Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Nuclear Physics
by D. C. Tayal1
Created by
Arjun Singh
Nuclear and Particle Physics
Physics
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
College Teacher
Mr. Pankaj Biswas
Cross-Checked by
Chaya Ravindra
May 6, 2014
1 Funded
Book Description
Title: Nuclear Physics
Author: D. C. Tayal
Publisher: Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
Edition: 5
Year: 2011
ISBN: 978-93-5024-743-3
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
11
24
37
43
5 Alpha Particles
55
6 Beta Decay
61
7 Gamma Radiation
74
8 Beta Decay
81
9 Nuclear Models
87
10 Nuclear Reactions
98
11 Particle Accelerators
110
12 Neutrons
121
130
138
146
18 Elementary Particles
148
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
Exa 1.11
Exa 1.12
Exa 1.13
Exa 1.14
Exa 1.17
Exa 1.21
Exa 2.1
Exa 2.2
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
22
24
25
25
26
26
27
28
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.18
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
2.19
2.20
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
Exa 4.13
Exa 4.14
Exa 4.15
Exa 4.16
28
29
29
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
37
38
38
39
39
40
41
41
43
43
44
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
50
51
51
52
53
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.9
5.10
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Exa 6.5
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
6.6
6.7
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
Exa 6.13
Exa 6.14
Exa 6.15
Exa 7.1
Exa 7.2
Exa 7.3
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
7.4
7.5
7.8
7.9
55
56
57
57
58
59
59
60
61
62
62
63
64
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
70
71
74
75
75
76
76
77
78
Exa 7.10
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
106
106
107
107
108
110
111
111
112
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
131
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
15.1
15.2
15.3
Exa 15.4
Exa 15.5
Exa 15.6
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
15.7
15.8
16.1
16.2
16.4
18.1
18.3
18.4
18.9
18.10
18.13
18.15
18.16
18.18
10
132
133
134
135
136
136
138
139
140
141
142
143
143
144
146
146
147
148
148
151
157
158
158
159
160
160
Chapter 1
General Properties of Atomic
Nucleus
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa1 . 1 :
: Page 51 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
Z = 79;
// Atomic number o f Gold
z = 1;
// Atomic number o f Hydrogen
e = 1.60218 e -019;
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n ,
coulomb
K = 9 e +09;
// Coulomb c o n s t a n t , newton
m e t r e s q u a r e p e r coulomb s q u a r e
E = 2*1.60218 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e p r o t o n ,
joule
b = Z * z * e ^2* K / E ;
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
approach , metre
printf ( \ n D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t a p p r o a c h : %7 . 5 e m e t r e
, b);
// R e s u l t
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t a p p r o a c h : 5 . 6 9 5 7 5 e 014 m e t e r
11
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa1 . 2 :
: Page 51 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
A = 14;
// Number o f p r o t o n s
Z = 7;
// Number o f n e u t r o n s
N = A-Z;
// Number o f e l e c t r o n s
i = modulo (( N + A ) ,2) ;
// Remainder
// Check f o r e v e n and odd number o f p a r t i c l e s ! ! ! ! !
if i == 0 then
// For e v e n number o f
particles
printf ( \ n P a r t i c l e s have i n t e g r a l s p i n ) ;
s = 1;
// N u c l e a r s p i n
end
if i == 1 then
// For odd number o f
particles
printf ( \ n P a r t i c l e s have h a l f i n t e g r a l s p i n ) ;
s = 1/2;
end
if s == 1 then
printf ( \ nMeasured v a l u e a g r e e w i t h t h e
assumption );
end
if s == 1/2 then
printf ( \ nMeasured v a l u e d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e
assumption );
end
// R e s u l t
// P a r t i c l e s have h a l f i n t e g r a l s p i n
// Measured v a l u e d i s a g r e e w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n
12
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Kinetic energy and Coulomb energy for an electron
confined within the nucleus
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa1 . 3
2 clc ; clear ;
3 p = 62;
: Page 52 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
MeV/ c
4 K = 9 e +09;
5 E = 0.511;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// Coulomb c o n s t a n t
// Energy o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
MeV
e = 1.60218 e -019;
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n , C
Z = 23;
// Atomic number
R = 0.5*10^ -14;
// D i a m e t e r o f t h e n u c l e u s ,
meter
T = sqrt ( p ^2+ E ^2) -E ;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , MeV
E_c = -Z * K * e ^2/( R *1.60218 e -013) ;
//
Coulomb e n e r g y , MeV
printf ( \ n K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n : %5 . 2 f MeV
\ nCoulomb e n e r g y p e r e l e c t r o n : %5 . 3 f MeV ,T , E_c
);
// R e s u l t
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n : 6 1 . 4 9 MeV
// Coulomb e n e r g y p e r e l e c t r o n : 6.633 MeV
: Page 52 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f
the electron , j o u l e
4 h = 6.6262 e -034;
joule sec
5 C = 3 e +08;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
13
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
metre per s e c
p = K/C;
// Momentum o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , j o u l e s e c per meter
lambda = h / p ;
// de B r o g l i e
wavelength , metre
A = 30* %pi /180;
// A n g l e ( i n r a d i a n )
r = lambda /( A *10^ -15) ;
// R a d i u s o f t h e t a r g e t
nucleus , femtometre
printf ( \ n R a d i u s o f t h e t a r g e t n u c l e u s : %4 . 2 f fm ,
r);
// R e s u l t
// R a d i u s o f t h e t a r g e t n u c l e u s : 4 . 7 4 fm
: Page 52 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n , C
// Atomic mass o f C h l o r i n e ,
amu
// Coulomb c o n s t a n t , newton
m e t r e s q a u r e p e r coulomb s q u a r e
E = 6.1*1.60218 e -013;
// Coulomb e n e r g y ,
joule
R_0 = 3/5* K / E * e ^2*( A ) ^(2/3) ; // D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
approach , metre
R = R_0 * A ^(1/3) ;
// R a d i u s o f t h e
nucleus , metre
printf ( \ n R a d i u s o f t h e n u c l e u s : %4 . 2 e m e t r e , R ) ;
5 K = 9 e +09;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// R a d i u s o f t h e n u c l e u s : 4 . 6 8 0 5 e 015 m e t r e
14
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// Speed o f t h e i o n : 1 . 0 9 8 9 e +05 m/ s
// Mass o f t h e i o n : 1 5 . 8 9 u
sec
B = 0.08;
//
e = 1.60218 e -019;
n = 1;
R_20 = M * v /( B * n * e )
R_22 = 22/20* R_20 ;
Magnetic f i e l d , t e s l a
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n , C
// Number o f t h e i o n
// R a d i u s o f t h e neon 20 , m e t r e
// R a d i u s o f t h e neon 22 , m e t r e
15
10
11
12
13
14
printf ( \ n R a d i u s o f t h e neon 20 : %5 . 3 f m e t r e \
n R a d i u s o f t h e neon 22 : %5 . 3 f m e t r e , R_20 , R_22
);
// R e s u l t
// R a d i u s o f t h e neon 20 : 0 . 2 5 9 m e t r e
// R a d i u s o f t h e neon 22 : 0 . 2 8 5 m e t r e
: Page 53 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// F i r s t d o u b l e t mass
difference , u
b = 72.97 e -03;
// S e c o n d d o u b l e t mass
difference , u
c = 87.33 e -03;
// T h i r d d o u b l e t mass
difference , u
M_H = 1+1/32*(4* a +5* b -2* c ) ;
// Mass o f t h e
hydrogen , amu
printf ( \ nMass o f t h e h y d r o g e n : %8 . 6 f amu , M_H ) ;
// R e s u l t
// Mass o f t h e h y d r o g e n : 1 . 0 0 8 1 6 6 amu
: : Page 54 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Charge o f an
electron ,C
4 B = 0.65;
tesla
// M a g n e t i c f i e l d ,
16
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i o n e n t e r i n g s l i t S2 : 3 7 2 1
eV
16 // K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i o n l e a v i n g s l i t S4 : 3 2 8 4
eV
Scilab code Exa 1.10 Calculation of energy released during nuclear fusion
reaction
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Ex1 . 1 0 :
: Page 55 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M_Li = 7.0116004;
// Mass o f l i t h i u m n u c l e u s , u
4 M_Be = 7.016929;
// Mass o f b e r y l l i u m n u c l e u s , u
5 m_e = 0.511;
// Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , MeV
6 if ( M_Li - M_Be ) *931.48 < 2* m_e then
7
printf ( \ nThe Li 7 i s n o t a b e t a e m i t t e r ) ;
8 else
17
9
printf ( \ nThe Li 7 i s a b e t a e m i t t e r ) ;
10 end
11 if ( M_Be - M_Li ) *931.48 > 2* m_e then
12
printf ( \ nThe Be7 i s a b e t a e m i t t e r ) ;
13 else
14
printf ( \ nThe Be7 i s n o t a b e t a e m i t t e r ) ;
15 end
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The Li 7 i s n o t a b e t a e m i t t e r
19 // The Be7 i s a b e t a e m i t t e r
: Page 55 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , amu
// Mass o f p r o t o n , amu
// Number o f n e u t r o n
i n Ni 64
Z_Ni = 28;
// Atomic number o f Ni
64
N_Cu = 35;
// Number o f n e u t r o n
i n Cu64
Z_Cu = 29;
// Atomic number o f
Cu64
A = 64;
// Mass number , amu
M_Ni = 63.927958;
// Mass o f Ni 64
M_Cu = 63.929759;
// Mass o f Cu64
m_e = 0.511;
// Mass o f an
e l e c t r o n , MeV
d_M_Ni = N_Ni * M_n + Z_Ni * M_p - M_Ni ;
// Mass
d e f e c t , amu
d_M_Cu = N_Cu * M_n + Z_Cu * M_p - M_Cu ;
// Mass
d e f e c t , amu
18
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Result
Binding
Binding
Average
Average
Ni 64 i s
emitter
e n e r g y o f Ni 64 : 5 6 1 . 7 6 5 MeV
e n e r g y o f CU64 : 5 5 9 . 3 0 5 MeV
b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Ni 64 : 8 . 7 7 8 MeV
b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f Cu64 : 8 . 7 3 9 MeV
n o t a b e t a e m i t t e r but Cu64 i s a b e t a
Scilab code Exa 1.12 Calculation of energy released during nuclear fusion
reaction
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa1 . 1 2 :
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M_n =
1.008665*931.49;
: Page 55 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Mass o f
n e u t r o n , MeV
4 M_p = 1.007825*931.49;
, MeV
// Mass o f p r o t o n
19
9
10
11
Mass o f He4
Mass o f H2 n u c l e u s
// Energy r e l e a s e d
fusion reaction :
// R e s u l t
// Energy r e l e a s e d d u r i n g f u s i o n r e a c t i o n : 2 3 . 6 MeV
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
20
18 end
19
20 // R e s u l t
21 // For A = 8 0 , t h e most s t a b l e
22 // For A = 9 7 , t h e most s t a b l e
i s o b a r i s Br ( 3 5 , 8 0 )
i s o b a r i s Mo( 4 2 , 9 7 )
: P . no . 5 6 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Mass number
// Mass o f scandium , a t o m i c
mass u n i t
M_Ti = 49.944786;
// Mass o f t i t a n i u m ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
M_V = 49.947167;
// Mass o f vanadium , a t o m i c
mass u n i t
M_Cr = 49.946055;
// Mass o f chromium ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
M_Mn = 49.954215;
// Mass o f manganese ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
a_p = ( M_Mn - M_Cr + M_V - M_Ti ) /(8* A ^( -3/4) ) *931.5;
//
P a i r i n g e n e r g y temr , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
printf ( \ n P a i r i n g e n e r g y term : %5 . 2 f MeV , a_p ) ;
// R e s u l t
// P a i r i n g e n e r g y term : 2 3 . 0 8 MeV
Scilab code Exa 1.17 Relative error in the electric potential at the first
Bohr radius
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Ex1 . 1 7
2 clc ; clear ;
: Page 57 ( 2 0 1 1 )
21
3 b = 1;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e e r r o r i n t h e e l e c t r i c p o t e n t i a l a t
t h e f i r s t Bohr r a d i u s : 1 . 0 4 2 3 6 4 e 09
22
// R e s u l t
// Change i n t h e v a l u e o f f r a c t i o n a l c h a n g e i n R 0
i s only 2.99 percent
12 // Thus , we can assumed t h a t G a d o l i n i u m n u c l e u s i s
spherical .
10
11
23
Chapter 2
Radioactivity and Isotopes
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Weight of one Curie and one Rutherford of RaB
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 1 : : Page 88 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
T = 26.8*60;
// H a l f l i f e o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , s
C = 3.7 e +010;
// One c u r i e , d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p e r s e c
N = 6.022137 e +026; // Avogadro number , p e r kmol
m = 214; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f RaB , kg / kmol
R = 1 e +006; // One R u t h e r f o r d , d i s i n t e g r a t i o n p e r
sec .
8 W_C = C * T * m /( N *0.693) ; // Weight o f one C u r i e o f RaB
, Kg
9 W_R = R * T * m /( N *0.693) ; // Weight o f one R u t h e r f o r d
o f RaB , Kg
10 printf ( \ nWeight o f one C u r i e o f RaB : %5 . 3 e Kg \
nWeight o f one R u t h e r f o r d o f RaB : %5 . 3 e Kg , W_C
, W_R ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// Weight o f one C u r i e o f RaB : 3 . 0 5 1 e 011 Kg
// Weight o f one R u t h e r f o r d o f RaB : 8 . 2 4 5 e 016 Kg
24
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The maximum a c t i v i t y o f Na24 = 2 . 7 mCi
// The t i m e n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e d 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e
maximum a c t i v i t y = 4 9 . 2 h r s
15 // Number o f atoms o f Na24 l e f t two h o u r s a f t e r
bombardment was s t o p p e d = 6 . 3 0 e +012
: Page 89 ( 2 0 1 1 )
25
3 T = 1.31 e +09*365*24*60*60;
// H a l f l i f e
of the
substance , sec
4 N = 6.022137 e +026; // Avogadro number .
5 m = 0.35*0.012*10^ -2; // Mass o f K40 , Kg .
6 A = m * N *0.693/( T *40) ; // A c t i v i t y o f K40 ,
disintegrations / sec .
7 printf ( \ nThe a c t i v i t y o f K40 = %5 . 3 e
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s / s e c = %5 . 3 f micro c u r i e , A , A
/3.7 e +004) ;
8
9
10
// R e s u l t
// The a c t i v i t y o f K40 = 1 . 0 6 1 e +004 d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s
/ s e c = 0 . 2 8 7 micro c u r i e
years
1.
5 N_0 = 15.6/ lambda ; // A c t i v i t y
o f f r e s h c a r b o n , dpm
. gm
6 N = 3.9/ lambda ; // A c t i v i t y o f an a n c i e n t wooden
boat , dpm . gm .
