Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) .

2011

VAN HOA - LCH S

NHNG NGHI VAN LCH S VE TRIEU AI QUANG TRUNG

Nguyen Duy Chnh*

au the ky th XX, nganh s hoc Viet Nam co mot bc ngoat ln. Lan
au tien, mot bo quoc s vi ten la Viet Nam s lc (VNSL) cua nha giao
Tran Trong Kim, c bien soan tng oi khoa hoc, tuy ngan gon nhng
en nay nhieu nha nghien cu van anh gia la mot bo sach co gia tr qua
th thach cua thi gian va s men mo cua oc gia.(1) Ngoai noi dung tuy
gian lc nhng kha ay u, Le Than Tran Trong Kim lai co them nhng
phan ngh luan khuc chiet, a ra c nhng lap trng minh bach i
ngc han vi chu trng cua trieu nh nha Nguyen luc bay gi, co the noi
la mot cuoc cach mang trong t tng hoc thuat.
M au chng XI viet ve Nha Nguyen Tay-Sn, tac gia a danh ra
hai trang phan tch ve le chnh thong va nguy trieu e bac bo quan niem
trong hn 100 nam qua luc nao cung coi Tay Sn la mot bon giac, ch v cai
toi a chong lai chua Nguyen. oan m au o van c coi nh li bien ho
anh thep ma hau het nhng ngi oc s eu chap nhan.
The nhng tong ket lai trong gan 40 trang viet ve trieu ai Tay Sn
khong phai khong co nhng khuyet iem. Tac gia VNSL a s dung lan lon
chnh s va da s, ke ca tieu thuyet vi nhieu chi tiet khong c kiem chng
tao thanh mot nep suy ngh rat kho got ra cho ngi i sau. Theo chan Le
Than Tran Trong Kim, nhng tac gia nghien cu ve thi ai Tay Sn cho ti
nay van khong tach ri van ban ngoai s ra khoi tai lieu nghien cu.
Vi kinh nghiem t than ve nhng nguy tao va bop meo lch s rat
tinh vi a chng kien trong vai chuc nam qua, nhieu chi tiet trong tai lieu
cua trieu Nguyen viet ve oi phng can at vao khu vc ton nghi phai
oi chieu ky lng trc khi s dung. o la nguyen nhan chu yeu cua nhng
suy ngh trong bai nay.
Ten vua Quang Trung la g?
Theo s, ten ong la Nguyen Hue hay Nguyen Van Hue [ai Nam
chnh bien liet truyen (LT) XXX, tr. 17a], khi xin phong vng th oi ten
la Nguyen Quang Bnh [LT XXX, tr. 37b]. en gan ay, nhieu ngi lai cho
rang ong con co nhng ten tuc khac nh Ho Thm, chu Ba Thm... Nhng
chi tiet o khong co chng c g chac chan.
Ngi Viet Nam thng khong ch co mot ten nhat nh ma co ten
goi hang ngay nom na va ten ch e ghi tren giay t. Nhieu ngi v ly
do thi c hay chnh tr cung oi ten, oi ho khien ngi khong quen chang
con biet au la ten that, au la b danh. Viec Nguyen Hue oi ten thanh
* California, Hoa Ky.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Nguyen Quang Bnh khi giao thiep vi nha Thanh c sao chep theo s
trieu Nguyen mot cach may moc. Co ngi con cho rang ay ch la ten gia
theo thong le cua cac i vua trc khi lien lac vi Trung Hoa.
Thc ra ten Nguyen Quang Bnh hay Nguyen Van Bnh a xuat hien
nhng tai lieu co c s trc khi Nguyen Hue xin phong vng:
1. Theo Phu bien tap luc (PBTL) do Le Quy on (1726-1784) soan nam
Canh Hng 37 (1776) th Viep Quan-cong con cho em Nguyen-van-Nhac la
Nguyen-van-Bnh (ve sau la vua Quang-trung) lam chc Tng-quan Tienphong(2) (nam At V 1775) [Nguyen van: ...()
)] (PBTL quyen I, tr. 49).(3)
2. Theo mot t bieu cua Nguyen Hue gi len vua Can Long gia nam
Mau Than [1788] khi ong sai quan tran thu Van Uyen () la Hoang nh
Cau () va Nguyen nh Lien () em le vat i tien cong cung a
ky ten la Nguyen Quang Bnh ().(4)
Hai tai lieu nay eu c viet trc khi Nguyen Hue len ngoi hoang
e, do o chac chan khong phai e en khi xin cau phong ong mi oi ten
thanh Nguyen Quang Bnh.
Mot chng c khac cung can xem xet. Khi Nguyen Hue ra Bac, ong
c vua Thai c phong la Bnh Vng. Trc ay cac tai lieu goi ong la
Bac Bnh Vng nhng trong cac th t gi Nguyen Thiep th ong t xng
la ai nguyen soai Tong quoc chnh Bnh Vng [ai nguyen soai kiem
nhiem Quoc chnh Bnh Vng]. Ch Bac trong tc hieu nay chac la do
ngi ngoai them vao ch khong phai nguyen thuy trong tc v. Cung v
