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JoeStith,P.E.
BenjaminBlasen,P.E.
Outline
Introduction
DeterminingArchBucklingMethod
ArchTypes
CalculatingArchBucklingCapacity
HistoricalComparison
Questions
Introduction
In2014CH2MHILLwonODOTArchBridge
LoadRatingcontracttodevelopaload
ratingmethodforarchbridgesandload
ratevariousarches.
Whilecalculatingtheaxialcapacity
(AASHTO6.9.4.1.2)ofasteelarch,a
deepertopicofarchbucklingwas
explored.
Alsoappliestoallarches,becausetheEuler
bucklingloadisincludedinthemoment
magnificationequations(AASHTO4.5.3.2.2c)
3
DeterminingArchBucklingMethod
ArchBuckling
AASHTO4.5.3.2.2cprovidesa
referencefortheunsupported
length(lu)andtheeffective
lengthfactor(K)
TabledoesnotincludeTied
Arches
ArchTypes
MomentTiedArch
Archtiecarriesflexureinadditiontotension
Floorbeams connectdirectlytotie
Connectionbetweenarchandtie
TensionTieisstifferthanArchRib
ArchTypes
FixedFixedConcreteArch
ArchTypes
PinnedPinnedConcreteArch
ArchTypes
BowstringArch
TensionTieonlycarriesaxialload
UnsymmetricalFlexurecarriedbyArch
3pinbowstringarch
ArchTypes
MomentTiedArch
MomentTieisstifferthanArchRib
Floorbeams/Deckattachdirectlyto
MomentTie
FlexureinMomentTie
10
MomentMagnification
AASHTOequationsformoment
magnificationandbuckling
factorsarebasedonthe
NettletonpaperArchBridges
ArchBridgesEq.
AASHTOEq.
11
EffectiveLengthFactor
AASHTOvsEurocode32SteelBridges
for3Hinged,2Hinged,andFixed
Twocodesagreeoneffectivelength
factors(K=Beta)
12
InitialConclusions
Thesemethodsareforuniformsection
properties
Thearchendconditionsmustmatch
tables/figures
Ifnot,adetailedbucklinganalysismustbe
performed
13
CalculatingArchBucklingCapacity
14
GeneralEquation
BucklingcontrolsthecapacityforMomentand
Compression(thetwoactionsactingonthe
arches)
Bucklingiscontrolledbytheunsupportedlength
(lu)andtheeffectivelengthfactor(K)
15
Nonlinearpushovervs.Eigenvaluebuckling
analysismethods.
Agreementamongtechnicalpapersandsoftwarecommunity.
Nonlinear buckling analysis is more accurate than eigenvalue analysis because it employs
nonlinear, large-deformation, static analysis to predict buckling loads. Its mode of operation is
very simple: it gradually increases the applied load until a load level is found whereby the
structure becomes unstable.
-ANSYS Tutorials Buckling: http://www.mece.ualberta.ca/tutorials/ansys/IT/Buckling/Buckling.html
Nonlinear buckling analysis provides greater accuracy than elastic formulation (Eigenvalue).
-CSi Knowledge Base: http://wiki.csiamerica.com/display/kb/Eigenvalue+vs.+Nonlinear+buckling+analysis
The nonlinear buckling analysis provides a more accurate indication of buckling than other
methods. A linear bifurcation buckling analysis, usually based on eigenvalue solutions,
oversimplifies buckling behavior and often under- or over-estimates buckling conditions.
-LARSA 4D Documentation Analysis Reference: Larsa_4D.chm::/analysis/nonlinear
NonlinearPushoverAnalysis
Providearchnodeswithaninitialimperfectionintheshapeofthebuckling
mode.
Applyauniformdistributedloadtothebridgedeck.
UsetheMIDASGeometricNonlinearAnalysisControltograduallyrampup
LoadFactors.
Observethestructuralresponse.
Thebucklingloadistakenastheaxialforceatthequarterpointoftherib
forthestepimmediatelybeforenonrealresultsareobtained.
Just before buckling, small
changes in force will yield rapid
deformations.
LARSA 4D Documentation: Analysis Reference
17
InitialImperfection
Theshape ofthegeometricimperfectionisdeterminedbythefixity
conditionsofthearchattheendsandcenter.
Shapeandamplitudesofimperfectionsforinplanebucklingof
arches.ReproducedfromTableD.8ofEurocode3Part2.