7 t = 1/( lambda ) * log ( N_0 / N ) ; // Age o f t h e boat , y e a r s
8 printf ( \ nThe a g e o f t h e b o a t : %5 . 3 e y e a r s , t ) ;
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The a g e o f t h e b o a t : 1 . 1 1 4 e +004 y e a r s
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 5 : : Page 90 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
m_0 = 3e -06; // I n i t i a l mass o f t h e U234 , Kg
A = 6.022137 e +026; // Avagadro s number , atoms
N_0 = m_0 * A /234; // I n i t i a l number o f atoms
T = 2.50 e +05; // H a l f l i f e , y e a r s
lambda = 0.693/ T ; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t
t = 150000; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n time , y e a r s
m = m_0 * %e ^( - lambda * t ) ; // Mass a f t e r t i m e t , Kg
activity = m * lambda /(365*24*60*60) * A /234; //
A c t i v i t y o f U234 a f t e r t i m e t , dps
11 printf ( \ nThe a c t i v i t y o f U234 a f t e r %6d y r s = %5 . 3
e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s / s e c , t , activity ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The a c t i v i t y o f U234 a f t e r 1 5 0 0 0 0 y r s = 4 . 4 7 8 e
+005 d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s / s e c
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The number o f a l p h a d e c a y s i n Th232 = 1 . 2 9 e +011
27
Scilab code Exa 2.7 Maximum possible age of the earth crust
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 7 : : Page 90 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 T_238 = 4.5 e +09; // H a l f l i f e o f U238 , y e a r s
4 T_235 = 7.13 e +08; // H a l f l i f e o f U238 , y e a r s
5 lambda_238 = 0.693/ T_238 ; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
o f U238 , y e a r s 1
lambda_235 = 0.693/ T_235 ; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t
o f U235 , y e a r s 1
N = 137.8; // Abundances o f U238/U235
t = log ( N ) /( lambda_235 - lambda_238 ) ; // Age o f t h e
earth s crust , years
printf ( \ nThe maximum p o s s i b l e a g e o f t h e e a r t h
c r u s t = %5 . 3 e y e a r s , t ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The maximum p o s s i b l e a g e o f t h e e a r t h c r u s t =
6 . 0 2 2 e +009 y e a r s
222
printf ( \ nThe number o f h a l f l i v e s i n radon 222 = %5
. 3 f , n);
// R e s u l t
// The number o f h a l f l i v e s i n radon 222 = 3 . 3 2 2
28
17
18
19
20
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 9 :
: Page 91 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
M_Po = 209.9829; // Mass o f Polonium , g
M_Pb = 205.9745; // Mass o f l e a d , g
A = 6.22137 e +023; // Avogadro s number
M_He = 4.0026; // Mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , g
C = 3 e +08; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m/ s
T = 138*24*3600; // H a l f l i f e , s e c
P = 250; // Power p r o d u c e d , j o u l e / s e c
Q = [ M_Po - M_Pb - M_He ]*931.25; // d i s i n t e g r a t i o n
e n e r g y , MeV
lambda = 0.693/ T ; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t , p e r
year
N = P /( lambda * Q *1.60218 e -013) ; // Number o f atoms ,
atom
N_0 = N * %e ^(1.833) ; // Number o f atoms p r e s e n t
i n i t i a l l y , atom
W = N_0 / A *210; // Weight o f Po210 a f t e r one y e a r , g
A_0 = N_0 * lambda /(3.7 e +010) ; // I n i t i a l a c t i v i t y ,
curie
printf ( \ nThe w e i g h t o f Po210 a f t e r one y e a r = %5 . 2
f g \ nThe i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l = %4 . 2
e c u r i e s , W , A_0 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The w e i g h t o f Po210 a f t e r one y e a r = 1 0 . 4 9 g
// The i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y o f t h e m a t e r i a l = 4 . 8 8 e +004
curies
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 1 0 : : Page 91 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 lambda_t = 0.693/(60.5*60) ; // T o t a l d e c a y c o n s t a n t ,
4
5
6
7
8
per sec
lambda_a = 0.34* lambda_t ; // Decay c o n s t a n t f o r
alpha decay , per sec
lambda_b = 0.66* lambda_t ; // Decay c o n s t a n t f o r
beta decay , per sec
printf ( \ nThe d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r t o t a l e m i s s i o n = %4
. 2 e / s e c , lambda_t ) ;
printf ( \ nThe d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r b e t a d e c a y lambda b
= %4 . 2 e / s e c , lambda_b ) ;
printf ( \ nThe d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r a l p h a d e c a y
l a m b d a a = %4 . 2 e / s e c , lambda_a ) ;
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r t o t a l e m i s s i o n = 1 . 9 1 e 004
/ sec
12 // The d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r b e t a d e c a y lambda b = 1 . 2 6
e 004 / s e c
13 // The d e c a y c o n s t a n t f o r a l p h a d e c a y l a m b d a a =
6 . 4 9 e 005 / s e c
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
30
// The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n , Mev
P = 0.231;
// E v a p o r a t i o n r a t e , w a t t
D = P /( E *1.60218 e -013) ;
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n r a t e ,
per sec
A = 6.022137 e +023;
// Avagadro s number , atoms
N = Amount / M_P * A ;
// Number o f n u c l e i i n 1 2 0 . 1 g
o f P239
T = 0.693/( D *3.15 e +07) * N ;
// H a l f l i f e o f Pu 239 ,
years
printf ( \ nThe h a l f l i f e o f Pu239 = %3 . 2 e y e a r s , T )
;
9 E = E_R + E_A ;
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// R e s u l t
// The h a l f
life
o f Pu239 = 2 . 4 2 e +004 y e a r s
.m
6 S_2 = 2.6 e -024; // C r o s s e c t i o n
f o r second reaction ,
Sq .m
7 I = 1 e +018; // I n t e n s i t y
8
9
10
11
12
o f r a d i a t i o n , p e r Sq .m p e r
sec
L_1 = I * S_1 ;
// Decay c o n s t a n t o f Au197 , p e r s e c
L_2 = 0.693/ T_h_1 + I * S_2 ; // Decay c o n s t a n t o f Au
198 , p e r s e c
L_3 = 0.693/ T_h_2 ; // Decay c o n s t a n t o f Au199 , p e r
sec
N_0 = 6.022137 e +023; // Avogadro number
N_1 = N_0 /197; // I n i t i a l number o f atoms o f Au197
31
21
22
23
// R e s u l t
// The d i s i n t e g r a t i o n r a t e o f Au199 = 1 . 9 e +012
Wrong a n s w e r i n t h e t e x t b o o k )
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 1 5 : : Page 94 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
Y = 110 e -03; // Y i e l d o f Na24 , mCi/ h r
T = 14.8; // H a l f l i f e o f Na24 , h o u r s
t = 8; // Time a f t e r which a c t i v i t y t o be compute ,
hours
lambda = 0.693/ T ; // D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t , h o u r s
1
A = 1.44* Y * T ; // Maximum a c t i v i t y o f Na24 , Ci
A_C = A *[1 - %e ^( - lambda * t ) ]; // A c t i v i t y a f t e r a
c o n t i n u o u s bombardment , Ci
Activity = A_C *( %e ^( - lambda * t ) ) ; // A c t i v i t y a f t e r 8
h o u r s , Ci
printf ( \ nThe maximum a c t i v i t y o f Na24 = %5 . 3 f Ci \
nThe a c t i v i t y a f t e r a c o n t i n u o u s bombardment = %6
. 4 f Ci \ nThe a c t i v i t y a f t e r 8 h o u r s = %7 . 5 f Ci ,A ,
A_C , Activity ) ;
11
32
// R e s u l t
// The maximum a c t i v i t y o f Na24 = 2 . 3 4 4 Ci
// The a c t i v i t y a f t e r a c o n t i n u o u s bombardment =
0 . 7 3 2 4 Ci
15 // The a c t i v i t y a f t e r 8 h o u r s = 0 . 5 0 3 6 0 Ci
12
13
14
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s per sec
4 T = 12.6;
// H a l f l i f e o f I 130 , h o u r s
5 t = 24*3600;
// t i m e f o r d o s e a b s o r b e d
calculation , sec
6 E = 0.29*1.6 e -06;
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// A v e r a g e e n e r g y o f b e t a r a y s ,
ergs
m = 2;
// Mass o f i o d i n e t h y r o i d t i s s u e , gm
lambda = 0.693/( T *3600) ;
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n
c o n s t a n t , s e c 1
N_0 = A_0 / lambda ;
// I n i t i a l number o f atoms
N = N_0 *[1 - %e ^( - lambda * t ) ];
// Number o f a v e r a g e
atoms d i s i n t e g r a t e d
E_A = N * E ;
// Energy o f b e t a r a y s e m i t t e d , e r g s
E_G = E_A /(2*97.00035) ;
// Energy o f b e t a r a y s
e m i t t e d p e r gram o f t i s s u e , REP
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f b e t a r a y s e m i t t e d p e r gram
o f t i s s u e = %6 . 1 f REP , E_G ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f b e t a r a y s e m i t t e d p e r gram o f
t i s s u e = 4 2 4 5 . 0 REP
33
Scilab code Exa 2.18 Activity and the maximum amount of Au198 produced in the foil of Au197
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 1 8 : : Page 95 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
N_0 = 6.022137 e +023; // Avagadro number
d = 0.02; // T h i c k n e s s o f t h e f o i l , cm
R = 19.3; // D e n s i t y o f Au , g / c c
N_1 = d * R /197* N_0 ; // I n i t i a l number o f Au197
n u c l e i p e r u n i t a r e a o f f o i l , cm2
T_H = 2.7*24*3600; // H a l f l i f e o f Au198 , s e c
L = log (2) / T_H ; // Decay c o n s t a n t f o r Au198 , s e c 1
I = 10^12; // I n t e n s i t y o f n e u t r o n beam , n e u t r o n s /cm
2/ s e c
S = 97.8 e -024; // C r o s s s e c t i o n f o r r e a c t i o n , cm2
t = 5*60; // R e a c t i o n time , s
A = S * I * N_1 *(1 - %e ^( - L * t ) ) ; // A c t i v i t y o f Au198 ,cm
2 s e c 1
N_2 = S * I * N_1 / L ; // The maximum amount o f Au198
p r o d u c e d , cm2
printf ( \ nThe a c t i v i t y o f Au198 = %5 . 3 e p e r Sq . cm
p e r s e c \ nThe maximum amount o f Au198 p r o d u c e d =
%4 . 2 e p e r Sq . cm , A , N_2 ) ;
15
16
17
// R e s u l t
// The a c t i v i t y o f Au198 = 1 . 0 2 8 e +008 p e r Sq . cm p e r
sec
18 // The maximum amount o f Au198 p r o d u c e d = 3 . 8 8 e +016
p e r Sq . cm
34
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa2 . 1 9 : : Page 95 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
N_0 = 6.022137 e +023; // Avagadro number
T_P = 90*365*24*3600; // H a l f l i f e o f Pu238 , s
L_P = 0.693/ T_P ; // Decay c o n s t a n t o f Pu238 , s 1
E = 5.5; // Energy o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , MeV
P = E * L_P * N_0 ; // Power r e l e a s e d by t h e gm m o l e c u l e
o f Pu238 ,MeV/ s
8 t = log (8) /( L_P *365*24*3600) ; // Time i n which power
r e d u c e s t o 1/8 t i m e o f i t s i n i t i a l v a l u e
9 printf ( \ nThe power r e l e a s e d by t h e gm m o l e c u l e o f
Pu238 = %4 . 2 e MeV/ s \ nThe t i m e i n which power
r e d u c e s t o 1/8 t i m e o f i t s i n i t i a l v a l u e = %d y r s
,P , t )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The power r e l e a s e d by t h e gm m o l e c u l e o f Pu238 =
8 . 0 9 e +014 MeV/ s
13 // The t i m e i n which power r e d u c e s t o 1/8 t i m e o f
i t s i n i t i a l v a l u e = 270 y r s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
35
of n u c l e i of daughter i s o t o p e
printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d t i m e f o r d e c a y o f d a u g h t e r
n u c l e u s = %d y r \ nThe number o f n u c l e i o f
d a u g h t e r i s o t o p e = %1 . 0 e , t_0 , N ) ;
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e d t i m e f o r d e c a y o f d a u g h t e r n u c l e u s =
101 y r
15 // The number o f n u c l e i o f d a u g h t e r i s o t o p e = 1 e +017
36
Chapter 3
Interactions of Nuclear
Radiations with Matter
10
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The r a n g e o f an a l p h a p a r t i c l e = 5 . 0 5 e 05 m e t r e
// The t h i c k n e s s i n Al o f 1 m a i r = 1 . 5 9 Kg p e r
square metre
37
particle
, mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
D = 2.7; // D e n s i t y o f Al , gram p e r c u b i c m e t r e
u_m = 22/ E_max ; // Mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ,
c e n t i m e t r e s q u a r e p e r gram
x_h = log (2) /( u_m * D ) ; // H a l f v a l u e t h i c k n e s s f o r
b e t a a b s o r p t i o n , cm
printf ( \ nThe H a l f v a l u e t h i c k n e s s f o r b e t a
a b s o r p t i o n = %5 . 3 f cm , x_h ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The H a l f v a l u e t h i c k n e s s f o r b e t a a b s o r p t i o n =
0 . 0 1 4 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
38
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f r a d i a t i o n l o s s t o i o n i s a t i o n
l o s s = %5 . 3 e \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e b e t a p a r t i c l e =
%4 . 2 f MeV , R , E_1 ) ;
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f r a d i a t i o n l o s s t o i o n i s a t i o n l o s s =
1 . 0 2 5 e 01
13 // The e n e r g y o f t h e b e t a p a r t i c l e = 9 . 7 6 MeV
coefficient
d = 2700;
//
cubic centimetre
x_h = log (2) / U_l ;
//
metre
U_m = U_l / d ;
//
, s q u a r e m e t r e p e r Kg
printf ( \ nThe h a l f v a l u e
p e r c u b i c m e t r e \ nThe
= %7 . 5 f s q u a r e m e t r e
d e n s i t y o f t h e Al , Kg p e r
H a l f v a l u e t h i c k n e s s o f Al ,
Mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
t h i c k n e s s o f Al = %6 . 4 f Kg
mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
p e r Kg ,x_h , U_m ) ;
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The h a l f v a l u e t h i c k n e s s o f Al = 0 . 0 4 4 3 Kg p e r
c u b i c metre
12 // The mass a b s o r p t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 0 0 5 8 0 s q u a r e
m e t r e p e r Kg
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa3 . 9 : : Page 1 2 5 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E_g = 2.19*1.6 e -013; // Energy o f t h e gamma r a y s ,
joule
4 m_e = 9.10939 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , Kg
5 C = 3 e +08; // V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m/ s
6 E_max = [ E_g /(1+( m_e * C ^2) /(2* E_g ) ) ]/(1.6 e -013) ; //
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e compton r e c o i l
1 . 9 6 1 MeV
electrons =
7
8
9
10
11
12
coulomb
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
eps = 8.85 e -12;
// A b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , p e r N p e r metre s q u a r e p e r coulomb
square
h = 6.6 e -34;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t , j o u l e s e c
E = e ^2* m_e * c /( eps * h *1.6 e -13) ;
// A v e r a g e
e n e r g y o f t h e p o s i t r o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
printf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e e n e r g y o f t h e p o s i t r o n = %6 . 4
f Z MeV , E ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a v e r a g e e n e r g y o f t h e p o s i t r o n = 0 . 0 0 7 5 Z MeV
40
Scilab code Exa 3.11 To calculate the refractive index of the material
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa3 . 1 1 : : Page 1 2 5 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 P = 1;
// Momentum o f t h e p r o t o n , GeV/ c
4 M_0 = 0.94;
// R e s t mass o f t h e p r o t o n , GeV/ c
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
square
G = sqrt (( P / M_0 ) ^2+1) // L o r e n t z f a c t o r
V = sqrt (1 -1/ G ^2) ;
// Minimum v e l o c i t y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , m/ s
u = 1/ V ;
// R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e g a s
printf ( \ nThe r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e g a s = %4 . 2 f ,
u);
u = 1.6;
// R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
theta = round ( acos (1/( u * V ) ) *180/3.14) ;
// A n g l e
a t which c e r e n k o v r a d i a t i n i s e m i t t e d , d e g r e e
printf ( \ nThe a n g l e a t which C e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n i s
e m i t t e d = %d d e g r e e , theta )
// R e s u l t
// The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e g a s = 1 . 3 7
// The a n g l e a t which C e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n i s e m i t t e d
= 31 d e g r e e
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Minimum kinetic energy of the electron to emit Cerenkov
radiation
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa3 . 1 2 : : Page 1 2 6 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 n = 1+1.35 e -04; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e medium
4 V_min = 1/ n ; // Minimum v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m/
s
41
i s n o t h i n g but j u s t
k i n e t i c e n e r g y r e q u i r e d by an e l e c t r o t o e m i t
c e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
10 printf ( \ nThe minimum k i n e t i c e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o
e l e c t r o n t o e m i t c e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n = %5 . 2 f MeV ,
T_min ) ;
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The minimum k i n e t i c e n e r g y r e q u i r e d t o
t o e m i t c e r e n k o v r a d i a t i o n = 3 0 . 6 4 MeV
42
electron
Chapter 4
Detection and Measurement of
Nuclear Radiations
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Resultant pulse height recorded in the fission chamber
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa4 . 1 : : Page 178 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
N = 200 e +006/35;
// T o t a l number o f i o n p a i r s
e = 1.60218 e -019;
// Charge o f an i o n , coulomb
Q = N*e;
// T o t a l c h a r g e p r o d u c e d i n t h e chamber ,
coulomb
6 C = 25 e -012;
// C a p a c i t y o f t h e c o l l e c t o r , f a r a d
7 V = Q/C;
// R e s u l t a n t p u l s e h e i g h t , v o l t
8 printf ( \ nThe r e s u l t a n t p u l s e h e i g h t r e c o r d e d i n t h e
f i s s i o n chamber = %4 . 2 e v o l t , V ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The r e s u l t a n t p u l s e h e i g h t r e c o r d e d i n t h e
f i s s i o n chamber = 3 . 6 6 e 002 v o l t
43
electron volts
N = E /35;
// Number o f i o n p a i r p r o d u c e d
m = 10^3;
// M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
N_t = N * m ;
// T o t a l number o f i o n p a i r s
produced
e = 1.60218 e -019; // Charge o f an i o n , coulomb
Q = N_t * e ;
// T o t a l c h a r g e f l o w i n t h e
c o u n t e r , coulomb
t = 10^ -3;
// P u l s e time , s e c
44
// R e s i s t a n c e , ohm
// C u r r e n t p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e
r e s i s t o r , ampere
12 V = I * R ;
// H e i g h t o f t h e v o l t a g e p u l s e , v o l t
13
printf ( \ n T o t a l number o f i o n p a i r s p r o d u c e d : %5 . 3 e
\ n T o t a l c h a r g e f l o w i n t h e c o u n t e r : %5 . 3 e
coulomb \ n H e i g h t o f t h e v o l t a g e p u l s e : %5 . 3 e
v o l t , N_t , Q , V ) ;
10 R = 10^4;
11 I = Q / t ;
14
15
16
17
// R e s u l t
// T o t a l number o f i o n p a i r s p r o d u c e d : 2 . 8 5 7 e +008
// T o t a l c h a r g e f l o w i n t h e c o u n t e r : 4 . 5 7 8 e 011
coulomb
18 // H e i g h t o f t h e v o l t a g e p u l s e : 4 . 5 7 8 e 004 v o l t
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Radial field and life time of Geiger Muller Counter
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa4 . 4 : : Page 178 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
V = 1000;
// O p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e o f Counter , v o l t
x = 1e -004;
// Time t a k e n , s e c
b = 2;
// R a d i u s o f t h e c a t h o d e , cm
a = 0.01;
// D i a m e t e r o f t h e w i r e , cm
E_r = V /( x * log ( b / a ) ) ; // R a d i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d , V/m
C = 1 e +009;
// T o t a l c o u n t s i n t h e GM
counter
9 T = C /(50*60*60*2000) ; // L i f e o f t h e G.M. Counter ,
year
10 printf ( \ nThe r a d i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d : %4 . 2 eV/m\ nThe
l i f e o f t h e G.M. C o u n t e r : %5 . 3 f y e a r s , E_r , T ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The r a d i a l e l e c t r i c f i e l d : 1 . 8 9 e +006V/m
// The l i f e o f t h e G.M. C o u n t e r : 2 . 7 7 8 y e a r s
45
metre
5 a = 0.006 e -02;
// R a d i u s o f t h e w i r e , m e t r e
6 L = 7.8 e -06;
// Mean f r e e path , m e t r e
7 V = round ( I * a * log ( b / a ) / L ) ;
// A v a l a n c h e v o l t a g e
i n G.M. tube , v o l t
8 printf ( \ nThe a v a l a n c h e v o l t a g e i n G.M. t u b e = %d
v o l t , V);
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The a v a l a n c h e v o l t a g e i n G.M. t u b e = 729 v o l t
1
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
: Page 179 ( 2 0 1 1 )
C o u n t i n g r a t e o f GM t u b e
Slope of the curve
// V o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n ,
f l u c t u a t i o n GM t u b e = %4 . 2 f
// R e s u l t
// The v o l t a g e f l u c t u a t i o n GM t u b e = 3 . 3 3 v o l t
46
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// Time measurement f o r a c t u a l c o u n t : 2 9 . 6 3 0 s e c
// Time measurement f o r backward c o u n t : 1 4 . 8 s e c
plates ,
square metre
// D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
// E l e c t r i c a l p e r m i t t i v i t y o f
t h e medium , p e r newtonmetre s q u a r e coulomb
square
4 K = 12;
5 D = K *8.8542 e -012;
47
6 x = 50 e -06;
// Width o f d e p l e t i o n l a y e r ,
metre
7 C = A * D / x *10^12;
// C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e s i l i c o n
d e t e c t o r , pF
8 E = 4.5 e +06;
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// Energy p r o d u c e d by t h e i o n
p a i r s , eV
N = E /3.5;
// Number o f i o n p a i r s
e = 1.60218 e -019;
// Charge o f e a c h i o n , coulomb
Q = N*e;
// T o t a l c h a r g e , coulomb
V = Q / C *10^12;
// P o t e n t i a l a p p l i e d a c r o s s
the capacitor , v o l t
printf ( \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e d e t e c t o r : %6 . 2 f pF
\ nThe p o t e n t i a l a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e c a p a c i t o r : %4
. 2 e v o l t , C, V);
// R e s u l t
// The c a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e d e t e c t o r : 3 1 8 . 7 5 pF
// The p o t e n t i a l a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e c a p a c i t o r : 6 . 4 6
e 004 v o l t
for
radiation A
4 N_B = 2000;
// Number o f c o u n t o b s e r v e d f o r
radiation B
5 r = N_A / N_B ;
// R a t i o o f c o u n t A t o t h e c o u n t
B
6 E_r = sqrt (1/ N_A +1/ N_B ) ;
// S t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r
7 printf ( \ nThe s t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r o f t h e m e a s u r e d
r a t i o = %4 . 2 f , E_r * r ) ;
8
9
// R e s u l t
48
10
// The s t a t i s t i c a l e r r o r o f t h e m e a s u r e d r a t i o =
0 . 0 2 ( Wrong a n s w e r i n t h e t e x t b o o k )
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier
tube
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa4 . 1 0 : : Page 180 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E = 4 e +006;
// Energy l o s t i n t h e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
s c i n t i l l a t o r , eV
N_pe = E /10^2*0.5*0.1;
// Number o f
photoelectrons emitted
G = 10^6;
// Gain o f
p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r tube
e = 1.6 e -019;
// Charge o f t h e
electron , C
Q = N_pe * G * e ;
// Charge c o l l e c t e d a t
t h e anode o f p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r tube , C
printf ( \ nThe c h a r g e c o l l e c t e d a t t h e anode o f p h o t o
m u l t i p l i e r t u b e : %6 . 4 e C , Q ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The c h a r g e c o l l e c t e d a t t h e anode o f p h o t o
m u l t i p l i e r t u b e : 3 . 2 0 0 0 e 010 C
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Charge collected at the anode of photo multiplier
tube
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa11 : : Page 180 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 E = 4 e +06;
// Energy l o s t i n t h e s c i n t i l l a t o r
, eV
3 N_pe = E /10^2*0.5*0.1;
photoelectrons emitted
// Number o f
49
// Gain
// Charge o f t h e
4 G = 10^6;
5 e = 1.6 e -019;
6
7
8
9
electron , C
Q = N_pe * G * e ;
// Charge c o l l e c t e d
a t t h e anode o f p h o t o m u l t i p l i e r tube , C
printf ( \ nCharge c o l l e c t e d a t t h e anode o f p h o t o
m u l t i p l i e r t u b e : %6 . 4 e C ,Q ) ;
// R e s u l t
// Charge c o l l e c t e d a t t h e anode o f p h o t o
m u l t i p l i e r t u b e : 3 . 2 0 0 0 e 010 C
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Measurement of the number of counts and determining standard deviation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
of the reading
: %d ,
S_D ) ;
delta_N = sqrt ( N ) ;
if ( S_D > delta_N ) then
printf ( \ nThe f o i l c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d u n i f o r m
. . ! );
else
printf ( \ nThe f o i l can be c o n s i d e r e d u n i f o r m . ) ;
end
// R e s u l t
// S t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e r e a d i n g
: 374
// The f o i l c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d u n i f o r m . . !