the ma Giao s Hoang Xuan Han cung a nham, tng ong c phong lam
Chnh Bnh Vng [thc ra ch chnh la nhiem vu Tong quoc chnh - lo het
moi viec hanh chanh]. Cac chua Trnh, chua Nguyen cung dung tc vng
mot ch la vng v cao quy nhat. Mot thong le i Le va ca i Nguyen
sau nay la cac tc hieu thng dung ten cua chnh ngi o chang han nh
Minh Vu hau Vu nh Minh, Hiep c hau Nguyen Phuc Hiep, Ky Thien
hau Tran Van Ky...(5) Viec Nguyen Quang Bnh c phong la Bnh Vng
co the cung theo tap tuc o.
Vay ten Hue do au ma co?
Theo chung toi, Hue la ten thong tuc goi hang ngay, thuoc loai tieu
danh hay nhu danh [ten goi luc con be] co the than mat nhng khong c
dung vi y ngha knh trong.(6) S nha Nguyen khi chep ve vua Quang Trung
co chu tam ha thap, t cach goi xach me en cho xuyen tac(7) nen thng goi
trong la Hue. Ngc lai, nha Tay Sn khi goi chua Nguyen khong dung
Nguyen Phuc Anh ma la Chung cung vi muc ch tng t. Trong cac
van th cua nha Thanh khi con oi au vi trieu nh An Nam cung goi la
Nguyen Hue nhng trong nhng van th chnh thc gi sang nha Thanh,
du cho cap a phng hay trieu nh th ong eu xng ten mnh la Nguyen
Quang Bnh.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Mot trong nhng cach e kiem chng la xem nhng ch k huy. Theo
Ngo c Tho, sach v tai lieu i Tay Sn thng thay kieng cac ch Bnh,
ch Phuc nhng khong kieng ch Hue nen tac gia suy oan rang di trieu
Tay Sn, trong pham vi van th giay t dang vua ng lam van co quy nh
kieng huy, t nhat la oi vi mot so trng hp nh ch Bnh a thay trong
sac phong en Hai Ba Trng.(8) Ngo tien sinh cung phan tch ro rang
ve ba ch Hue, Bnh va Phuc va cho rang viec kieng ch Phuc la v khi ra
Thang Long ong a dung con dau Phung thien phat bao Nguyen Phuc
(Vang menh tri trng phat bao chua [ho] Nguyen Phuc) nham the hien
y cam ghet ma ch goi la o y t huy.(9) Ly giai nay cung khien cho chung
ta khong dam tin rang ten cha cua anh em Nguyen Nhac la Phuc nh ghi
trong Liet truyen.
Vua Quang Trung co may anh em?
Theo LT, quyen XXX [tr. 1a, b] phan Nguyen Van Nhac co chep:
Nguyen Van Nhac la ngi huyen Phu Ly [nay la Phu Cat], tnh Quy
Nhn [nay la Bnh nh]. To tien von la ngi Hng Nguyen, Nghe An.
i Le Thnh c,(10) ong to bon i b quan quan bat a vao Quy Ninh
[nay la Hoai Nhn], ap Nhat [Tay Sn co hai ap Nhat va Nh, nay la An
Khe, Cu An hai phu].
Cha y la Phuc, don sang ap Kien Thanh [nay la thon Phu Lac, huyen
Tuy Vien], sinh c ba con trai, con trng la Nhac, con th la L, di
na la Hue lam nghe buon trau thng mua ban vi ngi moi...
Nhng chi tiet ve than the, danh tnh va th t anh em Tay Sn
chep trong s trieu Nguyen thng khong an khp vi nhng tai lieu
khac, ke ca cua mot so ngi ngoai quoc co mat nc ta thi gian o.
Noi chung, nhng chi tiet ve than the cua Nhac, Hue, L rat m ho, kho
kiem chng.
Trong Kham nh An Nam ky lc (ANKL) [tap hp van th cua nha
Thanh trong giao thiep qua lai vi Tay Sn] quyen XIX, mot tau th cua
Phuc Khang An, Ton S Ngh, Ton Vnh Thanh va Hai Loc tau len vua Can
Long ngay mong 3 thang 5 nam Ky Dau [1789] s than nc ta la Nguyen
Quang Hien khai ve than the cua mnh nh sau:
...Nguyen Quang Hien noi rang toi la ch trng iet [chau ln nhat
thuoc dong chnh], Nguyen Hue nuoi day nh con. Cha toi la Nguyen Quang
Hoa [] mat sm, chu th hai la Quang Nhac [], hien Quang
Nam, chu th ba la Quang Bnh [] tc Nguyen Hue, chu th t la Quang
Thai [] cung song Quang Nam, tren nui Tay Sn.(11)
Xet theo van ban, ay la chi tiet au tay quan trong nhat do mot ngi
trong gia nh khai ra ma chung ta co the kiem c, cung phu hp vi
nhng chi tiet khac trong ngoai s. Tac gia Ta Ch ai Trng trong mot
bien khao tng oi ay u ve gia nh Nguyen Nhac cung neu len nhng
bat nhat trong sach v ve th bac va nguon goc anh em Tay Sn.(12)

