
Youve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be
serious!
a. Must
b. had to c. cant
d. shouldnt
11.
__________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. could
b. may
c. should d. would
12.
You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. Its
a surprise!
a. mustnt b. wouldnt
c. couldnt d. can
13.
__________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?
a. Must
b. May
c. Would d. Need
14.
He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus
a. Must have
b. Should have c. Could have d. must

EXERCISE 2

Fill in the blanks with dont have to, mustnt

1. You ________ smoke in a gas station.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
2. You ________ pass a test to ride a bicycle.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
3. You ________ open up the computer while it is plugged in.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
4. Shops ________ sell cigarettes to children.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
5. This bus is free! You ________ buy a ticket.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
6. You ____ live in Canada to study at the University of Victoria.
You can take a course by Internet.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
7. In the US, employers ________ discriminate against women or
minorities. It's against the law.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
8. You ________ buy the text book for this course -- you can borrow
mine.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
9. Puerto Ricans________ get a visa to travel to the US.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't
10.
You ________ be late for class, or the teacher will be angry.
a) don't have to
b) mustn't

EXERCISE 3

Using the correct form of the modal verb in capitals,

rewrite the sentences so that the meaning is almost
identical.
1. I'm sure he is in love with Mary.(MUST)
2. You are not allowed to walk on the grass.(MAY)

3. I don't believe it's ten o'clock

(CAN).
4. You'd better call the police. (SHOULD)
5. Perhaps he works for the mafia.(MIGHT)
6. Why don't you bring me that book?(COULD)
7. Please stop talking. (COULD)
8. Please sit down.(WILL)
9. You cannot walk on the grass.(MUST)
10.
Peter, you study very little. (SHOULD)
11.
He wasn't able to lift the piano.
(COULD)
12.
It's forbidden to enter the building.(CAN)
13.
It's just possible that the phone is out of order.(MIGHT)
14.
He used to smoke his pipe in the evenings. (WOULD)
15.
Let me help you.
(CAN)
16.
The Government is not creating enough work.
(OUGHT)
17.
I insist that you do as I say.(MUST)
18.
We didn't call the doctor because it wasn't necessary.
(NEED)
19.
Do you know how to make an omelette?(CAN)
20.
Why don't we go for a walk?(SHALL)
21.
Perhaps it is going to rain.(COULD)
22.
You're not allowed to look.(MUST)
23.
It's possible that she's visiting her parents.(MAY)
24.
You are not obliged to say anything.(NEED)
25.
I'm sure that this is not Peter. He is taller. (CAN)

EXERCISE 4

Complete the sentences with one of the modal verbs listed

below:
must, mustnt, can, cant, could, couldnt neednt, will, wont
1. Dogs ___________________fly.
2. You ___________________wear a coat, its quite warm.
3. Students ___________________be quiet when they write the
test!
4. I ___________________go to school tomorrow because I am ill.
5. ___________________you open the window, please?
6. You ___________________drive fast. Its dangerous!

7. When he was fifteen he ___________________run fast but he

cant now.
8. Shes a famous ballerina. She ___________________dance very
well.
9. She ___________________dance at the party because her leg
was broken.
10. If you go to bed so late every day, of course you
_________________feel tired.
11. Your father is sleeping. You ___________________be noisy.
12.Birds ___________________fly.
13. If you dont study, you ___________________do very well in
the test.
14. He is late; he . run to
school.
15. We . book a table in the restaurant. John has already
booked one for us.
16. Lions . sing.
17. He buy anything he wanted when
he was rich.
18.You .smoke. It is forbidden in here.
19.We ..leave now. We can stay for a while if you want.
20.I ... send you a postcard from Spain.

Answers,
EXERCISE 1
1. d
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. d

10. c
11. d
12. a
13. b
14. d
EXERCISE 2
1. b
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. a
7. b
8. a
9. a
10.b
EXERCISE 3
1. He must be in love with Mary.
2. You may not walk on the grass.
3. I can't believe it's ten o'clock.
4. You should call the police.
5. He might work for the mafia.
6. Could you bring me that book?
7. Could you please stop talking?
8. Will you please sit down?
9. You mustn't walk on the grass.
10.Peter, you should study harder
11.He couldn't lift the piano.
12.You can't enter the building.
13.The phone might be out of order.
14.He would smoke his pipe in the evenings.
15.Can I help you?
16.The Government ought to create more work.
17.You must do as I say.
18.We didn't need to call the doctor.
19.Can you make an omelette?
20.Shall we go for a walk?
21.It could rain.
22.You mustn't look.
23.She may be visiting her parents.
24.you needn't say anything or You don't need to say anything.
25.He can't be Peter.

EXERCISE 4
1. Dogs cant fly.
2. You neednt wear a coat, its quite warm.
3. Students must be quiet when they write the test!
4. I wont go to school tomorrow because I am ill.
5. Will you open the window, please?
6. You mustnt drive fast. Its dangerous!
7. When he was fifteen he could run fast but he cant now.
8. Shes a famous ballerina. She can dance very well.
9. She couldnt dance at the party because her leg was
broken.
10.
If you go to bed so late every day, of course you will
feel tired.
11.
Your father is sleeping. You mustnt be noisy.
12.
Birds can fly.
13.
If you dont study, you wont do very well in the test.
14.
He is late; he must run to school.
15.
We neednt book a table in the restaurant. John has
already booked one for us.
16.
Lions cant sing.
17.
He could buy anything he wanted when he was rich.
18.You mustnt smoke. It is forbidden in here.
19.We neednt leave now. We can stay for a while if you want.
20.I will send you a postcard from Spain.

Bibliography
Fuchs, M. (2001). Grammar Express. New York, USA: Wesley Longman, Inc.
Lougheed, L. (2008). 600 essential words for the TOElC test (3rd Ed ed.). New
York, USA: Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
Talcott, C. (2011). A Communicative Course for TOEIC Preparation. New York,
USA: Cambridge University Press.

References

1. An Old English Grammar: Randolph Quirk,

Northern Illinois University Press, 1994.
2. Meaning and the English Verb: Geoffrey N.
Leech, Pearson ESL, 3rd. ed. 2004.
3. On Subject and Theme :Peter Howard Fries,
John Benjamin Publishing, 1996.
4. The Philosophy of Grammar, Jespersen,
The University of Chicago Press, 1992.
5. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Azar,
Betty. Pearson Education: New York, 2007.
6. My communicative grammar study guide.