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doi: 10.1111/rge.12034
Original Article
Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoa, Japan, 2Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta,
Indonesia and 3Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Abstract
Gold-mineralized quartz veins at the Trenggalek district of the Southern Mountains Range in East Java,
Indonesia, are hosted by Oligo-Miocene volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks, and are distributed close to
andesitic plugs in the northern prospects (Dalangturu, Suruh, Jati, Gregah, Jombok, Salak, and Kojan) and
the southern prospects (Sentul and Buluroto). The plugs are subalkaline tholeiitic basaltic-andesite to calcalkaline andesite in composition. 40Ar39Ar dating of a quartz-adularia vein at the Dalangturu prospect
yielded an age of 16.29 0.56 Ma (2), and a crystal tuff of a limestone-pyroclastic rock sequence at the
southwest of the Dalangturu prospect was determined as 15.6 0.5 Ma (2). Statistic overlap of ages suggests that the gold mineralization in the northern prospects took place in a shallow marine to subaerial
transitional environment. Hydrothermal alteration of the host rocks is characterized by the replacement of
quartz, illite and adularia. Quartz veins in surface outcrops are up to 50 cm wide in the northern prospects
and up to 3 m wide in the southern prospects, showing a banded or brecciated texture, and are composed
of quartz, adularia, carbonates with pyrite, electrum, sphalerite, galena, and polybasite. Gold contents of
quartz veins are positively correlated with Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu contents in both the northern and southern
prospects. The quartz veins at the Jati, Gregah, and Sentul prospects have relatively lower gold-silver ratios
(Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to those at the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and Suruh prospects (Ag/Au = 66.8). The
quartz veins at the Dalangturu prospect are relatively rich in base metal sulfides. Ag/(Au+Ag) ratios of
electrum in the Dalangturu prospect range from 45.2 to 65.0 at%, and FeS contents of sphalerite range from
1.2 to 6.4 mol%. Fluid inclusion microthermometry indicates ore-forming temperatures of 190200C and
220230C at the Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. Widely variable vapor/liquid ratio of fluid inclusions indicates that fluid boiling took place within the hydrothermal system at the Sentul prospect. Salinities
of ore-fluids range from 0 to 0.7 wt% (av. 0.4 wt% NaCl equiv.) and from 0.5 to 1.4 wt% (av. 0.9 wt%) for the
Sentul and Kojan prospects, respectively. The boiling of hydrothermal fluid was one of the gold deposition
mechanisms in the Sentul prospect.
Keywords: 40Ar39Ar dating, andesitic plug, andesitic plugs, bulk analysis, East Java, epithermal gold deposit,
fluid inclusion, Indonesia, sulfidation state, Trenggalek.
Received 7 February 2012; Revised 7 December 2013. Accepted for publication 7 January 2014.
Corresponding author: R. Takahashi, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Akita, Japan, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen,
Akita 010-8502, Japan. Email: ryohei@gipc.akita-u.ac.jp
*Present address: Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, 1-1 Tegata Gakuen, Akita 0108502, Japan.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology
149
R. Takahashi et al.
1. Introduction
The occurrence of economic epithermal gold and base
metal deposits is well documented in the western part
of Java, Republic of Indonesia, i.e., the Pongkor,
Cikotok, Cikidang, Cibaliung, and Cirotan deposits
(e.g., Carlile & Mitchell, 1994; Harijoko et al., 2004;
Syafrizal et al., 2005; Warmada et al., 2007). The occurrence of similar deposits in East Java, however, is less
known. There are minor epithermal gold and goldbase metal skarn deposits in the Pacitan district of East
Java, some of which had small-scale mine production
by the Dutch and Japanese prior to and during World
War II, respectively (Setijadji et al., 2006; Imai et al.,
2007; Fig. 1). The Pacitan district was also investigated
for porphyry copper potential in the early years of
independence (van Leeuwen, 1994).
In the 1990s several epithermal gold-vein prospects
were identified by exploration companies in the
Trenggalek district (Fig. 2) about 100 km east of
Pacitan. An Indonesian company, PT Indonusa Mining
Service in a joint venture with Arc Exploration Limited
of Australia now explores this district. In this paper, we
present occurrences of the gold mineralization and
related igneous rocks and present an ore-forming condition based on age dating, microscopic observation,
Fig. 1 Structure of East Java, Indonesia (after Bemmelen, 1949; Smyth et al., 2008). Closed circles and stars denote location of
cities, and the mineral exploration districts of Pacitan and Trenggalek stated in this study. Thick dot-lines are borders of
Central Java, East Java and Yogyakarta special provinces.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology
150
Fig. 2 Geological map of the Trenggalek district in East Java, Indonesia (Geological Research and Development Center,
1992). The bold line circles indicate the prospects. Distributions of veins were cited from Arc Exploration (2010a);
topographic anomaly is flat-topped and conical hills representing silicification and hydrothermal alteration (PT Indonusa
Mining Service, unpublished). Sampling location of intrusive rocks (YS-1525) and tuff (Tf-1) are shown.
