MATH 2320

Final review

1. Find the general solution of the dierential equation and use it to determine how solutions behave
as t .
y + 7y = t + e5t

Answer

1
1
t

+ e5t + ce7t
7 49 2
t
1
Solutions onverge to the fun tion y = .
7 49
y=

2. Find the solution of the given initial value problem in expli it form
y = (1 7x) y 2 ,
Answer

:
y=

7x2

y(0) =

1
3

2
2x 6

3. Find the solution of the given initial value problem in expli it form
sin 2x dx + cos 5y dy = 0,

Answer

:
y=

 
2


1
arcsin 5 cos2 x
5

4. Determine without solving the problem an interval in whi h the solution of the given initial value
problem is ertain to exist.


25 t2 y + 2ty = 8t2 ,
Answer

y(8) = 1

:
(, 5)

5. Determine without solving the problem an interval in whi h the solution of the given initial value
problem is ertain to exist.


25 t2 y + 2ty = 3t2 ,
Answer

y(2) = 3

:
(5, 5)

6. Classify the riti al (equilibrium) points as asymptoti ally stable or unstable.

dy
= y(y 2)(y 5),
dt
Answer

y0 0

:(0, 0) is unstable, (2, 0) is asymptoti ally stable, and (5, 0) is unstable.

1

7. Classify the riti al (equilibrium) points as asymptoti ally stable, unstable, or semistable.
dy
= y 2 (7 y 2 ),
dt
Answer

< y0 <

: 7, 0 is unstable, (0, 0) is semistable, and ( 7, 0) is asymptoti ally stable.

8. Find the values of b for whi h the equation is exa t, and then solve it using that value of b.


ye7xy + x dx + bxe7xy dy = 0
Answer

1 7xy x2
e
+
=c
7
2

b = 1,

9. Let y = 3 + 2t y and y(0) = 0. Using Euler's method with h = 0.5 nd approximate values of
the initial value problem at t = 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.
Answer

: Given

dy
= f (t, y),
dt

y(t0 ) = y0

the Euler method onsists of building an approximation to the solution, using an iterative method,
by taking a small step on the tangent line orresponding to urrent value of the iteration. Using a
step of size h in the input, starting at y0 we build y1 using
y1 = y0 + f (t0 , y0 )h = y0 + m0 h

The pro ess ontinues with

y2 = y1 + f (t1 , y1 )h = y1 + m1 h

and in general
yn+1 = yn + f (tn , yn )h = yn + mn h

where t1 = t0 + h, t2 = t1 + h and tn = tn1 + h = t0 + nh.

Note that yn gives an approximation for the a tual solution y(t) evaluated at tn .
dy
= f (t, y) = 3 + 2t y and starting at t0 = 0, using
For the given dierential equation we have
dt
step h = 0.5, have to obtain the approximations at
t1 = 0.5,

t2 = 1,

t3 = 1.5,

t4 = 2.

The rst slope, m0 , is m0 = f (0, 0) = 3, and y1 = y0 + m0 h = 0 + 3 0.5 = 1.5

The next slope, m1 is m1 = 3 + 1 1.5 = 2.5, y2 = y1 + m1 h = 1.5 + 2.5 0.5 = 2.75
Similarly we obtain m2 = 2.25, y3 = 3.875
m3 = 2.125, y4 = 4.9375
The exa t solution of the equation y + y = 3 + 2t, is given by y = 1 + 2t et .

10. Solve the dierential equation

Answer

x4 8y
dy
=
dx
x

x3
c
+
x8 12

y=

11. Solve the dierential equation

Answer

3x2 9y y 3
dy
=
dx
9x + 3xy 2
9xy + xy 3 x3 = c

12. Find the solution of the initial value problem 16y y = 0, y(4) = 1, y (4) = 1 .
Answer :
y=

5 t/4 3e t/4
e
e
2e
2

13. Find the Wronskian of the given pair of fun tions cos2 , 1 + cos 2 .
Answer :
0

14. Find the Wronskian of the given pair of fun tions

x, xex

Answer

x2 ex

15. Determine without solving the problem the longest interval in whi h the given initial value problem
is ertain to have a unique twi e dierentiable solution.
t (t 6) y + 2ty + 5y = 5,
Answer

y(3) = 6,

y (3) = 7

:
(0, 6)