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Ve than the cua mnh, trong nhieu bieu van tran tnh Nguyen Hue
khang nh rang khong co lien he quan than vi nha Le ma ch co rang
buoc hon nhan. Vua Quang Trung cung nhac i nhac lai gia nh ong a
chn i vao at Tay Sn va oi khi con tiet lo mnh thuoc hoang toc
Chiem Thanh, trong nha con gi c quoc an cac i trc c phong.(13)
Trong khi s trieu Nguyen mieu ta gia nh Nguyen Nhac thuoc hang
ban dan, von la tu binh b i ay, con theo nhng van ban cua Tay Sn th
ho a vao nh c Quy Nhn kha lau [chn i tnh ra cung khoang 200
nam] va neu ung th cha han ho a hoan toan thuan chung Viet.
Mot iem ang chu y khac la Nguyen Hue luon luon xng rang mnh
la ke bach inh [nguyen ban bo y ma chung ta thng dch la ao vai, ngha
la ngi dan khong co quan tc, quan ao khong co pham phuc] nh e phu
nhan moi lien he vi trieu nh An Nam, du trong nam hay ngoai bac, xac
nh rang ho ng ngoai moi tranh chap quyen lc cua cac trieu ai.
Vi li khai cua Nguyen Quang Hien, chung ta thay rang Nguyen
[Quang] Nhac khong phai la con trng ma con ng sau Nguyen Quang
Hoa. Nguyen Quang Bnh la anh cua Nguyen Quang Thai [tc Nguyen L]
ch khong phai la em nh ghi chep trong Liet truyen. Cho en nam 1789,
Nguyen Quang Thai [L] con song an c tren nui Tay Sn ung nh nhng
g c ghi nhan trong sach v nhng ong ta chet nam nao th khong ro.
Viec cha ong co ten la Phuc ma sau nay nhieu ngi cho rang goc ho
Ho, anh em Nguyen Nhac oi sang ho Nguyen e thu phuc nhan tam, cung
khong ang tin cay. Viec t huy ch Phuc i Tay Sn khong phai v o la
ten cha cua vua ma v ly do cam ghet.
Vua Quang Trung len ngoi luc nao?
T trc en nay, s nc ta van cho rang Nguyen Hue len ngoi e
cho chnh v. Ly do o ham y ban tam ong khong (hay cha) muon len
ngoi nhng anh phai mien cng v nhu cau quan s va chnh tr. Viec vua
Quang Trung len ngoi hoang e e danh chnh ngon thuan ra anh quan
Thanh c chap nhan nh mot ly s ng nhien, khong ai d ngh mac
du mot so tac gia co at cau hoi ve ngay gi chnh xac ong ang quang
nui Ban.
Thc ra, Nguyen Hue khong phai khong muon len ngoi ma ong a co y
t lap ngay t khi em quan ra Bac Ha lan th hai vao thang 5 nam 1788.
Cung vao thi gian nay, ong gap Ngo Th Nham va ngi bay toi mi lap
tc khuyen ong len ngoi hoang e ong thi chu tr viec i xin ch ky e
suy ton ong cho hp cach.
Sau ba bc th suy ton [do Ngo Th Nham soan] (cha ke mot chieu
trng cau dan y do chnh Nguyen Hue hoi dan Bac Ha) nhng tnh hnh
cha thuan li khien Nguyen Hue ham hc bo ve Phu Xuan. ay, Bnh
Vng a chu ong viec len ngoi, bo qua nhng hnh thc be ngoai ma ong
thay rang khong con can thiet na.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Hien tai co ba tai lieu vi ba nhat ky ang quang khac nhau: chnh
s trieu Nguyen (LT), Hoang Le nhat thong ch (HLNTC), va chi tiet trong
th cua Hoi Truyen giao Bac Ha. Ngoai ra con mot nhat ky co hi chenh
lech mot chut vi chnh s la bai Chieu len ngoi (Tc V chieu)(14) chep trong
Han cac anh hoa.
Liet truyen, quyen XXX chep:
Hue c tin quat ln: Sao bon cho Ngo dam can r lam vay?. Lap
tc ra lenh xuat quan. Cac tng eu khuyen nen lay ngoi v cho chnh e
noi ket long ngi. Hue mi xay an pha nam Bnh Sn, lay ngay 25
thang 11 t lap lam hoang e, oi nien hieu thanh Quang Trung, ngay hom
o em het tng s thuy luc cung tien...(15)
Hoang Le nhat thong ch (Ngo Gia Van Phai) th viet nh sau:
...Ngay 20 thang ay, S lui ve Tam iep th ngay 24 (thang 11), Tuyet
a vao en thanh Phu Xuan, Bac Bnh Vng c tin bao, gian lam, lien
hop cac tng s, nh than chinh cam quan i ngay. Nhng cac ngi en
hop eu noi:
- Chua cong vi vua Tay Sn co s hiem khch, oi vi ngoi ch ton,
long ton pho cua moi ngi cha thc vng ben, nay nghe quan Thanh sang
anh cang de sinh ra ng vc, hai long. Vay xin trc het hay chnh v hieu,
ban lenh an xa khap trong ngoai, e yen ke phan trac va gi lay long ngi,
roi sau se cat quan ra anh dep coi Bac cung cha la muon.
Bac Bnh Vng lay lam phai, ben cho ap an tren nui Ban ( a
phan xa An Cu, huyen Hng Tra, Tha Thien-Hue), te cao tri at cung
cac than song, than nui; che ra ao con, mu mien, len ngoi Hoang e, oi
nam th 11 nien hieu Thai c cua vua Tay Sn Nguyen Nhac lam nam
au nien hieu Quang Trung. Le xong ha lenh xuat quan. Hom ay nham vao
ngay 25 thang Chap nam Mau Than (1788).(16)
Theo th cua cac giao s co mat tai Viet Nam con lu lai trong Nhat
ky ve nhng s kien ang ghi nh, Nha Van kho Quoc gia Paris (Paris,
Archives Nationales so F5; A22) th:
...Bac Vng a an nh ngay 11 thang Mi [am lch] tc ngay mong
8 thang Mi Mot la ngay ong t phong mnh lam hoang e di danh hieu
Quang Trung (co ngha la anh sang trung ng tc la theo s giai thch
co le ung nhat, mat tri cua vu tru) ong thi ong ang ban tnh mot ke
hoach v ai theo nh sac lenh ban bo ngay 6 thang Mi [am lch] hay
ngay 3 thang Mi Mot gi cho ai than ai t ma va tat ca cac quan hay
s quan Tay Sn lam viec tai Bac Ky...(17)
Nhng tai lieu tren, tai lieu nao gan vi s thc nhat van con la mot
cau hoi cha co tra li ch xac mac du neu theo van ban th th cua cac
tha sai cua Hoi Truyen giao la tai lieu cua chnh thi o con e lai trong
khi Liet truyen va Hoang Le nhat thong ch ch c bien soan va an hanh
vai chuc nam sau khi s viec xay ra.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Hien nay trong Han cac anh hoa con chep mot bai Chieu len ngoi
cua vua Quang Trung do Ngo Th Nham soan, trong o co mot cau nh sau:

