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inefficiency,
mismanagement
to
corruption,
governments in many countries tried to improve
public procurement systems, including reforms in
public procurement laws and regulations, and
organizational
structures;
issuing
procurement
guidelines, and improving public procurement
professionals. The most significant step in public
procurement is Issuance of Methodology for
Assessing Procurement Systems (MAPS) by the
Organisation
for
Economic
Cooperation
and
Development (OECD) in 2004. Interestingly enough,
the U. S. General Accountability Office issued in 2005
Framework for Assessing the Acquisition Function at
Federal Agencies (GAO, 2005). These two
frameworks propose key pillars (OECD-DAC), or
cornerstones (GAO):
OECD-DACs Four Pillars
(2004)
Legislative and regulatory
framework
Institutional framework and
management capacity
Procurement operations
and market practices
Integrity and transparency
of the public procurement
system
GAOs
Four
Cornerstones (2005)
Policies and
processes
Organizational
alignment and
leadership
Human capital
Knowledge and
information
management
Median
Mean
Chile
Colombia
Panama
Dom Rep
Ecuador
Honduras
Guyana
Costa Rica
Uruguay
Peru
Mexico
Procurement
Share of
Total Budget
8.0
1.5
20.54 18.55
(%)
14.74 21.42 4 11.84 18.55 9 20.44 10.22 28.40 53.19 37.51
Number of
Procurement
Employees
5,369 NR 33
40
15
28 387 209 100 107 120 641 113
Percent of Government Procurement Expenditure in Total Budget & Workers Employed in Procurement
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Legal Framework
No
Indicato
rs
scoring
11
100%
72.73%
72.73%
45.45%
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Clear Statements
Unclear Statements
Chile
Colombia
Panama
Dom Rep
Ecuador
Honduras
Guyana
Costa Rica
Uruguay
Peru
Mexico
0%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Present
Absent
NOTES
1. This created the need for professionalization through
specialization and thus centralization. From a businessmanagement perspective, a higher degree of
specialization and centralization is able to reduce
public procurement process costs for government
authorities who faced 8.8 billion Euros in Germany in
2007 (Rambll, 2008; Einmahl, Amann & Essig, 2016).
REFERENCES