16. Consider the equation

y y 2y = 0

Note that y1 (t) = et and y2 (t) = e2t form a fundamental set of solutions. Is y3 (t) = 3et + 2e2t
also a solution of this equation?
Answer : Yes, it is a solution.
17. Use Euler's formula to express e3+9i into the form a + bi.
Answer :

e3 (cos 9 + i sin 9) = e3 cos 9 + e3 sin 9

18. Find the general solution of the given dierential equation

y 6y + 10y = 0.
Answer

y = c1 e3t cos t + c2 e3t sin t

19. Find the general solution of the given dierential equation

16y 16y 5y = 0.
Answer

y = c1 e 4 t + c2 e 4 t

20. Find the solution of the given initial value problem

16y 24y + 9y = 0,
Answer

y(0) = 3,

y = 3e 4 t +

y (0) = 5

11 3 t
te 4
4

21. Find the general solution of the given dierential equation

y 2y 3y = 3tet .
Answer

:
y = c1 et + c2 e3t +

3 t 3 2 t
te + t e
16
8

22. Solve the given initial value problem

y + 4y = t2 + 2et ,

Answer

:
y=

y(0) = 0,

y (0) = 1

11
3
1 1
2
cos 2t +
sin 2t + t2 + et
40
10
8 4
5

23. Find a parti ular solution for the dierential equation

y (4) 4y (3) + 6y 4y + y = ex sin x.

The orresponding homogeneous equation has solution yh = (a1 + a2 x + a3 x2 + a4 x3 )ex

sin e the hara teristi equation is (r 1)4 = 0. We need to look for a parti ular solution of
d
the form yp = (c1 sin x + c2 cos x)ex . If we introdu e the dierential operator D = dx
then the
4
x
equation given is equivalent to (D 1) y = e sin x and we are looking for a parti ular solution
yp = u(x)ex . Sin e Dyp = (Du(x)) ex + u(x)ex we have (D 1)yp = (Du)ex . Then we see that
(D 1)4 yp = (D 4 u)ex = (c1 sin x + c2 cos x)ex , whi h from the given equation should equal ex sin x,
so c1 = 1 and c2 = 0.
Answer.

yp = sin x ex

24. Use the method of variation of parameters to nd the general solution of the dierential equation.
4y 4y + y = 16et/2 .
Answer

y = c1 et/2 + c2 tet/2 + 2t2 et/2

25. A series ir uit has a apa itor of 2 106 farad and an indu tor of 0.5 henry. If the initial harge
on the apa itor is 0.15 106 oulomb and there is no initial urrent, nd the harge Q on the
apa itor at any time t.
Answer :


Q(t) = 0.15 106 cos 103 t

Elementary laws of ele tri ity give that the

voltage drop a ross resistor is IR,
the voltage drop a ross apa itor is Q/C ,
and the voltage drop a ross indu tor is L dI/dt.
Thus

E(t)

Using I =

Q
dI
+ RI +
= E(t)
dt
C

dQ
we obtain the dierential equation
dt

C
LQ + RQ +

1
Q = E(t)
C

for the harge Q. The initial onditions are

Q(t0 ) = Q0 , Q (t0 ) = I(t0 ) = I0 .
Sin e R = 0 and E(t) = 0 we have a
homogeneous se ond order equation
LQ +

Q
=0
C

26. Use the method of variation of parameters to nd the general solution of the dierential equation.
4y + 49y = 49 sec2 7t,

Answer

0<t<

:
y = c1 cos 7t + c2 sin 7t 1 + sin (7t) ln |sec 7t + tan 7t|

2t, 0 t < 1
27. Determine whether f (t) = 4 2t, 1 t < 2

0, 2 t 3
on the interval 0 t 3.
Answer

: Continuous.

is ontinuous, pie ewise ontinuous or neither

28. Use the Lapla e transform method to nd the solution of the initial value problem
y 4y 21y = 0,
Answer

y(0) = 12, y (0) = 14.

y = 5e7t + 7e3t

29. Find the Lapla e transform Y (s) = L{y} of the solution of the initial value problem

y + 16y =

Answer

1, 0 t <
,
0, t

y(0) = 5, y (0) = 3.

:
g(t) = 1 u (t)
Y (s) =

1 es
5s + 3
+
2
s + 16 s (s2 + 16)

30. Find the Lapla e transform of the given fun tion

(
0,
t<4
.
f (t) = 2
t 8t + 32, 4 t
Answer

e4s 2 + 16s2
F (s) =
, s>0
s3

f (t) = t2 8t + 32 u(t 4),

31. Find the solution of the given initial value problem

y + y = g(t),

where

Answer

y(0) = 6,

y (0) = 4

t, 0 t < 6
.
g(t) = 2
3, 6 t



t
t
1
t
g(t) = + 3
u(t 6) = (t 6) u(t 6),
2
2
2 2
y(t) =

1
1
(t sin t) u6 (t) [(t 6) sin(t 6)] + 6 cos t + 4 sin t
2
2

32. Use the Lapla e transform method to solve the initial value problem
y 2y + 2y = et ,
Answer

t0

y(0) = 0, y (0) = 1.

7
1
1
y = et sin t et cos t + et
5
5
5

33. If A =
Answer

1 + i 6 + 3i
1 + 4i
2i

and B =


Answer

1
4

9
4

2
9
2
1

or show that is singular.