2014 The Society of Resource Geology
151
R. Takahashi et al.
Fig. 3 Outcrops and samples in the Trenggalek district. (a) A perspective of the andesitic plug, referred to as Linga, in the
northern part of The Trenggalek district (cf. YS-1921 in Fig. 2), (b) 10 cm width quartz vein in the Dalangturu prospect,
(c) 15 cm width quartz vein in the Gregah prospect, (d) 3 m width quartz vein in the Sentul prospect, (e) silicified
hydrothermal breccia in the Dalangturu prospect, (f) interbedded limestone and volcaniclastic rocks, (g) silica sinter with
hydrothermal vent in the Suruh prospect, (h) cut slab of (g) silica sinter (scale is 3 cm).
comprise andesitic lavas, flow breccia, polymictic breccias, and sedimentary rocks at the base. These units are
overlain by a unit of the Middle Miocene limestone
and volcaniclastic rocks including mudstone, siltstone,
sandstone, and crystal tuff (Fig. 2). The crystal tuff is
interbedded with limestone, which is partly silicified
and mineralized in the Dalangturu, Suruh, and Jati
prospects (Figs 2, 3f). Andesitic plugs, minor dikes,
and sills intruded the units. The intrusive rocks are up
to 13 km in diameter; and among them the andesitic
plugs locally form cylindrical pinnacles up to 100 m
high, showing distinctive columnar jointing (Fig. 3a).
Some of these intrusions are weakly altered and host
quartz, calcite and zeolite veins. The andesitic plugs
intruded the rock units that host the mineralized veins.
152
153
154
50.94
18.95
9.51
3.65
8.29
3.30
0.48
0.73
0.22
0.18
3.6
99.9
2.0
<0.1
18.6
2.1
29
2.4
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
77
6.4
19.8
362.2
<1
18.9
0.2
16.4
1.9
2.0
<1
0.1
0.6
0.2
128
<0.5
65.5
0.6
1.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.1
15.3
2.22
10.9
2.73
1.04
3.19
0.56
3.37
0.71
2.11
0.33
2.06
0.32
1.08
62.31
15.33
6.88
2.17
5.72
3.50
0.47
0.80
0.12
0.15
2.4
99.9
1.0
<0.1
38.7
0.9
60
4.4
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
190
7.1
34.0
205.1
<1
18.2
0.5
15.6
4.0
1.8
1
<0.1
2.0
0.6
182
<0.5
122.9
0.3
7.7
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
7.5
17.8
2.78
12.8
3.69
0.96
4.61
0.84
5.35
1.16
3.36
0.54
3.32
0.53
0.71
YS-17
YS080517-10
Jombok
volcanic rock
51.11
18.43
9.47
3.30
8.00
2.97
0.82
0.71
0.23
0.20
4.6
99.8
1.1
<0.1
11.2
2.3
45
1.0
<0.1
<0.01
0.7
72
8.7
24.6
789.3
<1
17.0
0.2
15.9
2.3
2.0
<1
0.1
0.7
0.2
109
<0.5
82.1
0.4
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
5.9
16.0
2.46
12.9
3.37
1.19
3.83
0.67
4.09
0.85
2.52
0.40
2.49
0.40
1.01
YS-18
YS080517-12
Salak
volcanic rock
52.91
18.75
9.45
3.62
8.09
3.22
0.47
0.80
0.18
0.18
2.2
99.9
1.4
<0.1
17.7
2.0
43
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
0.6
75
4.5
22.3
333.9
1
20.5
<0.1
16.3
2.5
2.2
<1
0.1
0.7
0.2
152
<0.5
86.1
0.3
1.0
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.2
15.6
2.35
11.7
2.94
1.11
3.44
0.61
3.78
0.79
2.43
0.38
2.39
0.38
1.07
YS-19
YS080518-01
Jati
volcanic rock
52.39
18.05
9.00
3.60
8.94
3.19
0.51
0.77
0.17
0.23
3.0
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
19.0
2.0
43
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
74
5.1
24.4
327.8
<1
18.9
<0.1
16.1
2.7