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
clc ; clear ;
m_p = 0.938;
// Mass o f t h e p r o t o n , GeV
E = 1.4;
// T o t a l e n e r g y o f p r o t o n , GeV
gama = E / m_p ;
// B o o s t p a r a m e t e r
bta = sqrt (1 -1/ gama ^2) ;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c f a c t o r
d = 10;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o u n t e r s ,m
C = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,m/ s
t_p = d /( bta * C ) ;
// Time o f f l i g h t o f p r o t o n , s e c
T_e = d / C ;
// Time o f f l i g h t o f e l e c t r o n , s e c
printf ( \ nTime o f f l i g h t o f p r o t o n : %4 . 2 f n s \ nTime
o f f l i g h t o f e l e c t r o n : %4 . 2 f n s , t_p /1 e -009 ,
T_e /1 e -009) ;
// R e s u l t
// Time o f f l i g h t o f p r o t o n : 4 4 . 9 0 n s
// Time o f f l i g h t o f e l e c t r o n : 3 3 . 3 3 n s
Scilab code Exa 4.15 Fractional error in rest mass of the particle with a
Cerenkov Detector
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
particle =
12
13
14
%4 . 2 f , F_err ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The f r a c t i o n a l e r r o r i n r e s t mass o f t h e p a r t i c l e
= 0.13
Scilab code Exa 4.16 Charged particles passing through the Cerenkov detector
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa4 . 1 6 : : Page 182 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 u = 1.49;
// R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x
4 E = 20*1.60218 e -019;
// Energy o f t h e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
electron , joule
m_e = 9.1 e -031;
// Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
Kg
C = 3e -08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
m/ s
bta = (1 + {1/( E /( m_e * C ^2) +1) }^2 ) ;
// B o o s t
parameter
z = 1;
//
L_1 = 4000 e -010;
// I n i t i a l w a v e l e n g t h ,
metre
L_2 = 7000 e -010;
// F i n a l w a v e l e n g t h ,
metre
N = 2* %pi * z ^2/137*(1/ L_1 -1/ L_2 ) *(1 -1/( bta ^2* u ^2) ) ;
// Number o f q u a n t a o f v i s i b l e l i g h t ,
quanta per c e n t i m e t r e
printf ( \ nThe t o t a l number o f q u a n t a s d u r i n g
e m i s s i o n o f v i s i b l e l i g h t = %d q u a n t a /cm , round (
N /100) ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t o t a l number o f q u a n t a s d u r i n g e m i s s i o n o f
v i s i b l e l i g h t = 270 q u a n t a /cm
53
54
Chapter 5
Alpha Particles
12
13
55
14
15
16
// R e s u l t
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n e n e r g y : 8 . 9 3 5 MeV
// B a r r i e r h e i g h t f o r a l p h a p a r t i c l e : 2 8 . 2 6 MeV
13
14
15
16
17
18
// B a r r i e r h e i g h t f o r t h e p r o t o n = 1 2 . 3 0 MeV
10
11
12
13
14
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Transmission probability for an alpha particle through
a potential barrier
1
2 clc ; clear ;
3 a = 10^ -14;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Width o f t h e
potential
barrier , m
E = 5*1.60218 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e a l p h a
particle , joule
V = 10*1.60218 e -013;
// P o t e n t i a l h e i g h t ,
joule
M_0 = 6.644 e -027;
// R e s t mass o f t h e a l p h a
particle , joule
h_red = 1.05457 e -034;
// Reduced v a l u e o f
Planck s c o n s t a n t , j o u l e s e c
T = 4* exp ( -2* a * sqrt (2* M_0 *( V - E ) / h_red ^2) ) ;
//
P r o b a b i l i t y of leakage through through p o t e n t i a l
barrier
printf ( \ nThe p r o b a b i l i t y o f l e a k a g e o f a l p h a
p a r t i c l e t h r o u g h p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r = %5 . 3 e ,T ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The p r o b a b i l i t y o f l e a k a g e o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e
t h r o u g h p o t e n t i a l b a r r i e r = 1 . 2 7 1 e 008
// D i f f e r e n c e i n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e o f l i f e
t i m e s o f Po214 and Po210
9 printf ( \ nThe d i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t i n c r e a s e s by a
f a c t o r o f some 10%2d , delta_OM_t ) ;
58
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The d i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t i n c r e a s e s by a f a c t o r
o f some 1 0 1 0
joule
decay_rate = P_rel / E_rel ;
// Decay r a t e o f
Pu239 , p e r h o u r
7 t_half = N * log (2) /( decay_rate *365*86400) ;
// H a l f
l i f e o f Po239 , s e c
8 printf ( \ nThe h a l f l i f e o f Pu = %4 . 2 e y r , t_half ) ;
6
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The h a l f
life
o f Pu = 2 . 4 6 e +004 y r
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Slope of alpha decay energy versus atomic number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa5 . 9 : : Page 2 0 5 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
a_v = 14;
// Volume e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
a_s = 13;
// S u r f a c e e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
a_c = 0.60;
// Coulomb e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
a_a = 19;
// Asymmetric e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , MeV
A = 202;
// Mass number
Z = 82;
// Atomic number
59
// R e s u l t
// The s l o p e o f a l p h a d e c a y e n e r g y v e r s u s a t o m i c
number = 0.15007 MeV/ n u c l e o n
Scilab code Exa 5.10 Degree of hindrance for alpha particle from U238
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa5 . 1 0
2 clc ; clear ;
3 h_kt = 1.05457 e -34;
: : Page 206 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Reduced Planck s
constant , j o u l e sec
4 e = 1.60218 e -19;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n ,
coulomb
l = 2;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r momentum
eps_0 = 8.5542 e -12;
// A b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y
o f f r e e s p a c e , coulomb s q u a r e p e r newton p e r
metre square
Z_D = 90;
// Atomic number o f d a u g h t e r
nucleus
m = 6.644 e -27;
// Mass o f a l p h a p a r t i c l e , Kg
R = 8.627 e -15;
// R a d i u s o f d a u g h t e r n u c l e u s ,
metre
T1_by_T0 = exp (2* l *( l +1) * h_kt / e * sqrt ( %pi * eps_0 /( Z_D *
m*R)));
// H i n d r a n c e f a c t o r
printf ( \ nThe h i n d r a n c e f a c t o r f o r a l p h a p a r t i c l e =
%5 . 3 f , T1_by_T0 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The h i n d r a n c e f a c t o r f o r a l p h a p a r t i c l e = 1 . 7 6 8
60
Chapter 6
Beta Decay
sec
N = 6.023 e +026*4 e -06/210;
// Number o f atoms
lambda = 0.693/ T ;
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n
constant , per sec
K = lambda * N ;
// Rate o f
disintegration ,
E = 0.34*1.60218 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e b e t a
particle , joule
P = E*K;
//
Rate a t which
energy i s emitted , watt
printf ( \ nThe r a t e a t which e n e r g y i s e m i t t e d = %d
watt , P);
// R e s u l t
// The r a t e a t which e n e r g y i s e m i t t e d = 1 w a t t
61
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Beta particle placed in the magnetic field
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 2
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M_0 = 9.10939 e -031;
4 C
5 E
6 e
7 R
8 B
9
10
11
12
13
: : Page 241 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// R e s t mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , Kg
= 2.92 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
= 1.71*1.60218 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e b e t a
particle , joule
= 1.60218 e -019;
// Charge o f t h e
electron , C
= 0.1;
// R a d i u s o f t h e o r b i t ,
metre
= M_0 * C *( E /( M_0 * C ^2) +1) *1/( R * e ) ; // M a g n e t i c f i e l d
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e beam o f t h e p a r t i c l e ,
weber p e r s q u a r e m e t r e
printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i c f i e l d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e
beam o f t h e p a r t i c l e = %5 . 3 f Wb/ s q u a r e m e t r e , B )
;
// R e s u l t
// The m a g n e t i c f i e l d p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e beam o f
t h e p a r t i c l e = 0 . 0 7 5 Wb/ s q u a r e m e t r e
: : Page 241 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// R e s t mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , Kg
4 e = 1.60218 e -019;
electron , C
5 c = 2.9979 e +08;
// Charge o f t h e
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
62
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
metre per s e c
BR = 3381 e -006;
// F i e l d r a d i u s p r o d u c t , t e s l a m
E_k = 37.44;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f ke l e c t r o n
v = 1/ sqrt (( m_0 /( BR * e ) ) ^2+1/ c ^2) ; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e
c o n v e r s o n e l e c t r o n , m/ s
E = m_0 * c ^2*(1/ sqrt (1 - v ^2/ c ^2) -1) /( e *1 e +003) ;
//
Energy o f t h e e l e c t r o n , keV
E_C = E + E_k ;
// Energy o f t h e c o n v e r t e d
gamma r a y photon , KeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %6 . 2 f keV \
nThe e n e r g y o f t h e c o n v e r t e d gamma r a y p h o t o n =
%6 . 2 f keV , E , E_C ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 6 2 4 . 1 1 keV
// The e n e r g y o f t h e c o n v e r t e d gamma r a y p h o t o n =
6 6 1 . 5 5 keV
Scilab code Exa 6.4 Average energy carried away by neutrino during beta
decay process
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 4
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E = 18.1;
: : Page 241 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Energy c a r r i e d by b e t a
p a r t i c l e , keV
4 E_av = E /3;
// A v e r a g e e n e r g y c a r r i e d
away by b e t a p a r t i c l e , keV
5 E_r = E - E_av ;
// The r e s t e n e r g y c a r r i e d
o u t by t h e n e u t r i n o , keV
6
7
8
9
10
printf ( \ nThe r e s t e n e r g y c a r r i e d o u t by t h e
n e u t r i n o : %5 . 3 f KeV , E_r ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e s t e n e r g y c a r r i e d o u t by t h e n e u t r i n o :
63
1 2 . 0 6 7 KeV
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Maximum energy available to the electrons in the
beta decay of Na24
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 5 :
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M_Na = -8420.40;
4 M_Mg = -13933.567;
5 E = ( M_Na - M_Mg ) /1000;
: Page 2 4 2 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Mass o f sodium 2 4 , keV
// Mass o f magnesium 2 4 , keV
// Energy o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
MeV
6 printf ( \ nThe maximum e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e
e l e c t r o n s i n t h e b e t a d e c a y = %5 . 3 f MeV , E ) ;
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The maximum e n e r g y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e e l e c t r o n s i n
t h e b e t a d e c a y = 5 . 5 1 3 MeV
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Linear momenta of particles during beta decay process
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 6 : : Page 242 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 c = 1;
// For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f
l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
4 E_0 = 0.155;
// End p o i n t e n e r g y , mega
electron volts
5 E_beta = 0.025;
// Energy o f b e t a p a r t i c l e ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
6 E_v = E_0 - E_beta ;
// Energy o f t h e n e u t r i n o ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
7 p_v = E_v / c ;
// L i n e a r momentum o f
n e u t r i n o , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s p e r c
64
8 m = 0.511;
9 M = 14*1.66 e -27;
10 c = 3 e +8;
// Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , Kg
// Mass o f c a r b o n 1 4 , Kg
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m e t r e
per sec
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n
11 e = 1.60218 e -19;
12
13
14
15
16
, coulomb
p_beta = sqrt (2* m * E_beta ) ;
// L i n e a r momentum o f
b e t a p a r t i c l e , MeV/ c
sin_theta = p_beta / p_v * sind (45) ;
// S i n e o f a n g l e
theta
p_R = p_beta * cosd (45) + p_v * sqrt (1 - sin_theta ^2) ; //
L i n e a r momemtum o f r e c o i l n u c l e u s , MeV/ c
E_R = ( p_R *1.6 e -13/2.9979 e +08) ^2/(2* M * e ) ; // R e c o i l
e n e r g y o f p r o d u c t n u c l e u s , MeV
printf ( \ nThe l i n e a r momentum o f n e u t r i n o = %4 . 2 f
MeV/ c \ nThe l i n e a r momentum o f b e t a p a r t i c l e = %6
. 4 f MeV/ c \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e r e c o i l n u c l e u s = %4
. 2 f eV , p_v , p_beta , E_R ) ;
17
18
19
20
// R e s u l t
// The l i n e a r momentum o f n e u t r i n o = 0 . 1 3 MeV/ c
// The l i n e a r momentum o f b e t a p a r t i c l e = 0 . 1 5 9 8 MeV
/c
21 // The e n e r g y o f t h e r e c o i l n u c l e u s = 1 . 2 0 eV
per sec
4 H = 0.0268*4.182;
// Heat p r o d u c e d a t t h e
output , j o u l e
5 E = H /( N *1.6 e -013) ;
particle , joule
// Energy o f t h e b e t a
65
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e b e t a p a r t i c l e = 0 . 3 1 6 MeV
// The r a t i o o f b e t a p a r t i c l e e n e r g y w i t h end p o i n t
energy = 0.272
Scilab code Exa 6.9 The unstable nucleus in the nuclide pair
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 9 : : Page 2 4 3 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
M = rand (4 ,2) ;
M (1 ,1) = 7.0182*931.5;
// Mass o f l i t h i u m , MeV
M (1 ,2) = 7.0192*931.5;
// Mass o f b e r y l l i u m , MeV
M (2 ,1) = 13.0076*931.5;
// Mass o f c a r b o n , MeV
M (2 ,2) = 13.0100*931.5;
// Mass o f n i t r o g e n , MeV
M (3 ,1) = 19.0045*931.5;
// Mass o f f l u o r i n e , MeV
M (3 ,2) = 19.0080*931.5;
// Mass o f neon , MeV
M (4 ,1) = 33.9983*931.5;
// Mass o f p h o s p h o r o u s ,
MeV
M (4 ,2) = 33.9987*931.5;
// Mass o f s u l p h u r , MeV
j = 1;
// Check t h e s t a b i l i t y ! ! ! !
for i = 1:4
if round ( M (i , j +1) -M (i , j ) ) == 1 then
printf ( \n From p a i r a : )
printf ( \n
Be ( 4 , 7 ) i s u n s t a b l e ) ;
elseif round ( M (i , j +1) -M (i , j ) ) == 2 then
66
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
printf ( \n From p a i r b : )
printf ( \n
N( 7 , 1 3 ) i s u n s t a b l e )
;
elseif round ( M (i , j +1) -M (i , j ) ) == 3 then
printf ( \n From p a i r c : )
printf ( \n
Ne ( 1 0 , 1 9 ) i s u n s t a b l e
);
elseif round ( M (i , j +1) -M (i , j ) ) == 0 then
printf ( \n From p a i r d : )
printf ( \n
P(15 ,34) i s unstable
);
end
27
28 end
29
30 // R e s u l t
31 //
32 // From p a i r a :
33 //
Be ( 4 , 7 ) i s u n s t a b l e
34 // From p a i r b :
35 //
N( 7 , 1 3 ) i s u n s t a b l e
36 // From p a i r c :
37 //
Ne ( 1 0 , 1 9 ) i s u n s t a b l e
38 // From p a i r d :
39 //
P(15 ,34) i s unstable
life
7 fb = 10^(4.0* log10 ( E_0 ) +0.78+0.02) ;
67
//
sec
printf ( \ nThe h a l f
// R e s u l t
// The h a l f
life
life
// H a l f l i f e
o f H3 ,
o f H3 = %4 . 2 e s e c , t ) ;
o f H3 = 2 . 4 4 e +009 s e c
life
log10 ( E_0 ) ;
// C o m p a r i t i v e h a l f l i f e
log_ft1 = log_fb + log10 ( t_p ) ;
// F o r b i d d e n
tansition
// For 8 p e r c e n t b e t a minus e m i s s i o n
t_p = 33/0.08*365*84800;
// P a r t i a l h a l f l i f e ,
sec
E_0 = 1.17;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y
Z = 55;
// Atomic e n e r g y
log_fb = 4.0* log10 ( E_0 ) +0.78+0.02* Z -0.005*( Z -1) *
log10 ( E_0 ) ;
// C o m p a r i t i v e h a l f l i f e
log_ft2 = log_fb + log10 ( t_p ) ;
// F o r b i d d e n
transition
// Check t h e d e g r e e o f f o r b i d d e n n e s s ! ! ! ! !