,,

Thien v duy gian, tram thanh l bat khac kham, nhi t hai c trieu
hoan quy tram nhat nhan. T nai thien y, phu khi nhan s, tram ng thien
thuan nhan, bat kha lao chap, ton nhng d kim nien thap nhat nguyet nh
thap nh nhat tc thien t v ky nien vi Quang Trung nguyen nien.
Tram ngh: nghiep ln rat trong, ngoi tri kho khan, tram that long
lo khong ng noi. Nhng c trieu ngi trong bon be trong cay vao mot
mnh tram. o la y tri, ha phai viec ngi? Tram ng menh tri, thuan
long ngi, khong the co chap nhun nhng mai, lay ngay 22 thang 11 nam
nay len ngoi thien t, at nien hieu la Quang Trung nguyen nien.(18)
Phan tch mot so chi tiet trong bai Chieu len ngoi, chung ta ng rang
bai nay c soan trc khi nghe tin quan Thanh sang chiem nc ta, neu
khong ong thi vi t bieu suy ton lan th ba th cung ch sau o mot thi
gian ngan [mac du ngay ang quang co the c ien vao sau].
Van trong bai chieu tc v nay hoan toan la van chng thi bnh,
khong phai thi chien, khong nhac en xa gan g ve viec quan Thanh xam
chiem nc ta va len ngoi e thu phuc nhan tam nh s a chep. Chnh
v the, mot so cau van sao mon ay gia tao, chang han: Ban y ch muon
quet tr loan lac, cu dan trong chon nc la, roi tra nc cho ho Le, tra
at cho ai huynh, ung dung ao gam hai theu, ngam canh yen vui hai
coi at ma thoi. Nhng viec i di oi, rot cuoc tram khong c nh ch
nguyen. Hay Ngi lam quan hay gi phong o hoa muc, ngi lam dan
yen trong le tuc vui hoa, tr giao m mang hng khi en cho rat thuan,
e van hoi thi thnh tr cua Ngu e, Tam vng, khien cho tong mieu
xa tac c phuc khong cung, ha chang ep e sao?(19) van con hien dien
trong bai chieu.
Qua nhng s kien neu tren, chung ta thay rang viec Nguyen Hue len
ngoi hoang e t nhat cung a c d tnh t thang 8 nam Mau Than khi
ong phong vng cho Nguyen Quang Toan,(20) ngha la tach rieng ra thanh
mot vng trieu mi khong con le thuoc vao vua Thai c Quy Nhn. Viec
phong cho con len tc vng ong ngha vi viec xac nh ngi cha len
ngoi hoang e nen le ang quang cua vua Quang Trung ch la hp thc hoa
mot s viec a cong khai.
Theo nhat ky cua cac giao s trong Hoi Truyen giao Bac Ha th Nguyen
Hue len ngoi la ngay 11 thang 10 nam Mau Than (8/11/1788), tnh ra trc
ca khi Ton S Ngh ra khoi Nam Quan (28/10 nam Mau Than).(21) Cho nen,
khi quan Thanh vao Thang Long (cuoi thang 11 nam Mau Than), Nguyen
Hue a la hoang e Quang Trung roi, khong con phai ban bu g ve viec
ang quang hay sap at trieu chnh trong ngoai na.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