2.1
<1
0.1
0.6
0.2
147
<0.5
85.3
0.3
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.4
15.8
2.36
10.8
2.92
1.07
3.49
0.63
3.76
0.82
2.57
0.41
2.51
0.40
1.03
YS-20
YS080518-02
Jati
volcanic rock
53.28
18.46
8.76
3.15
7.68
3.25
0.56
0.73
0.21
0.17
3.6
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
13.2
1.4
51
2.0
<0.1
<0.01
1.1
88
8.3
22.7
353.7
1
16.4
0.3
16.2
2.8
2.2
<1
0.2
0.7
0.2
124
<0.5
88.6
0.4
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.9
16.7
2.58
12.3
3.11
1.12
3.73
0.65
3.97
0.81
2.35
0.37
2.43
0.39
1.01
YS-21
YS080518-03
Jati
volcanic rock
58.80
15.14
6.75
3.67
4.74
3.28
2.67
0.64
0.11
0.07
4.0
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
29.7
2.5
41
1.1
0.1
<0.01
0.9
128
66.3
19.5
221.7
<1
20.0
0.5
12.7
2.7
1.4
<1
0.1
2.2
0.5
159
<0.5
85.9
0.2
18.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.7
15.9
2.31
10.7
2.55
0.79
2.98
0.55
3.26
0.71
2.20
0.34
2.13
0.33
0.88
YS-22
YS080518-05
Salak
volcanic rock
58.25
16.67
6.75
2.31
6.50
3.12
0.48
0.60
0.15
0.16
4.9
99.9
<0.5
<0.1
9.2
2.6
26
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
120
9.4
20.6
469.5
<1
10.4
0.3
12.8
2.4
1.8
<1
<0.1
1.2
0.3
80
<0.5
85.3
0.2
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
6.8
15.4
2.40
10.8
2.71
0.97
3.15
0.55
3.42
0.73
2.15
0.34
2.22
0.36
1.01
YS-23
YS080518-06
*1
volcanic rock
57.09
16.55
7.04
2.48
6.67
3.14
0.49
0.60
0.15
0.16
5.5
99.9
1.7
<0.1
11.1
3.6
29
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
85
9.5
20.1
398.2
<1
11.3
0.2
12.9
2.7
1.8
<1
<0.1
0.9
0.3
82
<0.5
87.2
0.3
1.0
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
5.9
15.3
2.27
9.8
2.53
0.91
2.94
0.54
3.05
0.69
2.15
0.34
2.13
0.35
1.02
YS-24
YS080518-07
*1
volcanic rock
56.27
18.01
8.22
3.17
7.41
3.35
0.52
0.89
0.24
0.19
1.6
99.9
2.6
<0.1
17.5
1.4
35
<0.5
<0.1
<0.01
0.7
76
14.6
29.4
253.2
<1
17.3
0.9
16.6
3.0
1.5
<1
<0.1
1.0
0.3
157
<0.5
91.2
0.2
1.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.1
16.0
2.60
13.4
3.65
1.25
4.59
0.84
5.03
1.11
3.27
0.50
3.19
0.50
0.94
YS-25
YS080518-08
*2
volcanic rock
*1: 2 km northeast of the Dalangturu prospect, *2: 5 km east of the Suruh prospect. The degree of Eu depletion was calculated using Chondrite normalized EuN, SmN and GdN values; (Eu/Eu*)N = (EuN)/((SmN + GdN)/2).
ppb
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
51.92
18.56
8.77
3.65
8.58
2.75
0.53
0.73
0.20
0.18
4.0
99.9
2.6
<0.1
18.7
1.9
26
1.5
<0.1
<0.01
<0.5
81
8.7
18.3
406.2
<1
18.4
0.2
14.9
2.2
2.0
<1
0.1
0.9
0.3
136
<0.5
75.6
0.3
1.7
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
6.5
15.8
2.26
10.8
2.68
1.00
2.94
0.53
3.11
0.66
1.95
0.32
1.98
0.31
1.09
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K 2O
TiO2
P 2 O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Eu/Eu*
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
%
YS-15
YS080517-03
Dalangturu
volcanic rock
Sample No.
Lab-ID
Location
Rock
YS-16
YS080517-04
Jombok
volcanic rock
R. Takahashi et al.
Table 2 Result of 40Ar-39Ar dating for adularia in quartz vein (YS-05: YS080519-11), and hornblende in tuff (Tf-1: YS090329-01)
from the Dalangturu prospect and vicinity
Sample
Run No.