if log_ft1 <= 10 then
printf ( \ nFor 92 p e r c e n t b e t a e m i s s i o n : )
printf ( \n\ t T r a n s i t i o n i s o n c e f o r b i d d e n and
p a r i t y change );
end
if log_ft2 >= 10 then
68
for
20
21
printf ( \ nFor 8 p e r c e n t b e t a e m i s s i o n : )
printf ( \n\ t r a n s i t i o n i s t w i c e f o r b i d d e n and no
p a r i t y change );
22 end
23
24 // R e s u l t
25 // For 92 p e r c e n t b e t a e m i s s i o n :
26 //
T r a n s i t i o n i s o n c e f o r b i d d e n and p a r i t y c h a n g e
27 // For 8 p e r c e n t b e t a e m i s s i o n :
28 //
T r a n s i t i o n i s t w i c e f o r b i d d e n and no p a r i t y
change
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Coupling constant and ratio of coupling strengths
for beta transitons
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 1 2 : : Page 2 4 4 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 h_kt = 1.05457 e -34;
// Reduced p l a n c k s c o n s t a n t ,
joule sec
4 c = 3 e +08;
// v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m e t r e
per sec
5 m_e = 9.1 e -31;
6 ft_O = 3162.28;
7
8
9
10
11
// Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , Kg
// C o m p a r a t i v e h a l f l i f e f o r
oxygen
ft_n = 1174.90;
// C o m p a r a t i v e h a l f l i f e f o r
neutron
M_f_sqr = 2
// M a t r i x e l e m e n t
g_f = sqrt (2* %pi ^3* h_kt ^7* log (2) /( m_e ^5* c ^4* ft_O *
M_f_sqr ) ) ;
// C o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t , j o u l e c u b i c
metre
C_ratio = (2* ft_O /( ft_n ) -1) /3;
// R a t i o o f
coupling strength
printf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t = %6 . 4 e
j o u l e c u b i c m e t r e \ nThe r a t i o o f c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t
= %5 . 3 f , g_f , C_ratio ) ;
69
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The v a l u e o f c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t = 1 . 3 9 6 5 e 062
j o u l e c u b i c metre
15 // The r a t i o o f c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t = 1 . 4 6 1
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Relative capture rate in holmium for 3p to 3s sublevels
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa6 . 1 3 : : Page 245 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 Q_EC = 850;
// Q v a l u e f o r holmium 1 6 1 , keV
4 B_p = 2.0;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r p o r b i t a l
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
e l e c t r o n , keV
B_s = 1.8;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r s o r b i t a l
e l e c t r o n , keV
M_ratio = 0.05*( Q_EC - B_p ) ^2/( Q_EC - B_s ) ^2;
//
Matrix r a t i o
Q_EC = 2.5;
// Q v a l u e f o r holmium 1 6 3 , keV
C_rate = M_ratio *( Q_EC - B_s ) ^2/( Q_EC - B_p ) ^2*100;
// The r e l a t i v e c a p t u r e r a t e i n holmium , p e r c e n t
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e c a p t u r e r a t e i n holmium 161 =
%3 . 1 f p e r c e n t , C_rate ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e c a p t u r e r a t e i n holmium 161 = 9 . 8
percent
: Page 246 ( 2 0 1 1 )
70
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
t_half = 12.5*365*24;
// H a l f l i f e o f
hydrogen 3 , hour
lambda = log (2) / t_half ;
// Decay c o n s t a n t , p e r
hour
N_0 = 6.023 e +26;
// Avogadro s number ,
p e r mole
m = 0.1 e -03;
// Mass o f t r i t i u m , Kg
dN_by_dt = lambda * m * N_0 /3; // Decay r a t e , p e r h o u r
H = 21*4.18;
// Heat produed , j o u l e
E = H / dN_by_dt ;
// The a v e r a g e e n e r g y o f
the beta p a r t i c l e , j o u l e
printf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e e n e r g y o f b e t a p a r t i c l e s = %4
. 2 e j o u l e = %3 . 1 f keV , E , E /1.6 e -016) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a v e r a g e e n e r g y o f b e t a p a r t i c l e s = 6 . 9 1 e 016
j o u l e = 4 . 3 keV
Scilab code Exa 6.15 Fermi and Gamow Teller selection rule for allowed
beta transitions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
for i = 1:2
if S (i ,1) == a n t i p a r a l l e l s p i n then
printf ( \ nFor Fermi t y p e s : )
printf ( \n\n The s e l e c t i o n r u l e s f o r a l l o w e d
t r a n s i t i o n s a r e : \n\ t d e l t a I i s z e r o \
n\ t d e l t a p i i s p l u s \ nThe e m i t e d n e u t r i n o
and e l e c t r o n have %s ,S (i ,1) )
11
elseif S (i ,1) == p a r a l l e l s p i n then
71
12
13
14
end
15
end
16 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f r a t i o o f t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y
17 M_F = 1;
// M a t r i x f o r Fermi p a r t i c l e s
18 g_F = 1;
// C o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t o f f e r m i
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
particles
M_GT = 5/3;
// M a t r i x f o r Gamow T e l l e r
g_GT = 1.24;
// C o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t o f Gamow
Teller
T_prob = g_F ^2* M_F /( g_GT ^2* M_GT ) ;
// R a t i o o f
transition probability
// C a l c u l a t i o n o f S p a c e p h a s e f a c t o r
e = 1.6 e -19;
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n ,
coulomb
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m e t r e
per sec
K = 8.99 e +9;
// Coulomb c o n s t a n t
R_0 = 1.2 e -15;
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
approach , metre
A = 57;
// Mass number
Z = 28;
// Atomic number
m_n = 1.6749 e -27;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , Kg
m_p = 1.6726 e -27;
// Mass o f p r o t o n , Kg
m_e = 9.1 e -31;
// Mass o f e l e c t r o n . Kg
E_1 = 0.76;
// F i r s t e x c i t e d s t a t e o f n i c k e l
delta_E = ((3* e ^2* K /(5* R_0 * A ^(1/3) ) *(( Z +1) ^2 - Z ^2) ) -(
m_n - m_p ) * c ^2) /1.6 e -13;
// Mass d i f f e r e n c e
, mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
E_0 = delta_E -(2* m_e * c ^2) /1.6 e -13;
// End p o i n t
e n e r g y , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
P_factor = ( E_0 - E_1 ) ^5/ E_0 ^5;
// S p a c e p h a s e
factor
72
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y = %4
. 2 f \ nThe s p a c e p h a s e f a c t o r = %4 . 2 f , T_prob ,
P_factor ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e m i t e d n e u t r i n o and e l e c t r o n have
a n t i p a r a l l e l spin
// For GamowT e l l e r t y p e s :
// The s e l e c t i o n r u l e s f o r a l l o w e d t r a n s i t i o n s a r e :
// d e l t a I i s z e r o , p l u s one and minus one
// d e l t a p i i s p l u s
// The e m i t e d n e u t r i n o and e l e c t r o n have p a r a l l e l
spin
// The r a t i o o f t r a n s i t i o n p r o b a b i l i t y = 0 . 3 9
// The s p a c e p h a s e f a c t o r = 0 . 6 2
73
Chapter 7
Gamma Radiation
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Bragg reflection for first order in a bent crystal spectrometer
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 1 :
2 clc ; clear ;
3 h = 6.6261 e -034;
: Page 292 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
joule sec
4 C = 2.998 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
5 f = 2;
6
7
8
9
10
// R a d i u s o f f o c a l c i r c l e ,
metre
d = 1.18 e -010;
// I n t e r p l a n e r s p a c i n g f o r
quartz c r y s t a l , metre
E_1 = 1.17*1.6022 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e
gamma r a y s , j o u l e
E_2 = 1.33*1.6022 e -013;
// Energy o f t h e
gamma r a y s , j o u l e
D = h * C * f *(1/ E_1 -1/ E_2 ) *1/(2* d ) ;
// D i s t a n c e
t o be moved f o r o b t a i n i n g f i r s t o r d e r r e f l e c t i o n
f o r two d i f f e r e n t e n e r g i e s , m e t r e
printf ( \ nThe d i s t a n c e t o be moved f o r o b t a i n i n g
f i r s t o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n = %4 . 2 e m e t r e , D ) ;
11
74
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The d i s t a n c e t o be moved f o r o b t a i n i n g f i r s t
o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n = 1 . 0 8 e 003 m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Energy of the gamma rays from magnetic spectrograph data
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 2 : : Page 293 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 m_0 = 9.1094 e -031;
// R e s t mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Kg
B_R = 1250 e -06;
// M a g n e t i c f i e l d , t e s l a m e t r e
e = 1.6022 e -019;
// Charge o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
coulomb
C = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
E_k = 0.089;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f t h e K
s h e l l e l e c t r o n , MeV
v = B_R * e /( m_0 * sqrt (1+ B_R ^2* e ^2/( m_0 ^2* C ^2) ) ) ; //
V e l o c i t y o f the p h o t o e l e c t r o n , metre per s e c
E_pe = m_0 /(1.6022 e -013) * C ^2*(1/ sqrt (1 - v ^2/ C ^2) -1) ;
// Energy o f t h e p h o t o e l e c t r o n , MeV
E_g = E_pe + E_k ;
// Energy o f t h e gamma r a y s , MeV
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e gamma r a y s = %5 . 3 f MeV ,
E_g ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e gamma r a y s = 0 . 2 1 2 MeV
2 clc ; clear ;
3 a_c = 0.221;
// A t t e n u a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , cm2/ g
4 A = (1 - exp ( -0.22) ) *100;
// A t t e n u a t i o n o f beam o f
5
6
7
8
Xr a y s i n p a s s i n g t h r o u g h human t i s s u e
printf ( \ nThe a t t e n u a t i o n o f beam o f Xr a y s i n
p a s s i n g t h r o u g h human t i s s u e = %d p e r c e n t , ceil (
A));
// R e s u l t
// The a t t e n u a t i o n o f beam o f Xr a y s i n p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h human t i s s u e = 20 p e r c e n t
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Partial half life for gamma emission of Hg195 isomer
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 4 :
2 clc ; clear ;
3 alpha_k = 45;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
: Page 293 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// R a t i o b e t w e e n d e c a y
constants
sum_alpha = 0.08;
// Sum o f a l p h a s
P = 0.35*1/60;
// P r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e
i s o m e r i c t r a n s i t i o n , per hour
lambda_g = P * sum_alpha / alpha_k ;
// Decay c o n s t a n t
o f t h e gamma r a d i a t i o n s , p e r h o u r
T_g = 1/( lambda_g *365*24) ;
// P a r t i a l l i f e
t i m e f o r gamma e m i s s i o n , y e a r s
printf ( \ nThe p a r t i a l l i f e t i m e f o r gamma e m i s s i o n =
%5 . 3 f y e a r s , T_g ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The p a r t i a l
years
l i f e t i m e f o r gamma e m i s s i o n = 1 1 . 0 0 8
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Estimating the gamma width from Weisskopf model
76
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 5 :
: Page 294 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 A = 11;
// Mass number o f b o r o n
4 E_g = 4.82;
// Energy o f t h e gamma r a d i a t i o n ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
5 W_g = 0.0675* A ^(2/3) * E_g ^3;
// Gamma width ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
6 printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d gamma w i d t h = %5 . 2 f MeV , W_g
);
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e d gamma w i d t h = 3 7 . 3 9 MeV
coulomb
4 BR = 2370 e -06;
// M a g n e t i c f i e l d i n an o r b i t
, t e s l a metre
5 m_0 = 9.1094 e -31;
6 c = 3 e +08;
// Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , Kg
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , m e t r e
per sec
7 v = 1/ sqrt (( m_0 /( BR * e ) ) ^2+1/ c ^2) ;
// v e l o c i t y
Energy o f an e l e c t r o n , MeV
E_b = 0.028;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y , MeV
E_g = E_e + E_b ;
// E x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y , MeV
alpha_k = 0.5;
// K c o n v e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
Z = 49;
// Number o f p r o t o n s
alpha = 1/137;
// F i n e s t r u c t u r e c o n s t a n t
L = (1/(1 -( Z ^3/ alpha_k * alpha ^4*(2*0.511/0.392)
^(15/2) ) ) ) /2;
// A n g u l a r momentum
77
//
15 l = 1;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r momentum
16 I = l -1/2;
// P a r i t y
17 printf ( \ nFor Ke l e c t r o n s t a t e : \ nThe e x c i t a t i o n
18
19
20
21
22
//
//
//
//
//
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Radioactive lifetime of the lowest energy electric dipole
transition for F17
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 9 : : Page 295 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 c = 3 e +10;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
l i f e t i m e = 9 e 018 s e c
78
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Electric and magnetic multipolarities of gamma rays
from transition between Pb levels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Scilab code Exa 7.13 Relative source absorber velocity required to obtain
resonance absorption
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa7 . 1 3 :
2 clc ; clear ;
: Page 297 ( 2 0 1 1 )
79
// Energy o f t h e gamma
rays , j o u l e
4 A = 57;
5 m = 1.67 e -27;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
// Mass number
// Mass o f e a c h n u c l e o n ,
Kg
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
N = 1000;
// Number o f atoms i n t h e
lattice
v = E_0 /( A * N * m * c ) ;
// R a l a t i v e v e l o c i t y ,
metre per s e c
printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e s o u r c e a b s o r b e r v e l o c i t y = %5
. 3 f m/ s , v ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e l a t i v e s o u r c e a b s o r b e r v e l o c i t y = 0 . 0 7 9 m/ s
80
Chapter 8
Beta Decay
Scilab code Exa 8.3 Neutron and proton interacting within the deuteron
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa8 . 3 : : Page 349 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 b = 1.9 e -15;
// Width o f s q u a r e w e l l
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
p o t e n t i a l , metre
h_kt = 1.054571 e -034;
// Reduced p l a n c k s
constant , j o u l e sec
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
m_n = 1.67 e -27;
// Mass o f a n u c l e o n , Kg
V_0 = 40*1.6 e -13;
// Depth , m e t r e
E_B = ( V_0 -(1/( m_n * c ^2) *( %pi * h_kt * c /(2* b ) ) ^2) ) /1.6 e
-13;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y , mega e l e c t r o n
volts
alpha = sqrt ( m_n * c ^2* E_B *1.6 e -13) /( h_kt * c ) ;
//
s c a t t e r i n g co e f f i c i e n t , per metre
P = (1+1/( alpha * b ) ) ^ -1;
// P r o b a b i l i t y
R_mean = sqrt ( b ^2/2*(1/3+4/ %pi ^2+2.5) ) ;
// Mean
square radius , metre
printf ( \ nThe p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e p r o t o n moves
w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f n e u t r o n = %4 . 2 f \ nThe mean
s q u a r e r a d i u s o f t h e d e u t e r o n = %4 . 2 e m e t r e , P ,
81
R_mean ) ;
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// The p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e p r o t o n moves w i t h i n t h e
range of neutron = 0.50
16 // The mean s q u a r e r a d i u s o f t h e d e u t e r o n = 2 . 4 2 e
015 m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Total cross section for np scattering at neutron energy
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa8 . 5 : : Page 349 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
a_t = 5.38 e -15;
a_s = -23.7 e -15;
r_ot = 1.70 e -15;
r_os = 2.40 e -15;
m = 1.6748 e -27;
E = 1.6 e -13;
h_cut = 1.0549 e -34;
K_sqr = m * E / h_cut ^2;
sigma = 1/4*(3*4* %pi * a_t ^2/( a_t ^2* K_sqr +(1 -1/2* K_sqr
* a_t * r_ot ) ^2) +4* %pi * a_s ^2/( a_s ^2* K_sqr +(1 -1/2*
K_sqr * a_s * r_os ) ^2) ) *1 e +028; // T o t a l c r o s s
s e c t i o n f o r np s c a t t e r i n g , b a r n
12 printf ( \ nThe t o t a l c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r np s c a t t e r i n g
= %5 . 3 f b a r n , sigma ) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// The t o t a l c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r np s c a t t e r i n g =
2 . 9 1 1 barn
10
11
12
13
i n Be8
M_Li = 7.0182;
// Mass o f l i t h i u m , MeV
M_Be = 7.998876;
// Mass o f b e r y l l i u m , MeV
m_n = 1;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , MeV
E_th = ( M_Li + m_n - M_Be ) *931.5;
// T h r e s h o l d e n e r g y
, MeV
printf ( \ nThe p a r i t y o f t h e 2 . 9 MeV l e v e l i n be 8 =
+%d \ nThe t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y f o r l i t h i u m 7 n e u t r o n
c a p t u r e = %d MeV ,P , E_th ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The p a r i t y o f t h e 2 . 9 MeV l e v e l i n be 8 = +1
// The t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y f o r l i t h i u m 7 n e u t r o n
c a p t u r e = 18 MeV
Scilab code Exa 8.8 Possible angular momentum states for the deuterons
in an LS coupling scheme
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa8 . 8 : : Page 351 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 S = 1;
// S p i n a n g u l a r momentum ( s 1+s 2 ) ,
4
5
6
7
8
w h e r e a s s 1 i s t h e s p i n o f p r o t o n and s 2 i s t h e
spin of neutron .