Chung ta cung co the tin rang trong khoang t thang 7 en thang 10

nam Mau Than, tin tc ve viec quan Thanh co the sang anh nc ta c
loan truyen rong rai tai Bac Ha va Nguyen Hue muon sm len ngoi e ong
con co th gi chuan b chien tranh, ung nh ban hch van keu goi tng
s ma cac nha truyen giao a dch sang tieng Phap [e ngay 3 thang Mi
am lch, Thai c 11 (1788)] nam ngay trc han ky len ngoi theo tin tc
cua cac nha truyen giao.(22)
Trong ba nhat ky cua cac giao s, trong t Chieu len ngoi va trong
HLNTC th nhat ky 25 thang Chap am lch trong HLNTC phai loai ra v
xem ra qua st sao, khong the thc hien c [25 thang Chap len ngoi Phu
Xuan, 30 thang Chap a keo quan ra en Nghe An]. Nhat ky trong Chieu
len ngoi va trong Liet truyen kha gan [25 thang 11 am lch va 22 thang
11 am lch], tuy khac nhau nhng cung co c s. Co the ong a ang quang
ngay 11 thang Mi am lch [theo bao cao cua cac giao s], nhng khi nghe
tin quan Thanh sang anh, vua Quang Trung a to chc mot ai le nui
Ban ma sach v goi la ai s () hay than chinh e ch than nha vua
em quan i vao ngay 22 thang 11 am lch nh Liet truyen ghi nhan.
Vi nhng moc nhat ky tng oi chnh xac theo ghi nhan cua nhng
nha truyen giao th sau khi len ngoi, vua Quang Trung con mat mot thi
gian tuyen mo binh lnh, thu gop lng thc e chuan b cho mot ai chien
dch oi pho vi quan Thanh. Khi en Thanh Hoa, vua Quang Trung lai to
chc mot ai le xuat quan [hay ai duyet] cuoi thang 12 e cho quan an Tet
trc ma tin loan truyen qua lai khien dan chung Bac Ha nham rang ay
la le ang quang. ai le xuat quan nay con c ghi chep trong nhieu sach
v ien hnh la Lch trieu tap ky cua Ngo Cao Lang:
...Hue khong nghe, lien chnh on binh tng, lam le ra quan Tho
Hac. Hue ngoi tren au voi, ra lenh rang:
Trong cac quan cua ta, ai muon anh th phai v ta ma giet cho het lu
cho Ngo. Neu khong muon anh, hay xem ta ch trong mot tran giet hang
may van mang ngi cho coi, khong phai la noi khoac au.
Noi xong cac quan eu da ran nh sam, nui rng rung ong, chieng
trong vang ren, hanh quan tien gap.(23)
Xet nh the, chung ta thay rang trong khoang thi gian t thang Mi
en thang Chap nam Mau Than, khong phai ch co mot le ang quang cua
vua Quang Trung ma co ti ba le khac nhau, le ang quang thang Mi
trong cung (theo ung thu tuc ma ben ngoai ghi nhan), le than chinh thang
11 nui Ban e cho quan s biet rang ong se ch than cam quan ra Bac
(nh s trieu Nguyen ghi nhan), va sau cung la le ai duyet Thanh Hoa
(nh dan Bac Ha ghi nhan) e khang nh rang ong se anh cho ch chch
luan bat phan, phien giap bat hoan. oi vi mot nha quan s tai ba nh
Nguyen Hue, chung ta kho co the tin rang ong lam viec tuy tien ma luon
luon d lieu e oi pho vi nhng bien co bat thng. Ong cung a thu xep
on thoa moi van e ke ca viec bo tr nhng canh quan dan trai eu tren
khap vng quoc e chuyen t phong ng sang tan cong.

10

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

T chieu gi La Sn Phu T co thc la but tch cua vua

Quang Trung?
Mot trong nhng phu ban
oc nhat vo nh kem theo
quyen La Sn Phu T(24) la
la th viet bang mc son
ma tac gia Hoang Xuan
Han tin tng o chnh
la thu but cua Nguyen
Hue. Hay oc li ta cua
Hoang tien sinh viet vao
thang Nam, nam At Dau
(1945) tai Ha Noi:
...Mot buoi he nong nc
nam Ky-mao 1939, toi a
loi suoi treo non, ma ti
ngon nui mang dau Phut t luc sinh thi en luc
Ba 1 va ba 4 quyen La Sn Phu T
t-hau.
Hai ngoi mo nap trong lan
co ay; may gian en tr
tren nui khong cay. Thanh
Luc-nien lac ac a reu
xanh; khe Boc-bo vot tung
voi nc trang. Trc mat,
nui nhap-nho oan nga
chay; sau lng a sng-sc
bc tng ngan.
ay la canh tieu s, lam
cho khach qua tham phai
ong long trac-an.

T chieu Nguyen Hue gi Nguyen Thiep

Sau toi ti lang Nguyetao do tham con chau. Ho

hang nay thnh-vng,
nhng con chau thay ieu
tan. Nha th mot chai
nha tranh, toc-trng mot
ngi cay mn.

May co ho-hang than-thuoc on toi niem-n, va sau khi biet toi cung la
mieu-due cua Phu-t, mi cho toi hay rang con gi c chieu-ch i xa.
Mot cu gia thap hng, vai roi lay ong-sac m ra. Rut mai, keo ra mot cuon
giay cu. Toi trong long hoi-hop, tay m cuon ra xem. Ben thay dau son con
o choi, ch mc van cha phai; duy ch giay xa lau ngay a thanh vang
ua, va b cuon chat qua nen mep rach sn.