Mineral
n*
Age (Ma)
39
Ar (%)
Ca/K
MSWD
YS080519-11
090329-01
09C814-24/1B8-09
KY-14/1805-01
adularia
hornblende
9
6
16.29 0.56
15.6 0.5
100
72.5
0.15
74.8
9
4
0.49
0.94
*Number of incremental heating steps. Calculated plateau age. The error of the age is presented as 2. Fraction of 39Ar released on steps in
age plateau. Ca/K values are calculated as weighted mean for the plateau age. Number of incremental heating steps used in age plateau.
MSWD, mean squared weighted deviation.
155
R. Takahashi et al.
Table 3 Bulk chemical compositions of quartz vein, silica sinter and silicified rock in the Trenggalek district.
Sample
No.
Lab-ID
Location
Rock
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
wt%
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
YS-26
YS-27
YS-28
YS-29
YS-01
YS-05
YS-06
YS-07
YS-08
YS-30
YS-31
YS09032717A
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS09032717B
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS09032717C
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS09032717D
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS08051701
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS08051911
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS08051913
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS08051914
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS08051915
Dalangturu
quartz vein
YS09032805A
Kojan
quartz vein
YS09032805B
Kojan
quartz vein
82.712
5.739
2.431
0.691
0.8
0
2.841
0.224
0.03
0
2.5
97.9
0.6
100.0
40.3
115.3
137.0
169.0
19.4
0.0
1.0
356.0
43.2
4.3
47.6
1.4
<1
4.5
1.5
4.3
0.6
0.3
<1
<0.1
0.3
0.1
50.0
<0.5
27.4
0.9
1.4
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
1.0
2.6
0.39
2.0
0.51
0.10
0.63
0.12
0.69
0.15
0.49
0.08
0.52
0.10
92.765
2.175
1.501
0.556
0.397
0
0.673
0.063
0.026
0
1.3
99.5
1.7
72.5
16.4
18.2
77.0
153.8
5.0
<0.01
1.3
187.0
12.4
1.8
38.7
1.3
<1
1.6
1.2
2.2
0.2
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
17.0
<0.5
8.7
0.6
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.9
1.7
0.24
1.0
0.27
0.12
0.26
0.06
0.31
0.06
0.17
0.03
0.20
0.04
81.806
6.793
2.631
0.719
0.98
0.811
2.028
0.253
0.048
0.024
2.4
98.5
0.4
4.1
22.0
6.0
37.0
418.4
1.4
<0.01
<0.5
315.0
33.6
6.9
61.1
2.0
<1
5.0
1.3
5.2
1.0
0.6
4.0
<0.1
0.5
0.2
44.0
0.7
34.9
0.6
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
1.6
4.3
0.64
3.2
0.88
0.17
1.03
0.19
1.11
0.23
0.78
0.12
0.74
0.13
90.612
3.107
1.759
0.647
0.353
0
0.647
0.107
0.012
0
1.8
99.0
0.2
5.2
9.6
17.9
23.0
61.8
1.1
<0.01
<0.5
49.0
15.4
2.6
16.7
2.6
<1
2.4
3.0
5.6
1.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
38.0
<0.5
54.5
15.2
2.6
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.7
1.5
0.22
1.2
0.27
0.07
0.33
0.06
0.35
0.08
0.34
0.05
0.34
0.06
95.08
1.90
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.03
0.27
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
2.4
100.0
5.3
23.6
44.7
110.0
363.0
21.7
1.8
0.0
0.5
85.0
5.7
0.3
24.3
20.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.04
<0.3
<0.05
0.03
<0.05
0.01
0.07
<0.02
<0.03
0.01
0.05
0.02
87.07
3.10
5.49
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.85
0.08
0.08
0.02
3.2
100.0
0.0
0.3
20.6
2.5
8.0
510.6
7.6
0.0
0.5
161.0
17.7
3.9
24.6
20.0
1.0
2.3
0.7
6.1
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
64.0
0.5
15.5
0.8
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
1.6
3.2
0.51
2.1
0.55
0.21
0.61
0.13
0.78
0.16
0.48
0.08
0.61
0.09
88.40
4.94
1.71
0.42
0.13
0.01
0.04
<0.01
0.02
0.18
4.2
100.1
4.4
26.6
22.7
45.8
71.0
27.8
0.3
0.0
0.5
149.0
1.5
2.9
18.7
20.0
1.0
32.4
0.2
6.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
9.0
0.5
2.7
0.2
2.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.0