m = 2* S +1;
// S p i n m u l t i p l i c i t y
j = 1;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
printf ( \ nThe p o s s i b l e a n g u l a r momentum s t a t e s w i t h
t h e i r p a r i t i e s a r e as f o l l o w s : );
printf ( \n
%dS%d h a s e v e n p a r i t y ,
m, j);
printf ( \n
%dP%d h a s odd p a r i t y , m
, j);
83
printf ( \n
, j);
10 S = 0;
11 m = 2* S +1
12
printf ( \n
%dD%d h a s e v e n p a r i t y , m
%dP%d h a s odd p a r i t y , m , j )
;
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
// R e s u l t
// The p o s s i b l e a n g u l a r momentum s t a t e s w i t h t h e i r
p a r i t i e s are as f o l l o w s :
//
3 S1 h a s e v e n p a r i t y
//
3P1 h a s odd p a r i t y
//
3D1 h a s e v e n p a r i t y
//
1P1 h a s odd p a r i t y
Scilab code Exa 8.9 States of a two neutron system with given total angular momentum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
l = 2
for j = 0:2
if j == 0 then
printf ( %dP%d, , j , m ) ;
elseif j ==1 then
printf ( %dP%d, , j , m ) ;
elseif j ==2 then
printf ( %dP%d and , j , m ) ;
end
end
for j = 2
printf ( %dF%d , j , m )
end
// R e s u l t
// P o s s i b l e s t a t e s a r e :
// The p o s s i b l e s t a t e s a r e :
//
0 S1 , 2D1 , 0P3 , 1P3 , 2P3 and
2F3
Scilab code Exa 8.10 Kinetic energy of the two interacting nucleons in
different frames
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa8 . 1 0 : : Page 352 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 r = 2e -015;
// Range o f n u c l e a r f o r c e ,
4
5
6
7
8
metre
h_kt = 1.0546 e -34;
// Reduced v a l u e o f Planck s
constant , j o u l e sec
m = 1.674 e -27;
// Mass o f e a c h n u c l e o n , Kg
K = round (2* h_kt ^2/(2* m * r ^2*1.6023 e -13) ) ;
//
K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e a c h n u c l e o n i n c e n t r e o f mass
frame , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
K_t = 2* K ;
// T o t a l k i n e t i c e n e r g y , mega
electron volts
K_inc = 2* K_t ;
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i n c i d e n t
85
n u c l e o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
9 printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e a c h n u c l e o n = %d
MeV\ nThe t o t a l k i n e t i c e n e r g y = %d MeV\ nThe
k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i n c i d e n t n u c l e o n = %d MeV ,
K , K_t , K_inc ) ;
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
//
86
Chapter 9
Nuclear Models
Scilab code Exa 9.1 Estimating the Fermi energies for neutrons and protons
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa9 . 1 : : Page 389 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 h_cut = 1.054 e -034;
// Reduced Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
joule sec
// D e n s i t y o f t h e n u c l e a r m a t t e r ,
kg p e r m e t r e c u b e
V = 238/ rho ;
// Volume o f t h e n u c l e a r m a t t e r ,
metre cube
// For n e u t r o n
N = 238 -92;
// Number o f n e u t r o n s
M = 1.67482 e -027;
// Mass o f a n e u t r o n , kg
e = 1.602 e -019;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /
eV
E_f = (3* %pi ^2) ^(2/3) * h_cut ^2/(2* M ) *( N / V ) ^(2/3) / e ;
// Fermi e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n , eV
printf ( \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n = %5 . 2 f MeV ,
E_f /1 e +006) ;
// For p r o t o n
N = 92;
// Number o f p r o t o n s
M = 1.67482 e -027;
// Mass o f a p r o t o n , kg
4 rho = 2 e +044;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
87
15 e = 1.602 e -019;
// Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /
eV
16 E_f = (3* %pi ^2) ^(2/3) * h_cut ^2/(2* M ) *( N / V ) ^(2/3) / e ;
17
18
19
20
21
// Fermi e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n , eV
printf ( \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f p r o t o n = %5 . 2 f MeV ,
E_f /1 e +006) ;
// R e s u l t
// The Fermi e n e r g y o f n e u t r o n = 4 8 . 9 2 MeV
// The Fermi e n e r g y o f p r o t o n = 3 5 . 9 6 MeV
joule sec
// G r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t ,
newton s q u a r e m e t r e p e r s q u a r e Kg
m = 10^30;
// Mass o f t h e s t a r , Kg
m_n = 1.67 e -27;
// Mass o f t h e n e u t r o n , Kg
R = (9* %pi /4) ^(2/3) * h_cut ^2/( G *( m_n ) ^3) *( m_n / m )
^(1/3) ;
// R a d i u s o f t h e n e u t r o n s t a r ,
metre
printf ( \ nThe r a d i u s o f t h e n e u t r o n s t a r = %3 . 1 e
metre , R);
4 G = 6.6 e -11;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The r a d i u s o f t h e n e u t r o n s t a r = 1 . 6 e +004 m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Stability of the isobar using the liquid drop model
1
2 clc ; clear ;
3 A = 77;
// Mass number o f t h e
4 Z = round ( A /((0.015* A ^(2/3) ) +2) ) ;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
isotopes
// Atomic
number o f s t a b l e i s o t o p e
// Check t h e s t a b i l i t y ! ! ! ! !
if Z == 34 then
printf ( \ nSe ( %d , %d) i s s t a b l e \ nAs (%d , %d) and
Br (%d , %d) a r e u n s t a b l e , Z , A , Z -1 , A , Z +1 , A
);
elseif Z == 33 then
printf ( \ nAs ( %d , %d) i s s t a b l e \ nSe (%d , %d) and
Br (%d , %d) a r e u n s t a b l e , Z , A , Z +1 , A , Z +2 , A
);
elseif Z == 35 then
printf ( \ nBr ( %d , %d) i s s t a b l e \ nSe (%d , %d) and
As (%d , %d) a r e u n s t a b l e ,Z ,A ,Z -2 ,A ,Z -1 , A ) ;
end
// R e s u l t
// Se ( 3 4 , 7 7 ) i s s t a b l e
// As ( 3 3 , 7 7 ) and Br ( 3 5 , 7 7 ) a r e u n s t a b l e
: : Page 391 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Mass o f c a l c i u m 4 0 ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
m_41 = 40.962275;
// Mass o f c a l c i u m 4 1 ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
m_39 = 38.970691;
// Mass o f c a l c i u m 3 9 ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
m_n = 1.008665;
// Mass o f t h e n e u t r o n ,
a t o m i c mass u n i t
BE_1d = ( m_39 + m_n - m_40 ) *931.5;
// B i n d i n g
89
e n e r g y o f 1d 3/2 n e u t r o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
8 BE_1f = ( m_40 + m_n - m_41 ) *931.5;
// B i n d i n g
e n e r g y o f 1 f 7/2 n e u t r o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
9 delta = BE_1d - BE_1f ;
// Energy d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n n e u t r o n s h e l l s , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
10 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n n e u t r o n
s h e l l s = %4 . 2 f MeV , delta ) ;
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n n e u t r o n s h e l l s =
7 . 2 5 MeV
: : Page 392 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Reduced Planck s
constant , j o u l e sec
R = 1.2 e -15;
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
approach , metre
m = 1.67482 e -27;
// Mass o f t h e n u c l e o n , Kg
// For O17
for A = 17:60
// Mass numbers
if A == 17 then
omega_O = 5*3^(1/3) * h_cut *17^( -1/3) /(2^(7/3) * m * R ^2) ;
// A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y o f o x y g e n
// For Ni 60
elseif A == 60 then
omega_Ni = 5*3^(1/3) * h_cut *60^( -1/3) /(2^(7/3) * m * R
^2) ; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y o f n i c k e l
end
end
printf ( \ nThe a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y f o r o x y g e n 17 = %4 . 2
e \ nThe a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y f o r n i c k e l 60 = %4 . 2 e ,
omega_O , omega_Ni ) ;
90
16
17
18
19
// R e s u l t
// The a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y f o r o x y g e n 17 = 2 . 4 3 e +022
// The a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y f o r n i c k e l 60 = 1 . 6 0 e +022
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37 end
38
39 // R e s u l t
40 // The a n g u l a r mometum i s 0 and t h e p a r i t y
Carbon
// The a n g u l a r
f o r Boron
42 // The a n g u l a r
f o r Oxygen
43 // The a n g u l a r
f o r Zinc
44 // The a n g u l a r
for Nitrogen
41
i s +1 f o r
92
Scilab code Exa 9.11 Quadrupole and magnetic moment of ground state
of nuclides
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa9 . 1 1 : : Page 394 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 R_0 = 1.2 e -015;
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
approach , metre
// Mass number o f t h e n u c l e i a r e a l l o c a t e d b e l o w :
N = rand (4 ,1)
N (1 ,1) = 17;
// f o r o x y g e n
N (2 ,1) = 33;
// f o r s u l p h u r
N (3 ,1) = 63;
// f o r c o p p e r
N (4 ,1) = 209;
// f o r b i s m u t h
for i = 1:4
if N (i ,1) == 17 then
printf ( \n For Oxygen : )
I = 5/2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
l = 2;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r momentum
mu = -1.91;
// f o r odd n e u t r o n and I
= l +1/2
Q = -3/5*(2* I -1) /(2* I +2) *( R_0 * N (i ,1) ^(1/3) )
^2*10^28;
// Q u a d r u p o l e moment o f
oxygen , b a r n
printf ( \n
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c
moment i s : %4 . 2 f \n
The v a l u e o f
q u a d r u p o l e moment i s : %6 . 4 f b a r n , mu ,
Q);
elseif N (i ,1) == 33 then
printf ( \n\n For S u l p h u r : )
I = 3/2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
l = 2;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r
momentum
mu = 1.91* I /( I +1) ;
// f o r odd
n e u t r o n and I = l 1/2
Q = -3/5*(2* I -1) /(2* I +2) *( R_0 * N (i ,1) ^(1/3) )
^2*10^28;
// Q u a d r u p o l e moment o f
sulphur , barn
93
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
printf ( \n
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c
moment i s : %5 . 3 f \n
The v a l u e o f
q u a d r u p o l e moment i s : %6 . 4 f b a r n , mu ,
Q);
elseif N (i ,1) == 63 then
printf ( \n\n For Copper : )
I = 3/2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
l = 1;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r
momentum
mu = I +2.29;
// f o r odd p r o t o n s
and I = l +1/2
Q = -3/5*(2* I -1) /(2* I +2) *( R_0 * N (i ,1) ^(1/3) )
^2*10^28;
// Q u a d r u p o l e momentum o f
copper , barn
printf ( \n
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c
moment i s : %4 . 2 f \n
The v a l u e o f
q u a d r u p o l e moment i s : %6 . 4 f b a r n , mu ,
Q);
elseif N (i ,1) == 209 then
printf ( \n\n For Bismuth : )
I = 9/2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
l = 5;
// O r b i t a l a n g u l a r momentum
mu = I -2.29* I /( I +1) ;
// f o r odd p r o t o n s
and I = l 1/2
Q = -3/5*(2* I -1) /(2* I +2) *( R_0 * N (i ,1) ^(1/3) )
^2*10^28;
// Q u a d r u p o l e momentum o f
bismuth , b a r n
printf ( \n
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c
moment i s : %4 . 2 f \n
The v a l u e o f
q u a d r u p o l e moment i s : %5 . 3 f b a r n , mu ,
Q);
40
end
41 end
42
43 // R e s u l t
44 // For Oxygen :
45 //
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c moment i s :
46 //
The v a l u e o f q u a d r u p o l e moment i s
94
1.91
:
0.0326 b a r n
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
// For S u l p h u r :
//
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c moment i s : 1 . 1 4 6
//
The v a l u e o f q u a d r u p o l e moment i s :
0.0356 b a r n
// For Copper :
//
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c moment i s : 3 . 7 9
//
The v a l u e o f q u a d r u p o l e moment i s :
0.0547 b a r n
// For Bismuth :
//
The v a l u e o f m a g n e t i c moment i s : 2 . 6 3
//
The v a l u e o f q u a d r u p o l e moment i s :
0.221 b a r n
constant , j o u l e sec
a = 1e -014;
// D i s t a n c e o f c l o s e s t
approach , metre
m = 1.67 e -27;
// Mass o f e a c h n u c l e o n , Kg
KE = 14* %pi ^2* h_cut ^2/(2* m * a ^2*1.6 e -13) ;
//
K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f i r o n n u c l e u s , MeV
printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f i r o n n u c l e i = %5 . 2 f
MeV , KE ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f i r o n n u c l e i = 2 8 . 7 6 MeV
95
metre
j = 7/2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
A = 41;
// Mass number o f Scandium
Z = 20;
// Atomic number o f Calcium
Q_Sc = -(2* j -1) /(2* j +2) *( R_0 * A ^(1/3) ) ^2;
//
E l e c t r i c q u a d r u p o l e o f Scandium n u c l e u s , Sq . m
Q_Ca = Z /( A -1) ^2* abs ( Q_Sc ) ;
// E l e c t r i c
q u a d r u p o l e o f c a l c i u m n u c l e u s , Sq . m
printf ( \ nThe e l e c t r i c q u a d r u p o l e o f s c a n d i u m
n u c l e u s = %4 . 2 e s q u a r e m e t r e \ nThe e l e c t r i c
q u a d r u p o l e o f c a l c i u m n u c l e u s = %4 . 2 e s q u a r e
m e t r e , Q_Sc , Q_Ca ) ;
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The e l e c t r i c q u a d r u p o l e o f s c a n d i u m n u c l e u s =
1.14 e 029 s q u a r e m e t r e
13 // The e l e c t r i c q u a d r u p o l e o f c a l c i u m n u c l e u s = 1 . 4 3
e 031 s q u a r e m e t r e
6
7
8
9
10
E = I *( I +1) * h_cut_sqr_upon_2f ;
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y f o r 4+ t u n g s t e n s t a t e =
%5 . 3 f MeV , E ) ;
elseif I == 6 then
E = I *( I +1) * h_cut_sqr_upon_2f ;
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y f o r 6+ t u n g s t e n s t a t e =
%5 . 3 f MeV , E ) ;
end
11
12 end
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The e n e r g y
16 // The e n e r g y
f o r 4+ t u n g s t e n s t a t e = 0 . 3 3 3 MeV
f o r 6+ t u n g s t e n s t a t e = 0 . 7 0 0 MeV
97
Chapter 10
Nuclear Reactions
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Q value for the formation of P30 in the ground state
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 1 : : Page 455 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M = 47.668;
// T o t a l mass o f r e a c t i o n ,
MeV
4 E = 44.359;
// T o t a l e n e r g y , MeV
5 Q = M-E;
// Qv a l u e , MeV
6 printf ( \ nThe Qv a l u e f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f P30 = %5
. 3 f MeV , Q ) ;
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The Qv a l u e f o r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f P30 = 3 . 3 0 9 MeV
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Q value of the reaction and atomic mass of the residual nucleus
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 2 : : Page 455 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E_x = 7.70; // Energy o f t h e a l p h a p a r t i c l e , MeV
98
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Scilab code Exa 10.3 Kinetic energy of the neutrons emitted at given angle to the incident beam
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 3 : : Page 455 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 m_p = 1.007276;
// Atomic mass o f t h e p r o t o n ,
u
4 m_H = 3.016049;
tritium , u
5 m_He = 3.016029;
ion , u
// Atomic mass o f t h e
// Atomic mass o f t h e He
99
6 m_n = 1.008665;
// Atomic mass o f t h e
emitted neutron , u
7 Q = ( m_p + m_H - m_He - m_n ) *931.5;
// Qv a l u e i n
MeV
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f
8 E_p = 3;
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
t h e p r o t o n , MeV
theta = 30*3.14/180;
// a n g l e , r a d i a n
u = sqrt ( m_p * m_n * E_p ) /( m_He + m_n ) * cos ( theta ) ;
//
v = (( m_He * Q ) + E_p *( m_He - m_p ) ) /( m_He + m_n ) ;
//
E_n = ( u + sqrt ( u ^2+ v ) ) ^2;
// K i n e t i c
e n e r g y o f t h e e m i t t e d n e u t r o n , MeV
printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e m i t t e d n e u t r o n
= %5 . 3 f MeV , E_n ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e e m i t t e d n e u t r o n = 1 . 4 4 5
MeV
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Estimating the temperature of nuclear fusion reaction
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 4 : : Page 456 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 r_min = 4e -015;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two
4
5
6
7
8
deutrons , metre
k = 1.3806504 e -023;
// Boltzmann s c o n s t a n t ,
Joule per k e l v i n
alpha = 1/137;
// F i n e s t r u c t u r e c o n s t a n t
h_red = 1.05457168 e -034;
// Reduced p l a n c k s
constant , Joule sec
C = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f l i g h t ,
meter per second
T = alpha * h_red * C /( r_min * k ) ;
100
9
10
11
12
printf ( \ nThe t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e f u s i o n r e a c t i o n i s
= %3 . 1 e K , T ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e f u s i o n r e a c t i o n i s = 4 . 2 e
+009 K
101
Scilab code Exa 10.6 Excitation energy and parity for compound nucleus
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
// R e s u l t
// The e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y o f t h e compound n u c l e u s =
2 2 . 8 9 9 MeV
18 // The p a r i t y o f t h e compound n u c l e u s = 1
Scilab code Exa 10.7 Cross section for neutron induced fission
1
2 clc ; clear ;
3 lambda = 1e -016;
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n c o n s t a n t ,
per sec
4 phi = 10^11;
// N e u t r o n f l u x , n e u t r o n s
p e r s q u a r e cm p e r s e c
5 sigma = 5* lambda /( phi *10^ -27) ;
// C r o s s
section , m i l l i barns
6 printf ( \ nThe c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r n e u t r o n i n d u c e d
f i s s i o n = %d m i l l i b a r n s , sigma ) ;
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r n e u t r o n i n d u c e d f i s s i o n = 5
m i l l i barns
Scilab code Exa 10.8 Irradiance of neutron beam with the thin sheet of
Co59
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 8
2 clc ; clear ;
3 N_0 = 6.02252 e +026;
4 rho = 8.9*10^3;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
: : Page 457 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Avogadro s c o n s t a n t
// N u c l e a r d e n s i t y o f Co
59 , Kg p e r c u b i c m e t r e
M = 59;