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

11

Nao chieu, nao th, nao t truyen, nao ao sac. Nien-hieu Canh-hng,
Thai-c, Canh-thnh, Quang-trung. Loi ch u loi chan, loi thao, loi
nghiem-trang cua ngi th-lai, loi linh-ong cua bc tuc-nho.
Cht thay mot bc ch son, net son tau o tham. Net but vung ve
nhng vam-v. Mat toi khong chp, long toi ban-khoan. Han ay la thu but
cua mot vua nao! Nien-hieu e Thai-c, nhng li th bang nom la cua
vua Quang-trung! Ma di but ay lai la bc th ma Quang-trung t viet mi
Phu-t xem at ong o. Li th lai bang nom. o la mot s-lieu qu gia
vo ngan, no to rang Quang-trung cung biet ch nhng khong thong; rang
Quang-trung dung ch nom trong cong van; rang Quang-trung biet trong
hien-tai; rang Phu-t gioi a-ly va Quang-trung tin a-ly; rang Quangtrung muon ong o Phu-thach, va rang chnh Quang-trung cam quan ra
giet Vu Van-Nham Thang-long...
T chieu o nguyen van nh sau:
Chieu truyen La-sn Phu-t Nguyen Thiep(25) kham tri. Ngay trc uy
cho Phu-t ve Nghe-an tng a lam o cho kp ky nay hoi ng. Sao ve ti
o, cha thay ang viec g. Nen hay gia hoi Phu-xuan-kinh hu-tc s-tot.
Vay chieu ban ha Phu-t tao nghi d Tran-thu Than cong s, kinh chi
dinh chi, tng a tac o tai Phu-thach. Hanh-cung sao hau can sn. Ky
chnh-a, phong tai dan-c gian, hay la au cat-a kha o, duy Phu-t
ao-nhan giam-nh.
Tao tao boc thanh! Uy cho Tran-thu Than tao lap cung ien. Ky tam
nguyet noi hoan-thanh, ac tien gia ng. Duy Phu-t vat d nhan hot th.
Kham tai! ac chieu.
Thai-c thap nhat nien, luc nguyet, s nhat nhat (1788).(26)
Tac gia Hoang Xuan Han ghi nhan rang bc th do chnh tay Nguyen
Hue viet bang son tau, khong co dau ong.(27) Neu qua thc ay la thu but
cua vua Quang Trung th la mot tai lieu quy gia vo ngan, xng ang e lam
quoc bao cho dan toc Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, muon ung nh the, chung ta
can them nhng chng c khac e cung co s tin tng cua tac gia. Cho en
nay, cha thay mot tac gia nao khac co ly le chat che hn e ung ho quan
iem nay mac dau nhieu sach v a khong con coi nh mot nghi van ma
viet thang di phu chu la Thu but cua vua Quang Trung.
Trc het, Hoang tien sinh khang nh rang ay la th do chnh tay
Nguyen Hue viet nhng ch can c vao mot ly le duy nhat la c viet bang
mc son va phong chng la net but cng coi co ve cua mot vo tng:
Bc chieu nay viet bang na nom na ch [Han]. Tren nay la nguyenvan. Tieng dung la tieng ang trong, v-du: ang la c. Net bang son
hong ieu, nay con rat ti. Tuy net but cng-cap, chng-chac, nhng cung
ro la ngi viet cha luyen. Ch cach nhau khong eu-an. Co ch sot sau
them vao, nh ch chieu gan cuoi. Co ch to i to lai; co ch viet lam,

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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

nh ch o hang th nam va ch giam hang th bay. Ch ten Nguyen

Thiep cung viet lam.
Lan nay la lan au ma cu nhan c mot t chieu, ma khong co dau
son. Ay v khong can, bi le ch viet bang son la ch danh rieng cho vua
viet. Chng ay chng cung u to rang chieu nay chnh tay Chnh-bnhvng viet. Li tuy nom nhng dung nhng cau toan ch xen vao. Hay la
noi cho ung, th o la van ch co xen nom. Nh the to rang Nguyen Hue
khong phai hoan-toan vo hoc.(28)
Chieu theo noi dung, la th nay viet Phu Xuan, sau khi Nguyen Hue
rut quan ve cho binh s ngh ngi. Viec chon at va ve kieu kinh o, ong
cung a ra nhng net chnh, o la cung ien xay tai Phu Thach, hanh cung
sau gan nui. Cung ien chnh th gan ni dan c hay ni nao c at, tuy
theo Nguyen Thiep chon. Vay ay la mot van kien quan trong, khong phai ch
la li le tham hoi thong thng hay vai hang kem theo qua cap e co the gi
mot cach khinh suat. Va lai, Nguyen Hue ang kinh o, khong phai tai mot
ni bien a hay tren ng i nen phai tuy tien lam khi gap gap.
oi vi Nho gia ngay xa, t giay t en cach xng ho bao gi cung
lay le chnh danh trc khi nh phan. Theo nh noi dung, Bnh Vng
a uy quyen cho Nguyen Thiep nh oat a iem, con Tran thu Than ch
thc hien viec dng cung ien theo y cua La Sn Phu T, nhat la Nguyen
Hue muon lam gap trong vong ba thang u biet ong nh danh tai lc, vat
lc gan nh vo gii han vao cong tac nay. Vi li le ro rang nh the, trach
nhiem tren vai Nguyen Thiep rat ln va minh bach.
Tnh theo thi gian, t thang 6 them ba thang na, cong thi gian qua
lai chung ta co the c lng rang Nguyen Hue nh ra Nghe An vao khoang
thang Mi nam Mau Than [1788] va sap xep e lam le ang quang tai ay
nh tin on ma giao s La Bartette nghe c trong mot la th gi cho Le
Breton ...an nh ngay 11 thang Mi (am lch) tc ngay mong 8 thang
Mi Mot la ngay ong t phong mnh lam hoang e di danh hieu Quang
Trung.(29) Viec xay dng co le ch nh lai khi quan Thanh keo sang nc
ta a en nhng thay oi ngoai d tnh.
Co le Giao s Hoang Xuan Han v mng qua nen tin tng rang ay
chnh la thu but cua Nguyen Hue. Thc ra, khong co nguyen tac nao quy
nh rang ch nha vua mi c dung mc son. Trong dan gian, thay o viet
phong, khao quan cham bai cung dung mau o e phan biet vi hoc tro hay
th sinh dung mc thng. Nhng t chieu khac cua Bnh Vng gi Nguyen
Thiep khong dung ch son ma dung mc en. Thong thng ch co nhng
li phe cua nha vua tren cac t bieu cua cac quan gi len mi dung ch son
e phan biet (chau phe). Nhng van ban khac tuy tren danh ngha la li cua
nha vua nhng thng do noi cac soan, viet bang mc en tren giay vang
co ong dau ngoc t.
Hnh thc cua ban van nay cung co nhng iem ang ng v hoan toan
khong theo ung quy luat cua mot t sac. Ngoai chi tiet quan trong nhat la