9.3
0.34
1.5
0.43
0.17
0.47
0.09
0.56
0.10
0.32
0.05
0.33
0.05
93.76
2.23
1.03
0.04
0.12
0.02
0.33
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
2.5
100.1
1.3
43.6
18.2
6.1
6.0
25.5
0.6
0.0
0.5
170.0
6.7
1.0
25.3
20.0
1.0
0.3
0.6
1.6
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.8
0.5
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.13
0.6
0.17
0.05
0.16
0.03
0.13
0.03
0.09
0.01
0.09
0.02
93.82
1.26
1.82
0.04
0.11
0.03
0.09
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
2.7
99.9
4.7
26.9
13.8
63.7
195.0
321.8
8.4
0.1
0.5
1236.0
2.9
1.8
58.4
20.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.0
11.5
0.3
1.4
0.1
0.5
2.0
1.1
0.38
1.3
0.32
0.20
0.37
0.06
0.30
0.05
0.16
0.02
0.14
0.02
96.267
1.109
0.961
0.567
0.331
0
0.212
0.015
0.002
0
0.5
100.0
0.7
24.6
4.5
4.3
9.0
13.3
0.4
0.3
<0.5
11.0
5.4
0.4
14.4
1.0
<1
0.5
0.5
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.9
0.2
1.0
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.3
0.06
0.3
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.01
97.099
0.436
0.659
0.521
0.326
0
0.144
0.011
0
0
0.8
100.0
0.6
15.1
3.8
2.6
6.0
5.9
0.3
0.5
<0.5
9.0
4.2
0.3
7.2
0.8
<1
0.4
0.3
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
0.3
0.1
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.2
0.2
0.03
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
156
Sample
No.
Lab-ID
YS-32
YS-33
YS-34
YS-42
YS-09
YS-02
YS-03
YS-04
YS-35
YS-36
YS-37
Location
Rock
YS09032805C
Kojan
quartz vein
YS09032805D
Kojan
quartz vein
YS09032805E
Kojan
quartz vein
YS09033101
Jati
quartz vein
YS08052001
Jati
quartz vein
YS08051711
Salak
quartz vein
YS08051903
Suruh
quartz vein
YS08051907
Suruh
quartz vein
YS09032903
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09032904
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09032905
Sentul
quartz vein
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
94.459
2.489
0.866
0.58
0.342
0
0.446
0.013
0
0
0.8
100.0
0.3
3.6
6.1
3.2
11.0
17.0
0.3
0.2
<0.5
14.0
12.8
0.6
12.2
1.3
<1
1.0
1.6
3.4
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
29.0
<0.5
0.2
0.3
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.4
0.4
0.08
0.3
0.08
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.01
96.02
1.422
0.694
0.556
0.313
0
0.329
0.012
0
0
0.6
100.0
0.3
5.2
3.6
2.8
9.0
10.6
0.3
0.2
<0.5
14.0
11.2
0.3
9.7
1.3
<1
0.5
1.0
2.3
<0.1
0.3
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
21.0
<0.5
1.0
0.2
1.3
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.3
0.2
0.05
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
97.215
0.703
0.659
0.545
0.321
0
0.19
0.013
0
0
0.3
100.0
0.2
2.7
3.4
1.0
4.0
8.8
0.3
0.1
<0.5
11.0
5.4
0.1
13.9
0.8
<1
0.5
0.6
1.1
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
<0.1
0.2
0.8
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
93.292
2.078
1.737
0.748
0.425
0
0.345
0.07
0.014
0
1.2
99.9
0.0
0.5
11.6
1.5
7.0
96.1
0.8
0.1
<0.5
236.0
9.0
2.3
26.8
3.6
<1
2.1
1.0
2.4
0.2
0.2
<1
<0.1
0.3
<0.1
16.0
<0.5
8.0
0.2
3.6
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.9
1.0
0.24
1.0
0.31
0.08
0.35
0.07
0.31
0.08
0.22
0.04
0.25
0.04
95.23
1.48
0.67
0.04
0.11
0.02
0.25
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
2.3
100.1
28.1
11.5
0.5
0.1
1.0
2.5
0.2
0.0
0.5
7.0
11.0
0.1
21.6
20.0
1.0
0.4
2.5
1.3
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.03
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
<0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
51.56
18.42
8.56
3.00
7.93
2.61
1.02
0.66
0.21
0.18
5.7
99.9
0.0
0.1
8.0
2.7
45.0
1.8
0.1
0.0
0.5
143.0
28.0
28.6
719.5
20.0
1.0
14.7
1.6
14.9
2.1
1.9
1.0
0.1
0.6
0.2
104.0
0.5
76.9
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.0