// Mass number
sigma = 30 e -028;
// C r o s s s e c t i o n , p e r
square metre
phi = 10^16;
// N e u t r o n f l u x , n e u t r o n s
per square metre per s e c
d = 0.04 e -02;
// T h i c k n e s s o f Co59
sheet , metre
t = 3*60*60;
// T o t a l r e a c t i o n time ,
sec
t_half = 5.2*365*86400;
// H a l f l i f e o f Co
60 , s e c
lambda = 0.693/ t_half ;
// D i s i n t e g r a t i o n
constant , per sec
103
15
16
17
18
// R e s u l t
// The number o f n u c l e i o f Co60 p r o d u c e d = 1 . 1 8 e +019
// The i n i t i a l a c t i v i t y p e r Sq . m e t r e = 5 e +010
decays per sec
: : Page 458 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// T h i c k n e s s o f Fe 54 s h e e t ,
Kg p e r s q u r e m e t r e
// Mass number o f Fe
// Mass o f t h e p r o t o n , Kg
// Number o f n u c l e i i n u n i t
area o f the t a r g e t , n u c l e i per square metre
ds = 10^ -5;
// Area , m e t r e s q u a r e
r = 0.1;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n d e t e c t o r
and t a r g e t f o i l , m e t r e
d_omega = ds / r ^2;
// S o l i d a n g l e , s t e r a d i a n
d_sigma = 1.3 e -03*10^ -3*10^ -28;
//
D i f f e r e n t i a l c r o s s s e c t i o n , square metre per
nuclei
P = d_sigma * n ;
// P r o b a b l i t y , e v e n t
per proton
I = 10^ -7;
// C u r r e n t , ampere
e = 1.6 e -19;
// Charge o f t h e p r o t o n ,
C
4 M = 54;
5 m = 1.66 e -027;
6 n = d /( M * m ) ;
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
104
// Number o f p r o t o n s p e r s e c o n d
i n t h e i n c i d e n t beam , p r o t o n p e r s e c
15 dN = P * N ;
// Number o f e v e n t s d e t e c t e d
per second , e v e n t s per s e c
16 printf ( \ nThe number o f e v e n t s d e t e c t e d = %d e v e n t s
p e r s e c , dN ) ;
14 N = I / e ;
17
18
19
// R e s u l t
// The number o f e v e n t s d e t e c t e d = 90 e v e n t s p e r s e c
10
11
12
13
: : Page 458 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Avogadro s c o n s t a n t
// C r o s s s e c t i o n , s q u a r e
metre
rho = 8.9 e +03;
// N u c l e a r d e n s i t y , Kg
per c u b i c metre
M = 58;
// Mass number
summation = rho / M * N_0 * sigma ;
// M a c r o s c o p i c c r o s s
s e c t i o n , per metre
x = 0.01 e -02;
// T h i c k n e s s o f
n i c k e l sheet , metre
I0_ratio_I = exp ( summation * x /2.3026) ;
//
F r a c t i o n a l a t t e n u a t i o n o f n e u t r o n beam on p a s s i n g
through n i c k e l sheet
printf ( \ nThe f r a c t i o n a l a t t e n u a t i o n o f n e u t r o n beam
on p a s s i n g t h r o u g h n i c k e l s h e e t = %6 . 4 f ,
I0_ratio_I ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The f r a c t i o n a l a t t e n u a t i o n o f n e u t r o n beam on
passing through n i c k e l sheet = 1.0014
105
14
// Wrong a n s w e r g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Wavelength , m e t r e
4 W_ratio = 2.3 e -07;
// Width r a t i o
5 sigma = W_ratio *(4* %pi ) * lambda ^2*10^28;
// S c a t t e r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n , b a r n
6 printf ( \ nThe s c a t t e r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e
r e s o n a n c e = %4 . 2 f b a r n s , sigma ) ;
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The s c a t t e r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e r e s o n a n c e =
3.33 barns
: : Page 458 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// C r o s s s e c t i o n , m e t r e
square
lambda = 2.4 e -11;
// de B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h ,
metre
5 R_prob = %pi * sigma / lambda ^2;
// R e l a t i v e
p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f ( n , n ) and ( n , y ) i n i n d i u m
6 printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f ( n , n ) and ( n
, y ) i n i n d i u m = %5 . 3 f , R_prob ) ;
4
7
8
// R e s u l t
106
// The r e l a t i v e p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f ( n , n ) and ( n , y ) i n
indium = 0 . 0 1 5
Scilab code Exa 10.13 Peak cross section during neutron capture
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 1 3
2 clc ; clear ;
3 h = 6.625 e -34;
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
: : Page 459 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
joule sec
= 1.67 e -27;
// Mass o f n e u t r o n , Kg
4.906;
// Energy , j o u l e
= 0.124;
// r a d i a t i o n width , eV
= 0.007* E ^(1/2) ;
// P r o b a b i l i t y
o f e l a s t i c e m i s s i o n o f n e u t r o n , eV
I = 3;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r momentum
I_c = 2;
// T o t a l a n g u l a r
momentum i n t h e compound s t a t e
sigma = (( h ^2) *(2* I_c +1) * w_y * w_n ) *10^28/(2* %pi * m_n * E
*1.602 e -019*(2* I +1) *( w_y + w_n ) ^2) ;
// C r o s s
section , barns
printf ( \ nThe c r o s s s e c t i o n o f n e u t r o n c a p t u r e = %5
. 3 e b a r n s , sigma ) ;
m_n
E =
w_y
w_n
// R e s u l t
// The c r o s s s e c t i o n o f n e u t r o n c a p t u r e = 3 . 7 5 5 e +004
barns
Scilab code Exa 10.14 Angle at which differential cross section is maximumat a givem l value
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa10 . 1 4
2 clc ; clear ;
3 R = 5;
: : Page 459 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Radius , f e m t o m e t r e
107
// The v a l u e o f k f o r
4 k_d = 0.98;
deutron
// The v a l u e o f k f o r t r i t o n
// A n g l e s a t which
d i f f e r e t i a l c r o s s s e c t i o n i s maximum , d e g r e e
// Use o f f o r l o o p f o r a n g l e s c a l c u l a t i o n ( i n d e g r e e )
for l = 0:4
theta = round (( acos (( k_d ^2+ k_p ^2) /(2* k_d * k_p ) -l
^2/(2* k_d * k_p * R ^2) ) ) *180/3.14) ;
printf ( \ nFor l = %d , l ) ;
printf ( , t h e v a l u e o f t h e t a m a x = %d d e g r e e ,
ceil ( theta ) ) ;
end
5 k_p = 0.82;
6 theta = rand (1 ,5) ;
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
//
//
//
//
//
//
Result
For l =
For l =
For l =
For l =
For l =
0 , the
1 , the
2 , the
3 , the
4 , the
value
value
value
value
value
of
of
of
of
of
theta
theta
theta
theta
theta
max
max
max
max
max
=
=
=
=
=
0 degree
8 degree
24 d e g r e e
38 d e g r e e
52 d e g r e e
// R e s u l t
// The t o t a l a n g u l a r momentum t r a n s f e r = 4 . 5
109
Chapter 11
Particle Accelerators
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Optimum number of stages and ripple voltage in
Cockcroft Walton accelerator
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa11 . 1 : : Page 5 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
V_0 = 10^5;
// A c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e , v o l t s
C = 0.02 e -006;
// C a p a c i t a n c e , f a r a d
I = 4*1 e -003;
// C u r r e n t , ampere
f = 200;
// F r e q u e n c y , c y c l e s p e r s e c
n = sqrt ( V_0 * f * C / I ) ;
// Number o f p a r t i c l e s
delta_V = I * n *( n +1) /(4* f * C ) ;
printf ( \ nThe optimum number o f s t a g e s i n t h e
a c c e l e r a t o r = %d , n ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe r i p p l e v o l t a g e = %4 . 1 f kV , delta_V /1 e
+003) ;
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The optimum number o f s t a g e s i n t h e a c c e l e r a t o r =
10
14 // The r i p p l e v o l t a g e = 2 7 . 5 kV
110
11
12
13
14
, c y c l e per sec
4 M = 1.6724 e -27;
5 E = 45.3*1.6 e -13;
// Mass o f t h e p r o t o n , Kg
// A c c e l e r a t i n g e n e r g y ,
joule
6 L_f = round (1/ f * sqrt (2* E / M ) *100) ;
111
// Length o f
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
t h e f i n a l d r i f t tube , c e n t i m e t r e
L_1 = 5.35*10^ -2;
// Length o f t h e
f i r s t d r i f t tube , m e t r e
K_E = (1/2* M * L_1 ^2* f ^2) /1.6 e -13;
// K i n e t i c
e n e r g y o f t h e i n j e c t e d p r o t o n , MeV
E_inc = E /1.6 e -13 - K_E ;
// I n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y ,
MeV
q = 1.6 e -19;
// Charge o f t h e p r o t o n ,
C
V = 1.49 e +06;
// A c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e ,
volts
N = E_inc *1.6 e -13/( q * V ) ;
// Number o f d r i f t
protons
L = 1/ f * sqrt (2* q * V / M ) * integrate ( n ( 1 / 2 ) , n , 0 , N
);
// T o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e a c c e l e r a t o r , m e t r e
printf ( \ nThe l e n g t h o f t h e f i n a l d r i f t t u b e = %d cm
\ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i n j e c t e d p r o t o n s = %4
. 2 f MeV\ nThe t o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e a c c e l e r a t o r = %3
. 1 f m e t r e , L_f , K_E , L ) ;
15
16
17
18
// R e s u l t
// The l e n g t h o f t h e f i n a l d r i f t t u b e = 47 cm
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e i n j e c t e d p r o t o n s = 0 . 6 0
MeV
19 // The t o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e a c c e l e r a t o r = 9 . 2 m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Energy and the frequency of deuterons accelerated
in cyclotron
1
2
3
4
5
// Mass o f t h e
13
14
15
16
17
d e u t r o n , Kg
M_He = 4.002603*1.66 e -27;
// Mass o f t h e He
i o n , Kg
E = B ^2* R ^2* q ^2/(2* M_d *1.6 e -13) ;
// Energy og
t h e e m e r g i n g d e u t r o n , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
f = B * q /(2* %pi * M_d ) *10^ -6;
// F r e q u e n c y o f
t h e d e u t r o n v o l t a g e , mega c y c l e s p e r s e c
B_He = 2* %pi * M_He * f *10^6/(2* q ) ;
// M a g n e t i c f i e l d
r e q u i r e d f o r He(++) i o n s , weber p e r s q u a r e m e t r e
B_change = B - B_He ;
// Change i n m a g n e t i c
field , tesla
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e e m e r g i n g d e u t r o n = %4 . 1 f
MeV\ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e e v o l t a g e = %5 . 2 f
MHz\ nThe c h a n g e i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d = %4 . 2 f t e s l a ,
E , f , B_change ) ;
//
//
//
//
Result
The e n e r g y o f t h e e m e r g i n g d e u t r o n = 3 6 . 4 MeV
The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e e v o l t a g e = 1 0 . 6 8 MHz
The c h a n g e i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d = 0 . 0 1 t e s l a
joule
= 0.51;
s o r b i t , metre
= 5*10^6;
per metre
= 1.67 e -27;
= 1.6023 e -19;
proton , C
: Page 537 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// K i n e t i c e n e r g y ,
// R a d i u s o f t h e p r o t o n
// E l e c t r i c f i e l d , v o l t s
// Mass o f t h e p r o t o n , Kg
// Charge o f t h e
113
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e p r o t o n ,
metre per s e c
B_red = E / v ;
// The e f f e c t i v e
reduction in magnetic f i e l d , t e s l a
10 B = m * v /( q * r ) ;
// T o t a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d
produced , t e s l a
11 r_change = r * B_red / B ;
// The c h a n g e i n o r b i t
radius , metre
12
printf ( \ nThe e f f e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d
= %5 . 3 f t e s l a \ nThe c h a n g e i n o r b i t r a d i u s =
%5 . 3 f m e t r e , B_red , r_change ) ;
9
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// The e f f e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n i n m a g n e t i c f i e l d = 0 . 1 3 2
tesla
16 // The c h a n g e i n o r b i t r a d i u s = 0 . 0 8 7 m e t r e
12
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 9 2 . 6 MeV
// The a v e r a g e e n e r g y g a i n e d p e r r e v o l u t i o n = 2 9 5 . 5 7
eV
16 // Note : Wrong a n s w e r i s g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k
17 //
Average energy gained per r e v o l u t i o n : 2 9 5 . 5 7
electron volts
revolutions
5 L = 2* %pi * R * N ;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
// D i s t a n c e t r a v e r s e d by
the e l e c t r o n , metre
t = 2e -06;
// P u l s e d u r a t i o n , s e c
e = 1.6203 e -19;
// Charge o f an e l e c t r o n ,
C
n = 3 e +09;
// Number o f e l e c t r o n s
f = 180;
// f r e q u e n c y , h e r t z
I_p = n * e / t ;
// Peak c u r r e n t , ampere
I_avg = n * e * f ;
// A v e r a g e c u r r e n t , ampere
tau = t * f ;
// Duty c y c l e
printf ( \ nThe peak c u r r e n t = %3 . 1 e ampere \ nThe
a v e r a g e c u r r e n t = %4 . 2 e ampere \ nThe duty c y c l e
= %3 . 1 e , I_p , I_avg , tau ) ;
//
//
//
//
Result
The peak c u r r e n t = 2 . 4 e 004 ampere
The a v e r a g e c u r r e n t = 8 . 7 5 e 008 ampere
The duty c y c l e = 3 . 6 e 004
115
centre , t e s l a
// Mass o f t h e
d e u t r o n , Kg
f_max = B_0 * q /(2* %pi * m_d *10^6) ;
// Maximum
f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e e v o l t a g e , mega c y c l e s p e r s e c
B_prime = 1.4310;
// M a g n e t i c f i e l d a t t h e
p e r i p h e r y o f t h e dee , t e s l a
f_prime = 10^7;
// F r e q u e n c y , c y c l e s p e r
sec
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t ,
metre per s e c
M = B_prime * q /(2* %pi * f_prime *1.66 e -27) ;
//
R e l a t i v i s t i c mass , u
K_E = (M - m_d /1.66 e -27) *931.5;
// K i n e t i c
e n e r g y o f t h e p a r t i c l e , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
printf ( \ nThe maximum f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e e v o l t a g e
= %5 . 2 f MHz\ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e d e u t e r o n
= %5 . 1 f MeV , f_max , K_E ) ;
13
14
15
// R e s u l t
// The maximum f r e q u e n c y o f t h e d e e v o l t a g e = 1 1 . 4 4
MHz
16 // The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e d e u t e r o n = 1 7 1 . 6 MeV
116
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// R e s u l t
// The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e a p p l i e d e l e c t r i c f i e l d =
1 . 7 0 5 e +008 c y c l e s p e r s e c
14 // The m a g n e t i c f i e l d i n t e n s i t y = 0 . 8 3 2 t e s l a
15 // The e n e r g y r a d i a t e d by t h e e l e c t r o n = 7 . 6 eV
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Kinetic energy of the accelerated nitrogen ion
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa11 . 1 1 : : Page 538 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E = 3;
// Energy o f p r o t o n s y n c h r o t r o n ,
giga
electron volts
m_0_c_sq = 0.938;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g y ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
5 P_p = sqrt ( E ^2 - m_0_c_sq ^2) ;
// Momentum o f
the proton , g i g a e l e c t r o n v o l t s per c
117
// Momentum o f t h e N( 1 4 ) i o n s ,
giga electron volts
7 T_n = sqrt ( P_n ^2+(0.938*14) ^2) -0.938*14;
//
Kinetic energy of the a c c e l e r a t e d nitrogen ion
8
printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e a c c e l e r a t e d
n i t r o g e n i o n = %4 . 2 f MeV , T_n ) ;
6 P_n = 6* P_p ;
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f t h e a c c e l e r a t e d n i t r o g e n
i o n = 8 . 4 3 MeV
Scilab code Exa 11.12 Maximum magnetic flux density and frequency of
proton in cosmotron proton synchrotron
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// Reduced
18
19
20
// R e s u l t
// The maximum m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y = 1 . 3 9 3 weber /
Sq .m
21 // The maximum f r e q u e n c y o f t h e a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e
= 0 . 0 9 MHz
22 // Answer i s g i v e n w r o n g l y i n t h e t e x t b o o k
Scilab code Exa 11.13 Energy of the single proton in the colliding beam
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa11 . 1 3 : : Page 539 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E_c = 30 e +009;
// Energy o f t h e p r o t o n
a c c e l e r a t o r , GeV
m_0_c_sq = 0.938*10^6;
// R e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g y
, GeV
5 E_p = (4* E_c ^2 -2* m_0_c_sq ^2) /(2* m_0_c_sq ) ;
//
Energy o f t h e p r o t o n , GeV
6 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e p r o t o n = %5 . 2 e GeV , E_p
/1 e +009) ;
7
8
9
10
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e p r o t o n = 1 . 9 2 e +006 GeV
// Wrong a n s w e r g i v e n i n t h e t e x t b o o k
119
Scilab code Exa 11.14 Energy of the electron during boson production
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa11 . 1 4 : : Page 539 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 M_z = 92;
// Mass o f t h e boson , g i g a e l e c t r o n
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
volts
E_e = M_z /2;
// Energy o f t h e e l e c t r o n , g i g a
electron volts
c = 3 e +08;
// V e l o c i t y o f t h e l i g h t , m e t r e
per second
m_e = 9.1 e -31* c ^2/(1.6 e -019*1 e +009) ;
// Mass
of electron , giga electron volts
E_e_plus = M_z ^2/(2* m_e ) ;
// T h r e s h o l d e n e r g y
f o r the positron , giga e l e c t r o n v o l t s
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %d GeV\ nThe
t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y o f t h e p o s i t r o n = %4 . 2 e GeV ,
E_e , E_e_plus ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 46 GeV
// The t h r e s h o l d e n e r g y o f t h e p o s i t r o n = 8 . 2 7 e +006
GeV
120
Chapter 12
Neutrons
14
121
// R e s u l t
// The a c t i v i t y f o r Cu63 i s = 3 . 0 4 7 e +009
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s per sec
17 // The a c t i v i t y f o r Cu65 i s = 6 . 9 7 e +008
d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s per sec
15
16
//
Energy l o s s f o r b e r y l l i u m
6 E_los_U = round ((1 -(( A_U -1) ^2/( A_U +1) ^2) ) *100) ;
// Energy l o s s f o r uranium
7 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y l o s s f o r b e r y l l i u m i s = %d
p e r c e n t \ nThe e n e r g y l o s s f o r uranium i s = %d
p e r c e n t , E_los_Be , E_los_U ) ;
8
9 // Check f o r g r e a t e r e n e r g y l o s s
10 if E_los_Be >= E_los_U then
11
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y l o s s i s
!!!!