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13

thieu con dau ong tren hang ch Thai-c thap nhat nien, luc nguyet, s
nhat nhat e bao am ay la mot cong van cua trieu nh, khoang cach gia
noi dung t sac va ngay cung qua sat (thong thng phai co mot khoang
trong e ngi nhan co the tra li mac du lam khi ch la hnh thc). Mot
vai ch c dam lai hay sa khien chung ta co the ng rang ngi viet oc
khong ranh hay viet khong thong hoac viet trai i v mot ly do khac.
Du cap bach, kho co the tin c rang Nguyen Hue phai t tay viet mot
la th quen ca ong dau v Nguyet Ao tien sinh quen thuoc en mc nhn
vao mat ch la biet ngay. Hai ngi cha than tnh en the va viec viet
mot la th rieng n gian khong ung vi quy cach cua trieu nh, khong
coi trong ngi nhan, cha ke co the b gia mao hay sa oi. Chnh v the,
ngoai dau trien Quang van chi bao () e bao am rang ay la mot
van th chnh thc, nhng con so va v tr quan trong tren giay t ngoai viec
viet bang ch kep con ong them dau kiem nho e khong ai co the thay oi
ma khong b phat hien.
Theo suy ngh cua chung toi, ay la mot du ch khan cap. Trc ay
Bnh Vng a yeu cau Nguyen Thiep i xem at va chon a iem e xay
cung ien. Tuy nhien sau o tnh hnh cha yen, nhat la co vu xung ot vi
Vu Van Nham [co ni viet la Nguyen Nham] khien ong phai ch than ra
Bac e dep yen. Khi ve ngang qua Nghe An, cong viec van cha c xuc
tien nen khi ve Phu Xuan ong phai viet mot la th, va trach moc, va hoi
thuc va nh cho mot ky han rat gap rut [ba thang phai xong]. Sau ay
chung toi xin trch lai la th a c Giao s Hoang Xuan Han viet lai theo
loi chung ta hieu ngay hom nay:
Chieu truyen cho La-sn Phu-t Nguyen Thiep c biet. Ngay trc,
uy cho Phu-t ve Nghe-an xem at ong o cho kp ky nay ng-gia Bac ve
tru. Sao ta ve ti o thay cha c viec g? Nen ta hay hoi-gia ve Phu-xuankinh cho s-tot ngh-ngi. Vay chieu ban xuong cho Phu-t nen sm cung
ong Tran-thu Than tnh-toan ma lam viec, xem at ong o tai Phu-thach.
Hanh-cung th e pha sau kha gan nui. Chon at hoac cho co dan-c,
hoac cho nao at tot co the ong o c, la tuy Phu-t lay con mat tinh
ma xet nh. Sm sm chon lay, giao cho Tran-thu Than chong dng cungien. Hen trong ba thang th xong, e tien viec gia-ng. Vay Phu-t ch e
cham-chap khong chu xem.
Knh thay. ac chieu...
Thai-c nam th 11, thang sau, ngay mong 1.(30)
Chnh v gap gap nh the, Nguyen Hue chac cung dan ngi a th
bat Nguyen Thiep phai tra li ngay tren van ban e em ve trnh, chng
minh rang ngi nhan a oc va thi hanh ngay, khong the tm cach dien
tr them na. Chung toi oan la the v nhng la th trc, thng th gi
va th tra li luon luon co mot khoang thi gian, co le luc au Nguyen Hue
con u khiem cung e khong to ra qua lo mang. Tuy nhien, cang ve sau
chung ta cang thay ong thang thng hn, chang c g vi Nguyen Thiep ma

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Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

ca nhng nha Nho khac Bac Ha chng to uy quyen cang ngay cang c
cung co. Trong thi gian cap bach o, Nguyen Thiep a sai ngi nha, hoc
tro hay con chau, chep lai ban chnh e lu gi va nhng loi khue ngo [sai
lam van t] la do ngi chep voi ch khong phai nguyen ban viet sai. Con
ten Nguyen Thiep [] chep ra Nguyen Thiep [] co the v ngi chep
lai kieng khong dam viet thang ten thay, ten cha mnh.
Cung v the, Giao s Hoang Xuan Han a khong tm thay la th tra li
ma ch co la th cua Nguyen Hue ap lai ma nhan o chung ta oan c
phan nao noi dung hoi am cua Nguyen Thiep. Cung nen them rang, la th
tra li cua Nguyen Hue e ngay 19 thang 6, ch cach co 17 ngay vi la th
nay, tnh ra ch u thi gian s gia i t Phu Xuan en Nguyet Ao va tr ve
Phu Xuan trnh lai nen viec oi tra li ngay cung hp ly.
Noi tom lai, theo chung toi ay ch la mot ban sao chep lai chieu th
cua Nguyen Hue. V ban sao nay viet bang mc son nen a gay ra mot
s hieu lam va cung khong co chng c g e xac nh ay la but tch cua
Nguyen Hue.