15.1
2.63
13.1
3.40
1.23
4.14
0.73
4.17
0.93
2.75
0.43
2.63
0.41
96.90
0.44
0.81
<0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.02
<0.01
1.7
100.0
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.2
1.0
7.1
4.8
0.0
0.5
17.0
1.0
0.7
2.8
20.0
1.0
0.4
0.2
4.2
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
2.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.08
0.4
0.07
<0.02
0.12
0.01
0.09
<0.02
0.04
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
97.28
0.28
0.65
0.02
0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.8
100.1
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.8
1.0
2.6
3.9
0.0
0.5
109.0
0.3
0.5
2.9
20.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
3.1
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.6
2.5
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.04
<0.3
0.06
<0.02
0.06
0.01
<0.05
<0.02
0.04
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
93.794
2.88
0.855
0.638
0.309
0
0.617
0.012
0
0
0.9
100.0
1.4
3.6
6.4
0.5
2.0
4.8
0.2
<0.01
<0.5
30.0
15.7
0.2
12.3
1.2
<1
0.8
2.0
3.2
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
19.0
<0.5
0.4
0.2
1.2
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
91.835
4
0.811
1.026
0.331
0
0.498
0.012
0
0.05
1.4
100.0
0.0
0.3
10.6
53.7
46.0
22.4
0.2
<0.01
<0.5
24.0
12.2
1.1
12.4
0.8
<1
1.0
1.2
5.8
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
11.0
<0.5
<0.1
0.5
0.8
0.6
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
0.8
0.23
1.0
0.14
0.05
0.18
0.02
0.11
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.01
93.84
2.274
1.366
0.682
0.307
0
0.457
0.04
0.006
0
1.0
100.0
17.1
34.7
13.5
93.3
68.0
49.7
2.1
<0.01
3.0
19.0
13.8
1.1
10.6
2.1
<1
1.2
1.3
3.9
<0.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.1
15.0
<0.5
1.8
0.9
2.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.4
0.6
0.11
0.4
0.14
0.06
0.17
0.03
0.13
0.03
0.12
0.01
0.12
0.02
4. Results
4.1 Geochemistry of intrusive rocks
The bulk chemical composition of intrusive rocks is
shown in Table 1. The results show relatively higher
157
R. Takahashi et al.
Table 3 Continued
Sample
No.
Lab-ID
YS-38
YS-39
YS-40
YS-41
YS-43
YS-44
YS-45
YS-10
YS-11
YS-12
YS-13
Location
Rock
YS09032906A
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09032906B
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09032906C
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09032906D
Sentul
quartz vein
YS09040104A
Gragah
quartz vein
YS09040104B
Gragah
quartz vein
YS09040104C
Gragah
quartz vein
YS08051901
Suruh
silica sinter
YS08051904
Suruh
silica sinter
YS08051906
Suruh
silica sinter
YS08051909
Dalangturu
silicified rock
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
TiO2
P2O5
MnO
LOI
Total
Au
Ag
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Sb
Hg
Se
Ba
Rb
Y
Sr
Ni
Be
Co
Cs
Ga
Hf
Nb
Sn
Ta
Th
U
V
W
Zr
Mo
Ni
Cd
Bi
Tl
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
95.277
1.818
0.995
0.639
0.321
0
0.378
0.023
0
0
0.5
100.0
0.1
0.3
8.0
6.2
12.0
78.2
1.5
<0.01
<0.5
28.0
7.6
0.3
12.5
1.7
<1
0.8
1.1
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.1
15.0
<0.5
0.8
0.5
1.7
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.2
0.2
0.04
0.3
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
97.217
0.449
0.791
0.529
0.307
0
0.161
0.012
0
0
0.5
100.0
0.0
5.0
7.5
4.3
3.0
44.7
0.8
<0.01
0.6
21.0
3.9
<0.1
13.0
1.4
<1
0.7
0.5
1.0
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.7
0.2
1.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
94.986
1.722
1.122
0.529
0.293
0
0.423
0.027
0.002
0
0.8
99.9
1.7
3.9
13.9
35.8
28.0
293.8
8.2
0.3
<0.5
16.0
7.5
1.4
7.8
1.1
<1
0.5
0.6
2.7
<0.1
<0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.3