greater for
b e r y l l i u m );
12
13
else
printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y l o s s i s g r e a t e r f o r uranium
);
14 end
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The e n e r g y
18 // The e n e r g y
19 // The e n e r g y
l o s s f o r b e r y l l i u m i s = 36 p e r c e n t
l o s s f o r uranium i s = 2 p e r c e n t
loss is greater for beryllium
122
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Energy loss of neutron during collision with carbon
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa12 . 3 : : Page 574 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 A = 12;
// Mass number o f Carbon
4 alpha = (A -1) ^2/( A +1) ^2;
// S c a t t e r i n g
coefficient
E_loss = 1/2*(1 - alpha ) *100;
// Energy l o s s o f
neutron
6 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y l o s s o f n e u t r o n = %5 . 3 f p e r c e n t
, E_loss )
5
7
8
9
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y l o s s o f n e u t r o n = 1 4 . 2 0 1 p e r c e n t
neutron
E_thermal = 0.025;
// Thermal e n e r g y o f t h e
neutron , e l e c t r o n v o l t s
E_n = 2*10^6;
// Energy o f t h e n e u t r o n ,
electron volts
n = 1/ zeta * log ( E_change ) ;
// Number o f
c o l l i s i o n s o f n e u t r o n s t o l o s s 99 p e r c e n t o f
their energies
n_thermal = 1/ zeta * log ( E_n / E_thermal ) ;
//
Number o f c o l l i s i o n s o f n e u t r o n s t o r e a c h t h e r m a l
energies
123
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The number o f c o l l i s i o n s
o f n e u t r o n s t o l o s s 99
p e r c e n t o f t h e i r e n e r g i e s = 22
13 // The number o f c o l l i s i o n s o f n e u t r o n s t o r e a c h
t h e r m a l e n e r g i e s = 87
6
7
diffusion
l e n g t h t o be u n i t y , u n i t
x_bar = integrate ( x exp (x /L ) , x , 0 , 100) ;
//
A v e r a g e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by t h e n e u t r o n , u n i t
x_rms = sqrt ( integrate ( x 2 exp (x /L ) , x , 0 , 100)
);
// Root mean s q u a r e o f t h e d i s t a n c e
t r v e l l e d by t h e n e u t r o n , u n i t
printf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by t h e
n e u t r o n = %dL , x_bar ) ;
printf ( \ nThe r o o t mean s q u a r e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by
t h e n e u t r o n = %5 . 3 f L = %5 . 3 f x b a r , x_rms , x_rms
);
8
9
10
// R e s u l t
// The a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by t h e n e u t r o n =
1L
11 // The r o o t mean s q u a r e d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d by t h e
neutron = 1.414L = 1.414 x bar
124
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
// R e s u l t
// The n e u t r o n f l u x t h r o u g h w a t e r = 8 . 7 3 0 e +003
n e u t r o n s p e r s q u a r e cm p e r s e c
17 // The n e u t r o n f l u x t h r o u g h heavy w a t e r = 2 . 2 1 2 e +006
n e u t r o n s p e r s q u a r e cm p e r s e c
125
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Diffusion length and neutron flux for thermal neutrons
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa12 . 7 : : Page 575 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 k = 1.38 e -23;
// Boltzmann c o n s t a n t ,
joules
per k e l v i n
4 T = 323;
// Temperature , k e l v i n
5 E = ( k * T ) /1.6 e -19;
// Thermal e n e r g y , j o u l e s
6 sigma_0 = 13.2 e -28;
// C r o s s s e c t i o n , s q u a r e m e t r e
7 E_0 = 0.025;
// Energy o f t h e n e u t r o n ,
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
electron volts
sigma_a = sigma_0 * sqrt ( E_0 / E ) ;
// A b s o r p t i o n
c r o s s s e c t i o n , square metre
t_half = 2.25;
// H a l f l i f e , h o u r s
lambda = 0.69/ t_half ;
// Decay c o n s t a n t , p e r
hour
N_0 = 6.023 e +026;
// Avogadro s number ,
per
m_Mn = 55;
// Mass number o f mangnese
w = 0.1 e -03;
// Weight o f mangnese f o i l ,
Kg
A = 200;
// A c t i v i t y , d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s
per sec
N = N_0 * w / m_Mn ;
// Number o f mangnese n u c l e i
in the f o i l
x1 = 1.5;
// Base , m e t r e
x2 = 2.0;
// H e i g h t , m e t r e
phi = A /( N * sigma_a *0.416) ;
// N e u t r o n f l u x ,
ne utro ns per square metre per s e c
phi1 = 1;
// For s i m p l i c i t y assume i n i t i a l
n e u t r o n f l u x t o be u n i t y , n e u t r o n s / Sq . ms e c
phi2 = 1/2* phi1 ;
// Given n e u t r o n f l u x , n e u t r o n s /
Sq . ms e c
126
// Thermal
d i f f u s i o n length f o r given neutron flux , m
22 L = sqrt (1/((1/ L1 ) ^2+( %pi / x1 ) ^2+( %pi / x2 ) ^2) ) ;
// D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h , m e t r e
23 printf ( \ nThe n e u t r o n f l u x = %3 . 2 e n e u t r o n s p e r
s q u a r e m e t r e p e r s e c \ nThe d i f f u s i o n l e n g t h = %4
. 2 f m e t r e , phi , L ) ;
21 L1 = 1/ log ( phi1 / phi2 ) /( x2 - x1 ) ;
24
25
26
// R e s u l t
// The n e u t r o n f l u x = 3 . 5 1 e +008 n e u t r o n s p e r s q u a r e
metre per s e c
27 // The d i f f u s i o n l e n g t h = 0 . 3 8 m e t r e
28 // Note : t h e d i f u s s i o n l e n g t h i s s o l v e d w r o n g l y i n
the testbook
Scilab code Exa 12.8 Diffusion length for thermal neutrons in graphite
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa12 . 8
2 clc ; clear ;
3 N_0 = 6.023 e +026;
: : Page 5 7 5 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Avogadro s number , p e r
mole
4 rho = 1.62 e +03;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
// D e n s i t y , kg p e r c u b i c
metre
sigma_a = 3.2 e -31;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s
s e c t i o n , square metre
sigma_s = 4.8 e -28;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
, square metre
A = 12;
// Mass number
lambda_a = A /( N_0 * rho * sigma_a ) ;
// A b s o r p t i o n
mean f r e e path , m e t r e
lambda_tr = A /( N_0 * rho * sigma_s *(1 -2/(3* A ) ) ) ;
// T r a n s p o r t mean f r e e path , m e t r e
L = sqrt ( lambda_a * lambda_tr /3) ;
// D i f f u s i o n
length f o r thermal neutron
printf ( \ nThe d i f f u s i o n l e n g t h f o r t h e r m a l n e u t r o n =
127
%5 . 3 f m e t r e ,L )
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The d i f f u s i o n l e n g t h f o r t h e r m a l n e u t r o n = 0 . 5 9 0
metre
Scilab code Exa 12.9 Neutron age and slowing down length of neutrons
in graphite and beryllium
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa12 . 9 : : Page 575 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E_0 = 2 e +06;
// A v e r a g e e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n
, electron volts
// Thermal e n e r g y o f t h e
neutron , e l e c t r o n v o l t s
// For g r a p h i t e
A = 12
// Mass number
sigma_g = 33.5;
// The v a l u e o f s i g m a f o r
graphite
tau_0 = 1/(6* sigma_g ^2) *( A +2/3) /(1 -2/(3* A ) ) * log ( E_0 /
E);
// Age o f n e u t r o n f o r g r a p h i t e , Sq .m
L_f = sqrt ( tau_0 ) ;
// S l o w i n g down l e n g t h o f
neutron through graphite , m
printf ( \ nFor G r a p h i t e , A = %d , A ) ;
printf ( \ nNeutron a g e = %d Sq . cm , tau_0 *1 e +004) ;
printf ( \ n S l o w i n g down l e n g t h = %5 . 3 f m , L_f ) ;
// For b e r y l l i u m
A = 9
// Mass number
sigma_b = 57;
// The v a l u e o f s i g m a f o r b e r y l l i u m
tau_0 = 1/(6* sigma_b ^2) *( A +2/3) /(1 -2/(3* A ) ) * log ( E_0 /
E);
// Age o f n e u t r o n f o r b e r y l l i u m , Sq .m
L_f = sqrt ( tau_0 ) ;
// S l o w i n g down l e n g t h o f
neutron through graphite , m
printf ( \n\ nFor B e r y l l i u m , A = %d , A ) ;
printf ( \ nNeutron a g e = %d Sq . cm , tau_0 *1 e +004) ;
4 E = 0.025;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
128
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Result
For G r a p h i t e , A = 12
N e u t r o n a g e = 362 Sq . cm
S l o w i n g down l e n g t h = 0 . 1 9 0 m
// For B e r y l l i u m , A = 9
// N e u t r o n a g e = 97 Sq . cm
// S l o w i n g down l e n g t h = 9 . 9 e 002 m
Scilab code Exa 12.10 Energy of the neutrons reflected from the crystal
// S c i l a b c o d e Exa12 . 1 0 : : Page 576 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
theta = 3.5* %pi /180; // R e f l e c t i o n a n g l e , r a d i a n
d = 2.3 e -10;
// L a t t i c e s p a c i n g , m e t r e
n = 1;
// For f i r s t o r d e r
h = 6.6256 e -34;
// Planck s c o n s t a n t , j o u l e
sec
7 m = 1.6748 e -27;
// Mass o f t h e n e u t r o n , Kg
8 E = n ^2* h ^2/(8* m * d ^2* sin ( theta ) ^2*1.6023 e -19) ;
// Energy o f t h e n e u t r o n s , e l e c t r o n v o l t s
9 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n s = %4 . 2 f eV , E )
;
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y o f t h e n e u t r o n s = 1 . 0 4 eV
129
Chapter 13
Nuclear Fission and Fusion
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Fission rate and energy released during fission of
U235
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa13 . 1
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E = 200*1.6023 e -13;
: : Page 600 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r
fission , joule
4 E_t = 2;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
// T o t a l power p r o d u c e d ,
watt
R_fiss = E_t / E ;
// F i s s i o n r a t e , f i s s i o n s p e r
sec
m = 0.5;
// Mass o f uranium , Kg
M = 235;
// Mass number o f uranium
N_0 = 6.023 e +26;
// Avogadro s number , p e r
mole
N = m / M * N_0
// Number o f uranium n u c l e i
E_rel = N * E /4.08*10^ -3;
// Energy r e l e a s e d ,
kilocalories
printf ( \ nThe r a t e o f f i s s i o n o f U235 = %4 . 2 e
f i s s i o n s p e r s e c \ nEnergy r e l e a s e d = %e k c a l ,
R_fiss , E_rel ) ;
// R e s u l t
130
14
: : Page 600 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Energy r e l e a s e d p e r
f i s s i o n , j o u l e s per neutron
t = 10^ -3;
// Time , s e c
P = E/t;
// Power p r o d u c e d by one f r e e
neutron , watt per neutron
P_l = 10^9;
// Power l e v e l , w a t t
N = P_l / P ;
// Number o f f r e e n e u t r o n s i n
the reactor , neutrons
printf ( \ nThe number o f f r e e n e u t r o n s i n t h e r e a c t o r
= %5 . 3 e n e u t r o n s , N ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The number o f f r e e n e u t r o n s i n t h e r e a c t o r =
3 . 1 2 5 e +016 n e u t r o n s
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
sigma_a_238 = 2.73; // A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r
uranium 2 3 8 , b a r n
sigma_f_235 = 583;
// F i s s i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n , b a r n
sigma_a = ( N_0_235 * sigma_a_235 + N_0_238 * sigma_a_238 )
/( N_0_235 + N_0_238 ) ; // A s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c , b a r n
sigma_f = N_0_235 * sigma_f_235 /( N_0_235 + N_0_238 ) ;
// F i s s s i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
v = 2.43;
eta = v * sigma_f / sigma_a ;
//
A v e r a g e number o f
neutron r e l e a s e d per absorption
printf ( \ nThe a v e r a g e number o f n e u t r o n s r e l e a s e d
p e r a b s o r p t i o n = %5 . 3 f , eta ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a v e r a g e number o f n e u t r o n s r e l e a s e d p e r
absorption = 1.921
, mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
a_s = 13.0;
// S u r f a c e b i n d i n g e n e r g y
c o n s t a n t , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
a_c = 0.583;
// Coulomb c o n s t a n t , mega
electron volts
a_a = 19.3;
// Asymmetric c o n s t a n t , mega
electron volts
a_p = 33.5;
// P a i r i n g e n e r g y c o n s t a n t , mega
electron volts
Z = 92;
// Atomic number
// For U236
A = 235;
// Mass number
E_exc_236 = a_v *( A +1 - A ) - a_s *(( A +1) ^(2/3) -A ^(2/3) ) 132
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Result
The e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y f o r uranium 236 = 6 . 8 MeV
The e x c i t a t i o n e n e r g y f o r uranium 239 = 5 . 9 MeV
The r a t e o f s p o n t a n e o u s f i s s i o n i n g o f uranium 235
= 0 . 6 8 per hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
134
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
metre
V = 3* %pi * a ;
// Volume o f t h e t o r u s , c u b i c
metre
P = 10^ -5*13.6 e +3*9.81;
// P r e s s u r e o f t h e gas ,
newton p e r s q u a r e m e t r e
C = 1200 e -6;
// C a p a c i t a n c e , f a r a d
v = 4 e +4;
// p o t e n t i a l , v o l t s
T_room = 293;
// Room t e m p e r a t u r e , k e l v i n
N_k = P * V / T_room ;
// From g a s e q u a t i o n
E = 1/2* C * v ^2;
// Energy s t o r e d , j o u l e s
T_k = 1/6* E /( N_k *10) ;
// T e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d by
thermonuclear device , kelvin
printf ( \ nThe t e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d by t h e r m o n u c l e a r
d e v i c e = %4 . 2 e K , T_k ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The t e m p e r a t u r e a t t a i n e d by t h e r m o n u c l e a r d e v i c e
= 4 . 7 5 e +005 K
Scilab code Exa 13.7 Energy radiated and the temperature of the sun
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa13 . 7 : : Page 601 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 G = 6.67 e -11;
// G r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t ,
4
5
6
7
8
9
newton s q u a r e m p e r s q u a r e kg
r = 7 e +08;
// R a d i u s o f t h e sun , m e t r e
M_0 = 2 e +30;
// Mass o f t h e sun , kg
E_rel = 3/5* G * M_0 ^2/ r ;
// Energy r e l e a s e d by
t h e sun , j o u l e
E_dia_shrink_10 = E_rel /9; // Energy r e l e a s e d when
sun d i a m e t e r s h r i n k by 10 p e r c e n t , j o u l e
R = 8.314;
// U n i v e r s a l g a s c o n s t a n t , j o u l e
p e r k e l v i n p e r k e l v i n p e r mole
T = E_rel /( M_0 * R ) ; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e sun ,
kelvin
135
10
11
12
13
14
// R e s u l t
// The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d by t h e sun = 2 . 2 9 e +041 j o u l e
// The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d when sun d i a m e t e r i s s h r i n k e d
by 10 p e r c e n t = 2 . 5 4 e +040 j o u l e
15 // The t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e sun = 1 . 3 8 e +010 k e l v i n
Scilab code Exa 13.8 Estimating the Q value for symmetric fission of a
nucleus
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa13 . 8 : : Page 602 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 A_0 = 240;
// Mass number o f p a r e n t n u c l e u s
4 A_1 = 120;
// Mass number o f d a u g h t e r n u c l e u s
5 B_120 = 8.5;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f d a u g h t e r
nucleus
6 B_240 = 7.6;
// B i n d i n g e n e r g y o f p a r e n t
nucleus
7 Q = 2* A_1 * B_120 - A_0 * B_240 ;
// E s t i m a t e d Qv a l u e ,
mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
8 printf ( \ nThe e s t i m a t e d Qv a l u e i s = %d MeV , Q ) ;
9
10
11
// R e s u l t
// The e s t i m a t e d Qv a l u e i s = 216 MeV
Scilab code Exa 13.9 Estimating the asymmetric binding energy term
1
2 clc ; clear ;
3 E = 31.7;
// Energy , MeV
4 a_a = 5/9*2^( -2/3) * E ;
// Asymmetric b i n d i n g
5
6
7
8
e n e r g y term , mega e l e c t r o n v o l t s
printf ( \ nThe a s y m m e t r i c b i n d i n g e n e r g y term = %4 . 1 f
MeV , a_a ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The a s y m m e t r i c b i n d i n g e n e r g y term = 1 1 . 1 MeV
137
Chapter 15
Nuclear Fission Reactors
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Estimation of the leakage factor for thermal reactor
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa15 . 1 : : Page 652 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 N_0_235 = 1;
// Number o f uranium atom
4 N_0_c = 10^5;
// Number o f g r a p h i t e atoms p e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
uranium atom
sigma_a_235 = 698;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r uranium , b a r n s
sigma_a_c = 0.003;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s
s e c t i o n f o r graphite , barns
f = N_0_235 * sigma_a_235 /( N_0_235 * sigma_a_235 + N_0_c *
sigma_a_c ) ;
// Thermal u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
eta = 2.08;
// Number o f f a s t f i s s i o n n e u t r o n
produced
k_inf = eta * f ;
// M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
L_m = 0.54;
// M a t e r i a l l e n g t h , m e t r e
L_sqr = (( L_m ) ^2*(1 - f ) ) ;
// d i f f u s i o n l e n g t h ,
metre
tau = 0.0364;
// Age o f t h e n e u t r o n
B_sqr = 3.27;
// G e o m e t r i c a l b u c k l i n g
k_eff = round ( k_inf * exp ( - tau * B_sqr ) /(1+ L_sqr * B_sqr )
);
// E f f e c t i v e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
138
w a t e r p e r uranium m o l e c u l e
4 N_u = 1;
// Number o f uranium m o l e c u l e s
5 sigma_a_u = 7.68;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
f o r uranium , b a r n s
sigma_s_u = 8.3;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r uranium , b a r n s
sigma_a_D = 0.00092;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r heavy water , b a r n s
sigma_s_D = 10.6;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r uranium , b a r n s
f = N_u * sigma_a_u /( N_u * sigma_a_u + N_m * sigma_a_D ) ;
// Thermal u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
zeta = 0.570;
// A v e r a g e number o f c o l l i s i o n s
N_0 = N_u *139/140;
// Number o f U238 atoms
p e r u n i t volume
sigma_s = N_m / N_0 * sigma_s_D ;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s
section , barns
sigma_a_eff = 3.85*( sigma_s / N_0 ) ^0.415;
//
E f f e c t i v e absorption c r o s s section , barns
p = exp ( - sigma_a_eff / sigma_s ) ;
// R e s o n a n c e
escape probablity
eps = 1;
// F a s t f i s s i o n f a c t o r
eta = 1.34;
// Number o f f a s t f i s s i o n
139
neutron produced
17 k_inf = eps * eta * p * f ;
// E f f e c t i v e
multiplication factor
18 printf ( \ nNeutron m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r = %4 . 1 f ,
k_inf ) ;
19
20
21
// R e s u l t
// N e u t r o n m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r =
1.2
Scilab code Exa 15.3 Multiplication factor for uranium graphite moderated assembly
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa15 . 3
2 clc ; clear ;
3 // For g r a p h i t e
4 sigma_a_g = 0.0032;
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
: : Page 652 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s
s e c t i o n f o r graphite , barns
sigma_s_g = 4.8;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r graphite , barns
zeta = 0.158;
// A v e r a g e number o f c o l l i s i o n s
N_m = 50;
// Number o f m o l e c u l e s o f g r a p h i t e
p e r uranium m o l e c u l e
// For uranium
sigma_f = 590;
// F i s s i o n i n g c r o s s s e c t i o n ,
barns
sigma_a_u = 698;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r U235 , b a r n s
sigma_a_238 = 2.75;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s
s e c t i o n f o r U238 , b a r n s
v = 2.46;
// Number o f f a s t n e u t r o n s
emitted
N_u = 1
// Number o f uranium atoms
f = N_u * sigma_a_u /( N_u * sigma_a_u + N_m * sigma_a_g ) ;
// Thermal u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
N_0 = N_u *(75/76) ;
// Number o f U238 atoms
140
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
p e r u n i t volume
sigma_s = N_m *76/75* sigma_s_g / N_u ;
//
Scattered c r o s s section , barns
sigma_eff = 3.85*( sigma_s / N_0 ) ^0.415;
//
E f f e c t i v e c r o s s section , barns
p = exp ( - sigma_eff / sigma_s ) ;
// R e s o n a n c e
escape p r o b a b i l i t y , barns
eps = 1;
// F a s t f i s s i o n f a c t o r
eta = 1.34;
// Number o f f a s t f i s s i o n n e u t r o n
produced
k_inf = eps * eta * p * f ;
// M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r = %3 . 1 f
, k_inf ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e d m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r = 1 . 1
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Ratio of number of uranium atoms to graphite atoms
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa15 . 4 : : Page 653 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 eta = 2.07;
// Number o f f a s t f i s s i o n
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
neutron
produced
x = 1/( eta -1) ;
sigma_a_u = 687;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r
uranium , b a r n s
sigma_a_g = 0.0045; // A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r
graphite , barns
N_ratio = x * sigma_a_g / sigma_a_u ;
// R a t i o o f
number o f uranium atoms t o g r a p h i t e atoms
printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f number o f uranium atoms t o
g r a p h i t e atoms = %4 . 2 e , N_ratio ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f number o f uranium atoms t o g r a p h i t e
141
atoms = 6 . 1 2 e 006
Scilab code Exa 15.5 Multiplication factor for LOPO nuclear reactor
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa15 . 5 : : Page 653 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 f = 0.754;
// Thermal u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
4 sigma_s_o = 4.2;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
f o r oxygen , b a r n s
sigma_s_H = 20;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r hydrogen , b a r n s
N_O = 879.25;
// Number o f o x y g e n atoms
N_238 = 14.19;
// Number o f uranium atoms
N_H = 1573;
// Number o f h y d r o g e n atoms
sigma_s = N_O / N_238 * sigma_s_o + N_H / N_238 * sigma_s_H ;
// S c a t t e r e d c r o s s s e c t i o n , b a r n s
N_0 = 14.19;
// Number o f U238 p e r u n i t
volume
zeta_o = 0.120;
// Number o f c o l l i s i o n f o r o x y g e n
zeta_H = 1;
// Number o f c o l l i s i o n f o r
hydrogen
sigma_eff = ( N_0 /( zeta_o * sigma_s_o * N_O + zeta_H *
sigma_s_H * N_H ) ) ;
// E f f e c t i v e c r o s s
section , barns
p = exp ( - sigma_eff / sigma_s ) ;
// R e s o n a n c e
escape probablity
eta = 2.08;
// Number o f f i s s i o n n e u t r o n
produced .