0
2 or show that is singular.
1

7 14
1 2
0
1

1 7
2 15
1 7

1
0
1

35. Compute the inverse of the matrix

, nd AB

15 + 9i 33 + 63i
8 + i
7 8i

34. Compute the inverse of the matrix A =

Answer

3i
3
2 10i

36. Solve the system of equations or show that there is no solution.

Answer

x3 = 0
x1
3x1 + x2 + x3 = 1

x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 2

37. Consider the ve tors

1
7
1
x1 = , x2 = , x3 =
3
3
3

x(1) (t)

2t2
4t

and

x(2) (t)

linearly independent?
Answer : On (, 0) (0, 8) (8, ) .

4et
et

. In what intervals are x(1) and x(2)

e3t

38. Find the general solution of the system

x =

Answer

:
x = c1

1
i

2 i
i 2

e + c2




1
i

39. Find the general solution of the system

1 1 6
x = 1 6 1 x
6 1 1
Answer

1
1
1
x = c1 1 e8t + c2 2 e5t + c3 0 e5t
1
1
1

40. Solve the initial value problem

x =

8 1
6 1

x,

Des ribe the behavior of the solution as t .

:
 

Answer

22
x=
5

1
1

x(0) =

7
e
5
7t

x1 and x2 as t .

1
6

3
4

e2t

41. Find the eigenvalues and the orresponding eigenve tors of the matrix
Answer

1
v= 0
1

2
v= 1
0

0
v= 1
1

1 = 1,

2 = 2,

3 = 3,

3
2
2
4
1 .
A= 1
2 4 1

42. Determine the Taylor series about the point x0 = 6 for the fun tion f (x) = x2 .
Answer :
x2 = 36 + 12(x 6) + (x 6)2

43. Determine the Taylor series about the point x0 = 2 for the fun tion f (x) =
. Also determine
1x
the radius of onvergen e of the series.
Answer :

X
1
(1)n (x 2)n
=
1x
n=0

The radius of onvergen e is = 1.

44. Find the rst three nonzero terms in ea h of the two linearly independent solutions of the given
dierential equation (solve by means of power series about the given point x0 ).


6 + x2 y xy + 12y = 0,
Answer

x0 = 0

1
y1 (x) = 1 x2 + x4 + . . .
6
11 3
11 5
y2 (x) = x x +
x ...
36
288

45. Find the re urren e relation for the oe ients of a power series of y about the given point x0 .
4y + (x + 1) y + 5y = 0,

Answer

x0 = 2

:
4 (n + 2) (n + 1) an+2 + 3 (n + 1) an+1 + (n + 5) an = 0

46. Find the rst ve nonzero terms in the solution of the given initial value problem.
y + xy + 2y = 0,

Answer

y(0) = 8,

y (0) = 7

7
8
y = 8 7x 8x2 + x3 + x4 + . . .
2
3

47. Show that the solution of the given dierential equation

y y = 5x2

has the form

y(x) = a0

x2 x3 x4
1+x+
+
+
+ ...
2!
3!
4!

+ 10

x3 x4
+
+ ...
3!
4!

where a0 is an arbitrary onstant.

48. Find all the singular points of the given equation and determine whether ea h one is regular or
irregular.
(x + 2)2 (x 5) y + 3 (x 5) y 2 (x + 2) y = 0

Answer

x = 2, irregular; x = 5, regular

49. Determine whether the point x = 0 is a regular singular point of the given dierential equation.
x (x 5) y + 2x2 y + 8y = 0
Answer

x = 0 is a regular singular point

50. Bessel fun tions arise in the study of wave propagation (for example, waves on a ir ular drum).
One of the Bessel fun tions is

J0 (x) =

X (1)k

22k (k!)2
k=0

x2k

Find the radius and interval of onvergen e of the power series for J0 .
Dierentiate J0 twi e and show that y(x) = J0 satises the equation
x2 y + xy + x2 y = 0
Answer

: Using ratio test we get R = and I = (, ). By re indexing we have

x2 J0 (x) =

X
(1)k 2(k+1) X
(1)k1
2k
x
=
2
2x
2(k1)
2k
2 (k!)
2
((k 1)!)
k=0
k=1

Taking derivative term by term gives

J0 (x)

J0 (x) =
1

X
(1)k
=
(2k) x2k1 ,
2k (k!)2
2
k=1

X
(1)k
(2k) (2k 1) x2k2 ,
2k (k!)2
2
k=1

2k 1

xJ0 (x)

X
(1)k
=
(2k) x2k
2k (k!)2
2
k=1

x2 J0 (x) =

X
(1)k
(2k) (2k 1) x2k
2k (k!)2
2
k=1

Sin e
+
= 1, the oe ient of x2k in the series orresponding to the left hand side of the
2k
2k
equation be omes 0, for every k 1.

10