18
InitialImperfection
Themagnitudeofthegeometricimperfectionsareafunctionofthe
allowableconstructiontolerancesfromtheoreticaldimensionsfor
fabricationandconstructionofarchrib.
Shapeandamplitudesofimperfectionsforinplanebucklingof
arches.ReproducedfromTableD.8ofEurocode3Part2.
19
InitialImperfection
Forsteelbridges,theoverall
magnitudeoftheimperfectionis
alsoafunctionofthematerialyield
stressandtheresidualstressesin
thecrosssection(thestructural
imperfections).
Selectionofbucklingcurveforacross
section.ReproducedfromTable6.2of
Eurocode3Part11.
20
InitialImperfection
Forconcretearches,theoverallmagnitudeofthestructuralimperfectionsisa
functionofthearchspanlengthandtypicallyresultsinclassificationc(L/400).
Concretearchesalsorequireareductioninsectionstiffnesstoaccountfor
crackedsectionstiffness..Approximately0.40*EI
Equationreproducedfrom
AASHTOEq.5.7.4.32
InitialImperfection
Formostcases:
Shapeandamplitudesofimperfectionsforinplanebucklingof
arches.ReproducedfromTableD.8ofEurocode3Part2.
22
InitialImperfection
(ft)
Xcoordinate
Ycoordinate
Zcoordinate
(ft)
(ft)
(ft)
0.00
3.11
4.06
4.68
5.69
10.62
11.58
17.18
583.4953
586.6092
587.5503
588.1766
589.1846
594.112
595.079
600.6737
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
400
23
sin 2
1.839613
3.664345
4.215879
4.557474
5.107373
7.795276
8.283621
11.10892
Imperfection
(ft)
zi
0.0000000
0.0651036
0.0846789
0.0976596
0.1184670
0.2178922
0.2368177
0.3410569
NewZ
(ft)
= Z + zi
1.83961
3.59924
4.13120
4.45981
4.98891
7.57738
8.04680
10.76787
Calculation of new
z-coordinates for initial
displaced shape.
ArchisBuckled,whatshouldIlookat?
24
SelectionofRibQuarterPoint
Axialstressvariesalongtheribattheloadstepofcriticalbucklingload.
Maxatthesupports.
Minusuallyatmidspan.
Quarterpointisgoodaverage.
Quarterpointisalsothelocationof
maximumdisplacement.
Thequarterpointisalsousedby
severaloftheanalysisreferences.
25
AnalysisResults,BeamDiagrams
26
AnalysisResults,BeamDiagrams
27
AnalysisResults,BeamDiagrams
28
AnalysisResults,BeamDiagrams
29
AnalysisResults,Check
Verify with chart of arch quarter-point nodal displacement.
Failure observed at Load Step Factor 304, ok!
30
Collapse occurs when the stiffness matrix of the structure becomes singular and thus
unsolvable. A singular matrix indicates the structure has no predictable deformation
under any loading. LARSA 4D Documentation: Analysis Reference
SincePcr isnowcalculated,generatecapacitycurve.
InteractionCapacity
AASHTO6.9.2.2
CombinedAxialand
Flexure
Capacitiesare
calculatedusing
straincompatibility
withinExcel
LoadRating
31
HistoricalComparison
CavemanBridge
32
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
InfluenceLinesforMomentandThrustdevelopedvia
analyticalandgraphicalmethods.
ElasticArchBridges C.B.McCullough&E.S.Thayer,1931
LoadAnalysisMethodforIndeterminateArches
Dividearchribintoaconvenientnumberoflinearincrementsand
determinesectionproperties.
Determinetheelasticcenter.
Constructconjugateredundantcoordinateaxes.
Computethexandycoordinatesforeachlamina.
Computetheinfluencelineordinatesforeachredundant.
Calculateinfluencelinesforbendingmoment,thrust,andshearateach
criticalsection.
Calculatestressesduetodeadandliveload.
Calculatestressesduetoelasticribshortening.
Summarizeloadtables.
33
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
GraphicalmethodfortheElasticCenterandconstructionof
InfluenceDiagramforredundantreaction.
34
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
FinalInfluenceLineDiagramsforMomentandThrust
35
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
LiveLoadDiagramandSummaryTable
36
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
37
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
38
HistoricalComparison CavemanBridge
39
ThankYou
Questions?