eps = 1;
// F i s s i o n f a c t o r
K_inf = eps * eta * p * f ;
// M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
printf ( \ nThe m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r LOPO r e a c t o r
= %3 . 1 f , K_inf ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r LOPO r e a c t o r = 1 . 6
142
Scilab code Exa 15.6 Control poison required to maintain the criticality
of U235
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa15 . 6 : : Page 654 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 r = 35;
// R a d i u s o f t h e r e a c t o r , c e n t i m e t r e
4 B_sqr = ( %pi / r ) ^2;
// G e o m e t r i c a l b u c k l i n g , p e r
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
square c e n t i metre
D = 0.220;
// D i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , c e n t i
metre
sigma_a_f = 0.057;
// Rate o f a b s o r p t i o n o f
thermal neutrons
v = 2.5;
// Number o f f a s t n e u t r o n s e m i t t e d
tau = 50;
// Age o f t h e n e u t r o n
sigma_f = 0.048;
// Rate o f f i s s i o n
sigma_a_c = -1/(1+ tau * B_sqr ) *( - v * sigma_f + sigma_a_f +
B_sqr * D + tau * B_sqr * sigma_a_f ) ;
//
Controlled cross section
printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d c o n t r o l l e d c r o s s s e c t i o n = %6
. 4 f , sigma_a_c ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e d c o n t r o l l e d c r o s s s e c t i o n = 0 . 0 2 7 3
c u b i c a l r e a c t o r , c e n t i metre
143
7
8
9
10
c u b i c a l r e a c t o r , c e n t i metre
printf ( \ nThe s i d e o f t h e c u b i c a l r e a c t o r = %4 . 1 f cm
\ nThe c r i t i c a l r a d i u s o f t h e r e a c t o r = %d cm , a ,
R);
// R e s u l t
// The s i d e o f t h e c u b i c a l r e a c t o r = 6 7 . 5 cm
// The c r i t i c a l r a d i u s o f t h e r e a c t o r = 39 cm
: : Page 655 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s s e c t i o n
f o r uranium , b a r n s
sigma_a_M = 0.00092;
// A b s o r p t i o n c r o s s
s e c t i o n f o r heavy water , b a r n s
N_m = 10^5;
// Number o f atoms o f heavy w a t e r
N_u = 1;
// Number o f atoms o f uranium
f = sigma_a_u /( sigma_a_u + sigma_a_M * N_m / N_u ) ;
//
Thermal u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r
eta = 2.08;
// Number o f f a s t f i s s i o n n e u t r o n
produced
k_inf = eta * f ;
// M u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r
L_m_sqr = 1.70;
// M a t e r i a l l e n g t h , m e t r e
L_sqr = L_m_sqr *(1 - f ) ;
// D i f f u s i o n l e n g t h , m e t r e
B_sqr = 1.819/0.30381* exp ( -1/12) -1/0.3038;
//
Geometrical buckling , per square metre
V_c = 120/( B_sqr * sqrt ( B_sqr ) ) ;
// Volume o f
the r e a c t o r , c u b i c metre
printf ( \ nThe c r i t i c a l volume o f t h e r e a c t o r = %4 . 1 f
c u b i c m e t r e , V_c ) ;
// R e s u l t
144
17
// The c r i t i c a l volume o f t h e r e a c t o r = 3 6 . 4 c u b i c
metre
145
Chapter 16
Chemical and Biological Effects
of Radiation
R_Sv ) ;
7
8
9
// R e s u l t s
// 25 mrad = 3 e 002 cGy = 0 . 2 5 mSv
4
5
6
7
Scilab code Exa 16.4 Amount of liver dose for a liver scan
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa16 . 4
2 clc ; clear ;
3 A = 80*10^6;
//
4 t_half = 6*3600;
//
5 N = A * t_half /0.693;
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
: : Page 673 ( 2 0 1 1 )
Activity , becquerel
Half l i f e , s
// Number o f s u r v i v i n g
radionuclei
E_released = 0.9* N *(140 e +03) *1.6 e -19;
// Energy
released , joule
m_l = 1.8;
// Mass o f l i v e r o f
a v e r a g e man , Kg
liv_dose = E_released *10^2/ m_l ;
// L i v e r d o s e ,
centigray
printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e s d l i v e r d o s e = %3 . 1 f cGy ,
liv_dose ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The r e q u i r e s d l i v e r d o s e = 2 . 8 cGy
147
Chapter 18
Elementary Particles
Scilab code Exa 18.1 Root mean square radius of charge distribution
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa18 . 1 : : Page 770 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 m_sqr = 0.71;
// For p r o t o n , (GeV/ cs q u a r e ) 2
4 R_rms = sqrt (12) /( sqrt ( m_sqr ) *5.1) ;
// Root mean
5
6
7
8
: Page 763 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// p r o t o n
// p i minus meson
148
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
(1 ,2) ) ;
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I \n
p i p l u s + p >
lambda 0 + K plus );
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T f o r K p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f ,
K_plus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f ,
K_plus (1 ,2) ) ;
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I I \n
p i p l u s + n >
lambda 0 + K plus );
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T f o r K p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f ,
K_plus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f ,
K_plus (1 ,2) ) ;
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n VI \n
p i m i n u s + p >
sigma minus + K plus );
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T f o r s i g m a m i n u s i s : %3 . 1 f
, sigma_minus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T3 f o r s i g m a m i n u s i s : %3 . 1
f , sigma_minus (1 ,2) ) ;
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n V \n
p i p l u s + p >
s i g m a p l u s + K plus );
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T f o r s i g m a p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f
, sigma_plus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T3 f o r s i g m a p l u s i s : %3 . 1 f
, sigma_plus (1 ,2) ) ;
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n VI \n
p i p l u s + n >
k s i m i n u s + K plus + K plus );
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T f o r K s i m i n u s i s : %3 . 1 f
, ksi_minus (1 ,1) ) ;
printf ( \n The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K s i m i n u s i s : %3 . 1 f
, ksi_minus (1 ,2) ) ;
// R e s u l t
//
// R e a c t i o n I
//
p i m i n u s + p > l a m b d a 0 + K 0
// The v a l u e o f T f o r K 0 i s : 1 . 5
// The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K 0 i s : 0.5
150
// R e a c t i o n I I
//
p i p l u s + p > l a m b d a 0 + K p l u s
// The v a l u e o f T f o r K p l u s i s : 0 . 5
// The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K p l u s i s : 0 . 5
// R e a c t i o n I I I
//
p i p l u s + n > l a m b d a 0 + K p l u s
// The v a l u e o f T f o r K p l u s i s : 0 . 5
// The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K p l u s i s : 0 . 5
// R e a c t i o n VI
//
p i m i n u s + p > s i g m a m i n u s + K p l u s
// The v a l u e o f T f o r s i g m a m i n u s i s : 1 . 0
// The v a l u e o f T3 f o r s i g m a m i n u s i s : 1.0
// R e a c t i o n V
//
p i p l u s + p > s i g m a p l u s + K p l u s
// The v a l u e o f T f o r s i g m a p l u s i s : 1 . 0
// The v a l u e o f T3 f o r s i g m a p l u s i s : 1 . 0
// R e a c t i o n VI
//
p i p l u s + n > k s i m i n u s + K p l u s +
K plus
77 // The v a l u e o f T f o r K s i m i n u s i s : 0 . 5
78 // The v a l u e o f T3 f o r K s i m i n u s i s : 0.5
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Scilab code Exa 18.4 Allowed and forbidden reactions under conservation
laws
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62 if j ==3 then
63
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I i s a l l o w e d ) ;
64
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s
z e r o \n
Delta S i s zero )
65 end
66 printf ( \n
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R e a c t i o n I I \n
pi plus + n
. . . . . . > K 0 + K plus )
j = 0;
for i = 1:3
if pi_plus (1 , i ) + n (1 , i ) == K_0 (1 , i ) + K_plus (1 , i )
then
j = j +1;
else
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I i s f o r b i d d e n )
if i == 1 then
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 2 then
printf ( \n D e l t a B i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 3 then
printf ( \n D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o )
end
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80
end
81 end
82
83 if j ==3 then
84
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I i s a l l o w e d ) ;
85
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s
z e r o \n
Delta S i s zero )
86 end
87 j = 0;
88 printf ( \n
89
90
R e a c t i o n I I I \n
pi plus + n
. . . . . . > K 0 bar + sumison plus )
for i = 1:3
if pi_plus (1 , i ) + n (1 , i ) == K_0_bar (1 , i ) +
sigma_plus (1 , i ) then
j = j +1;
else
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I I i s f o r b i d d e n )
if i == 1 then
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 2 then
printf ( \n D e l t a B i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 3 then
printf ( \n D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o )
end
end
end
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104 if j ==3 then
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printf ( \n R e a c t i o n I I I i s a l l o w e d ) ;
106
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s
z e r o \n
Delta S i s zero )
107 end
108 j = 0;
109 printf ( \n
R e a c t i o n IV \n
pi plus + n
. . . . . . > p i m i n u s + p)
110 for i = 1:3
111
if pi_plus (1 , i ) + n (1 , i ) == pi_minus (1 , i ) + p (1 , i )
then
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j = j +1;
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else
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printf ( \n R e a c t i o n IV i s f o r b i d d e n )
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if i == 1 then
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printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s n o t z e r o )
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elseif i == 2 then
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printf ( \n D e l t a B i s n o t z e r o )
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elseif i == 3 then
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printf ( \n D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o )
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end
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end
123 end
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125 if j ==3 then
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printf ( \n R e a c t i o n IV i s a l l o w e d ) ;
127
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s
z e r o \n
Delta S i s zero )
128 end
129 j = 0;
130 printf ( \n
131
132
R e a c t i o n V \n
pi minus + p
. . . . . . > lambda 0 + K 0)
for i = 1:3
if pi_minus (1 , i ) + p (1 , i ) == lambda_0 (1 , i ) + K_0 (1 , i
) then
j = j +1;
else
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n V i s f o r b i d d e n )
if i == 1 then
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 2 then
printf ( \n D e l t a B i s n o t z e r o )
elseif i == 3 then
printf ( \n D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o )
end
end
end
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146 if j ==3 then
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printf ( \n R e a c t i o n V i s a l l o w e d ) ;
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s z e r o \n
Delta S i s zero )
149 end
150 j = 0;
151 printf ( \n
152
153
R e a c t i o n VI \n
. . . . . . > lambda 0 + K plus )
for i = 1:3
if pi_minus (1 , i ) + p (1 , i ) ==
i ) then
j = j +1;
else
printf ( \n R e a c t i o n VI i s
if i == 1 then
printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s
elseif i == 2 then
printf ( \n D e l t a B i s
elseif i == 3 then
printf ( \n D e l t a S i s
end
end
end
pi plus + n
pi_0 (1 , i ) + lambda_0 (1 ,
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fo rb id de n )
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not z e r o );
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not z e r o )
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not z e r o )
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167 if j ==3 then
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printf ( \n R e a c t i o n VI i s a l l o w e d ) ;
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printf ( \n D e l t a Q i s z e r o \n D e l t a B i s
z e r o \n
Delta S i s z e r o );
170 end
171
172 // R e s u l t
173 // R e a c t i o n I
n . . . . . . > lambda 0 + K plus
174
//
pi plus +
175 // R e a c t i o n I i s a l l o w e d
176 // D e l t a Q i s z e r o
177 // D e l t a B i s z e r o
178 // D e l t a S i s z e r o
179 //
Reaction I I
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//
pi plus +
n . . . . . . > K 0 + K plus
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// R e a c t i o n I I i s f o r b i d d e n
// D e l t a B i s n o t z e r o
// R e a c t i o n I I i s f o r b i d d e n
// D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o
// R e a c t i o n I I I
n ...... >
//
pi plus +
sumison plus
// R e a c t i o n I I I i s f o r b i d d e n
// D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o
// R e a c t i o n IV
n ...... >
//
pi plus +
// R e a c t i o n IV i s f o r b i d d e n
// D e l t a Q i s n o t z e r o
// R e a c t i o n V
p ...... >
//
pi minus +
// R e a c t i o n V i s a l l o w e d
// D e l t a Q i s z e r o
// D e l t a B i s z e r o
// D e l t a S i s z e r o
// R e a c t i o n VI
n ...... >
//
pi plus +
// R e a c t i o n VI i s f o r b i d d e n
// D e l t a S i s n o t z e r o
K 0 bar
pi minus
lambda 0
lambda 0
+ p
+ K 0
+ K plus
c o n s t a n t , MeV s e c
4 p_width = 0.88*35;
decay , MeV
5 tau = h_cross / p_width ;
6 T_pi = 1;
particle
: : Page 766 ( 2 0 1 1 )
// Redueced p l a n c k s
// P a r t i a l w i d t h o f t h e
// L i f e t i m e o f sigma , s e c
// I s o s p i n o f p i p l u s
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T_lambda = 0;
// I s o s p i n o f lambda z e r o
particle
8 T_sigma
= T_pi + T_lambda ; // I s o s p i n o f s i g m a
particle
9 printf ( \ nThe l i f e t i m e o f s i g m a p a r t i c l e = %4 . 2 e s \
nThe r e a c t i o n i s s t r o n g \ nThe i s o s p i n o f s i g m a
p a r t i c l e i s : %d ,tau , T_sigma ) ;
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//
//
//
//
Result
The l i f e t i m e o f s i g m a p a r t i c l e = 2 . 1 5 e 023 s
The r e a c t i o n i s s t r o n g
The i s o s p i n o f s i g m a p a r t i c l e i s : 1
Scilab code Exa 18.10 Estimation of the mean life of tau plus
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa18 . 1 0 : : Page 767 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 m_mew = 106;
// Mass o f mew l e p t o n , mega
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e l e c t r o n v o l t s per square c
m_tau = 1784;
// Mass o f t a u l e p t o n , mega
e l e c t r o n v o l t s per square c
tau_mew = 2.2 e -06;
// Mean l i f e o f mew l e p t o n ,
sec
R = 16/100;
// B r a n c h i n g f a c t o r
tau_plus = R *( m_mew / m_tau ) ^5* tau_mew ;
// Mean
l i f e f o r tau plus , s e c
printf ( \ nThe mean l i f e f o r t a u p l u s : %3 . 1 e s e c ,
tau_plus ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The mean l i f e
f o r t a u p l u s : 2 . 6 e 013 s e c
Scilab code Exa 18.13 Possible electric charge for a baryon and a meson
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// S c i l a b c o d e Exa18 . 1 3 : : Page 7 6 8 ( 2 0 1 1 )
clc ; clear ;
function s = symbol ( val )
if val == 2 then
s = ++ ;
elseif val == 1 then
s = + ;
elseif val == 0 then
s = 0 ;
elseif val == -1 then
s = ;
end
endfunction
B = 1;
// Baryon number
S = 0;
// S t r a n g e n e s s quantum number
Q = rand (1 ,4)
// Charge
I3 = 3/2;
printf ( \ nThe p o s s i b l e c h a r g e s t a t e s a r e ) ;
for i = 0:1:3
Q = I3 +( B + S ) /2;
sym = symbol ( Q ) ;
printf ( %s , sym ) ;
I3 = I3 - 1;
end
printf ( r e s p e c t i v e l y ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The p o s s i b l e c h a r g e s t a t e s a r e ++ + 0
respectively
: : Page 768 ( 2 0 1 1 )
159
3 I_1 = 3/2;
// I s o s p i n f o r d e l t a ( 1 2 3 2 )
4 I_2 = 1/2;
// I s o s p i n f o r d e l t a 0
5 delta_ratio = sqrt ((2/3) ^2) / sqrt ((1/3) ^2) ;
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7
8
9
//
Branching r a t i o
printf ( \ nThe b r a n c h i n g r a t i o f o r a r e s o n a n c e w i t h I
= 1/2 i s %d , delta_ratio ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The b r a n c h i n g r a t i o f o r a r e s o n a n c e w i t h I = 1/2
is 2
// C r o s s s e c t i o n r a t i o
5 printf ( \ nThe c r o s s s e c t i o n r a t i o : %4 . 2 f ,
Cross_sec_ratio ) ;
6
7
// R e s u l t
Scilab code Exa 18.18 Root mean square radius of charge distribution
1 // S c i l a b c o d e Exa18 . 1 8 : : Page 770 ( 2 0 1 1 )
2 clc ; clear ;
3 m_sqr = 0.71;
// For p r o t o n , (GeV/ cs q u a r e ) 2
4 R_rms = sqrt (12) /( sqrt ( m_sqr ) *5.1) ;
// Root mean
5
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7
8
// R e s u l t
// The r o o t mean s q u a r e r a d i u s o f c h a r g e
distribution : 0.81 fermi
161