13.0
<0.5
1.3
0.3
1.1
0.5
0.1
<0.1
0.6
1.0
0.21
1.2
0.37
0.12
0.36
0.06
0.29
0.05
0.14
0.03
0.18
0.02
92.946
2.484
0.934
0.665
0.311
0
0.573
0.052
0.001
0
2.0
100.0
0.7
0.7
7.3
9.2
10.0
60.4
1.1
0.0
<0.5
31.0
17.4
5.5
12.5
1.3
<1
0.7
1.6
2.8
0.1
0.2
<1
<0.1
<0.2
0.4
21.0
0.5
3.2
0.6
1.3
<0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.8
1.4
0.21
0.9
0.27
0.08
0.49
0.10
0.62
0.16
0.44
0.07
0.39
0.05
95.935
0.193
1.328
0.505
0.366
0
0.046
0.017
0
0
1.4
99.8
0.1
0.5
11.3
3.5
22.0
65.2
1.2
0.0
<0.5
41.0
0.9
0.2
16.8
2.0
<1
1.2
0.3
0.8
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.1
0.4
2.0
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.03
0.3
0.05
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.05
0.01
95.587
0.346
3.194
0.439
0.315
0
0.062
0.021
0
0
3.0
103.0
0.2
0.7
10.4
9.1
52.0
82.2
1.6
0.1
<0.5
63.0
1.4
0.3
15.4
1.9
<1
1.3
0.5
1.2
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
9.0
0.5
0.4
1.2
1.9
0.8
<0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.07
0.3
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.01
90.025
0.605
1.621
0.581
0.418
0
0.068
0.019
0
0
0.7
94.0
0.3
4.7
12.6
22.8
28.0
434.1
23.0
0.6
<0.5
40.0
1.2
0.5
13.8
2.1
<1
1.4
0.4
0.8
<0.1
0.1
<1
<0.1
<0.2
<0.1
<8
<0.5
1.1
8.9
2.1
0.5
<0.1
3.9
1.0
2.1
0.23
0.9
0.23
0.13
0.17
0.03
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.01
95.60
1.16
0.93
0.08
0.07
0.01
0.02
<0.01
<0.01
0.02
2.1
100.0
0.0
0.1
3.2
0.2
4.0
30.5
4.4
0.0
0.5
144.0
1.2
0.9
7.5
20.0
1.0
1.8
0.2
4.9
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
22.0
0.5
1.8
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
2.3
0.12
0.6
0.13
0.05
0.14
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.09
<0.01
0.08
0.01
97.78
0.29
0.75
0.05
<0.01
<0.01
0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.1
100.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.0
8.2
5.6
0.0
0.5
306.0
0.5
0.2
4.2
20.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
2.0
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
8.0
0.5
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.04
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
97.50
0.30
0.76
<0.01
0.03
0.01
0.03
<0.01
0.01
0.01
1.4
100.1
0.0
0.1
0.9
0.2
1.0
6.7
2.5
0.1
0.5
51.0
1.0
0.3
2.9
20.0
1.0
1.4
0.2
6.5
0.1
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
8.0
0.5
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.03
<0.3
<0.05
<0.02
0.06
<0.01
<0.05
<0.02
<0.03
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
87.08
6.73
2.08
<0.01
0.03
0.02
0.06
0.27
0.05
<0.01
3.7
100.0
0.0
0.1
8.8
1.6
3.0
60.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
39.0
1.8
5.9
126.9
20.0
1.0
0.6
0.3
15.5
1.7
0.9
2.0
0.1
1.1
0.5
57.0
3.2
52.9
0.2
0.7
0.1
1.1
0.1
4.0
8.0
1.18
5.1
1.10
0.38
0.83
0.13
0.87
0.21
0.77
0.13
1.02
0.17
158
Fig. 5 (a) Zr/TiO2 vs. Nb/Y diagram of Winchester and Floyd (1977) classification. YS-23, 24 and 25 correspond to those in
Figure 4. (b) FeO/MgO vs SiO2 diagram with the tholeiitic (TH)calc-alkaline (CA) dividing line from Miyashiro (1974).
159
R. Takahashi et al.
Fig. 7 40Ar39Ar dating of incremental heating and inverse isochron diagrams for (a) adularia in quartz vein (YS-05:
YS080519-11), and (b) hornblende in tuff (Tf-1: YS090329-01) from the Dalangturu prospect and vicinity (cf. Fig. 2; Tables 2
and 3).
2014 The Society of Resource Geology
160
Fig. 8 AuAg and AuZn plots of bulk chemical compositions for mineralized veins in the Trenggalek district. Solid and
dashed lines are the fitting curves for the Dalangturu, Kojan, Salak and Suruh prospects (av. Ag/Au = 23.2) and the Jati,
Gregah and Sentul prospects (av. Ag/Au = 66.8), respectively.