NDC
CHU THCH
(1) Tran Anh Tuan, Niem vui va noi buon trong mot cuoc ra mat sach, http://www.diendantheky.
net/2010/06/niem-vui-va-noi-buon-trong-mot-cuoc-ra.html
(2) Le Quy on, Phu bien tap luc (tap I: quyen 1, 2 & 3), ban dch Le Xuan Giao (SaiGon: Phu
Quoc vu khanh ac trach van hoa, 1972), tr. 132.
(3) Le Quy on, Phu bien tap luc (phan ch Han), tr. XCIX.
(4) Cung Trung ang, hom so 2778, bao 162, so 38897, ban sao tau th cua Ton S Ngh e
ngay mong 8 thang 7 nam Can Long 53 (1788), Trang Cat Phat (), Thanh Cao Tong
thap toan vo cong nghien cu (), tr. 353.
(5) Le Nguyen Lu, Van khac thi Tay Sn Hue, trong Phu Xuan Thuan Hoa thi Tay Sn,
[Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc - lu hanh noi bo] (Hue: 2001), tr. 177.
(6) Xem them Nguyen Ngoc Huy [di cao 7], Ten ho ngi Viet Nam (San Jose: Mekong-Tynan,
1998), tr. 47-9.
(7) Chang han dung ch co thay v ch khi t xng.
(8) Ngo c Tho, Nghien cu ch huy Viet Nam qua cac trieu ai (Les caracteres interdits au
Vietnam a travers lhistoire) (Ha Noi: Van hoa, 1997), tr. 111.
(9) Ngo c Tho, sd, tr. 108-9.
(10) Tc i Le Than Tong [1653-1658].
(11) Ban dch Nguyen Duy Chnh (cha xuat ban).
(12) Gop them ve pho-he Tay-Sn va chan dung anh em ho. Tap san S a [9-10/1968]: ac
khao ve Quang-Trung, tr. 112-133.
(13) Ngo Cao Lang, Lch trieu tap ky [quyen VI] (Ha Noi: KHXH, 1995), tr. 586.
(14) Ngo Th Nham tac pham (quyen I). Mai Quoc Lien chu bien (Ha Noi: Nxb Van hoc, 2001),
tr. 172.
(15)
...

Hue ac bao ai ma: Ha vat Ngo cau cam nh xng cuong?. Tc ha lnh c binh. Ch
tng ham khuyen thnh tien chnh v hieu d he nhan tam. Hue nai truc an vu Bnh Sn chi

Tap ch Nghien cu va Phat trien, so 2 (85) . 2011

15

nam d thap nhat nguyet nh thap ngu nhat t lap vi e, cai nguyen Quang Trung tc nhat ai
suat tng s thuy luc te tien...
(16) Ngo Gia Van Phai, Hoang Le nhat thong ch (ban dch Nguyen c Van-Kieu Thu Hoach)
(Ha Noi: Nxb Van hoc, 2002), tr. 371-2.
(17) ang Phng Nghi, Vai tai lieu mi la ve nhng cuoc Bac-tien cua Nguyen Hue (Tap san
S a 9-10, 1968), tr. 214.
(18) Ngo Th Nham tac pham (2001), sd, ban ch Han trang 513-517, ban dch Mai Quoc Lien,
tr. 173.
(19) Ngo Th Nham tac pham (2001), sd, tr. 172, 173.
(20) Ngay 18 thang Mi Mot toi oc mot la th e ngay 20 thang Chn cua c ong La Bartette
gi cho ong Le Breton trong o c ong cho biet rang: Tiem vng Phu Xuan hay Bac Vng
va mi phong cho con trai ong lam Nam Vng luc o mi co bay tuoi, nhng hoang t c
coi nh c mi hai tuoi v theo nh li on, cac quan muon nnh ngi cha nen tang cho
ngi con nhieu tuoi hn. ang Phng Nghi, tld, tr. 213-214.
(21) Theo li tau cua Ton S Ngh (Kham nh An Nam ky lc, quyen VI).
(22) ang Phng Nghi, tld, tr. 214-6.
(23) Ngo Cao Lang, sd, tr. 586.
(24) Hoang Xuan Han, La Sn Phu T (Paris: Minh Tan, 1952).
(25) Hue viet ten cu lam ra Thiep (li chu cua Hoang Xuan Han).
(26) Hoang Xuan Han, sd, tr. 118-9.
(27) Hoang Xuan Han, sd, tr. 118.
(28) Hoang Xuan Han, sd, tr. 119.
(29) ang Phng Nghi, tld, tr. 214.
(30) Hoang Xuan Han, sd, tr.120.
TOM TAT
Tac gia bai viet iem lai mot so nghi van ve trieu ai Quang Trung. o la cac nghi van ve
ten cua vua Quang Trung, ve so lng anh em nha Tay Sn, ve thi iem chnh xac vua Quang
Trung len ngoi, ve tnh chan xac cua t chieu do Giao s Hoang Xuan Han phat hien c xem
la thu but cua vua Quang Trung. Theo tac gia, nhng van e nay can at vao khu vc ton nghi,
phai oi chieu ky lng va than trong khi tham khao va trch dan cac nguon t lieu.
ABSTRACT
SUSPICIONS ON THE REIGN OF EMPEROR QUANG TRUNG
The author mentions some suspicions on the reign of Emperor Quang Trung, which are the
real name of this emperor, the number of Tay Sn brothers, the exact time of his enthronement,
the truthfulness of the royal proclamation, which has been considered as Quang Trungs
autograph, found by Professor Hoang Xuan Han. According to the author, those issues need
to be reconsidered and cautiously compared while consulting or quoting sources of documents.