161
R. Takahashi et al.
Fig. 9 Photomicrographs of ore minerals in reflected light. The ores were collected from (a) the Jati prospect, (b), (c), (d), (e)
the Dalangturu prospect, and (f) the Sentul prospect. Abbreviations are: el, electrum; plb, polybasite; py, pyrite; cp,
chalcopyrite; sp, sphalerite; gn, galena; and qtz, quartz. Bars are 50 m.
162
5. Discussion
5.1 Geological setting for gold mineralization
163
R. Takahashi et al.
S-1
S-2
6
4
Frequency
2
0
8
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
K-2
K-1
6
4
2
0
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
Fig. 12 Histograms of homogenization temperature for fluid inclusions. S-1 and S-2 from the Sentul
prospect: YS-090329-06A and
06B, respectively, and K-1 and
K-2 from the Kojan prospect:
YS-090328-04 and 05B, respectively. S-12: different parts of
massive to translucent quartz
vein of >3 m wide (N35E70W;
see Figure 3C). K-1: float of comb
quartz (3 cm wide) near the
quartz vein outcrop, K-2: translucent to massive quartz vein of
50 cm wide in trench.
Table 4 Ice-melting temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions. Sample descriptions correspond to those in Figure 12
Prospect
Sentul
Sentul
Kojan
No.
S-l
S-2
K-l
Sample ID
YS090329-06A
YS090329-06B
YS09028-04
Numbers
11
9
10
Minimum
Maximum
Average
Minimum
Maximum
Average
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.4
0.4
0.4
0.9
164
6. Conclusions
The intrusive rocks including andesitic plugs at the
northern prospects in the Trenggalek district are
subalkaline basaltic andesite to andesite in composition with tholeiitic and calc-alkaline characters, respectively. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of adularia in a quartz vein
at the Dalangturu prospect yielded 16.29 0.56 Ma,
and 15.6 0.5 Ma on hornblende in a crystal tuff of
limestonevolcaniclastic rock units. This suggests that
the hydrothermal activity in the northern prospects
took place in a transitional shallow marinesubaerial
environment.
The gold-mineralized veins are mainly composed
of quartz, adularia, and calcite associated with ore
minerals of pyrite, electrum, sphalerite, galena, and
polybasite. Barren quartz veins are composed of
quartz, calcite, and zeolite (i.e., chabazite, stilbite, and
thomsonite). The gold contents of ores are positively
correlated with Ag, Zn, Pb, and Cu contents. The quartz
veins from the Jati, Gregah and Sentul prospects show
lower goldsilver ratios (Ag/Au = 23.2) compared to
those collected from the Kojan, Dalangturu, Salak, and
Suruh prospects (Ag/Au = 66.8). The quartz veins in
the Dalangturu prospect are relatively rich in Cu, Pb,
and Zn; where the Ag/(Au+Ag) ratio of electrum
ranges from 45.2 to 65.0 at%, and FeS content of
sphalerite ranges from 1.2 to 6.4 mol%. The salinities of
ore-fluids at the Kojan and Sentul prospects range from
0.5 to 1.4 wt% and from 0 to 0.7 wt% NaCl equiv.,
respectively. Temperatures of vein formation at the
Sentul and Kojan prospects were 190200C and 220
230C, respectively. The calculated ore-forming depths
are 130165 m below the paleo-water table at the Sentul
prospect.
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our sincere gratitude to the staff
and management of Arc Exploration Limited and PT
Indonusa Mining Services for their support and permission to publish this paper. We would like to extend
our sincere gratitude to Dr. Robert Duncan and Mr.
John Huard in Oregon State University for their technical support through argon mass spectrometry, Dr.
Didit Hadi Barianto of Kyushu University (presently at
University of Gadjah Mada) for his support through
ArcGIS data processing, and Mr. Firman Adriansyah
Bumulo of Gadjah Mada University for his support in
fieldwork. The research was financially supported by
Grants of Overseas Fieldwork for Youth from The
Society of Resource Geology and JSPS Grant-in-Aid for
Scientific Research (18404020, 22760650), JSPS International Training Program, and Grants for Young
Researchers from Kyushu University. We thank Dr.
Naotatsu Shikazono and Dr. Toru Shimizu, Resource
Geology reviewers, and Dr. Yasushi Watanabe the
editor-in-chief, for their careful review and insightful
suggestions, which resulted in great improvement to
this paper.
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