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FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 10
Flow in Open Channels
Jyh-Cherng Shieh
Department of Bio-Industrial Mechatronics Engineering
National Taiwan University
1
MAIN TOPICS
General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow
Surface Waves
Energy Considerations
Uniform Depth Channel Flow
Gradually Varies Flow
Rapidly Varies Flow
Introduction
Open channel flow involves the flows of a liquid in a channel or
conduit that is not completely filled.
There exists a free surface between the flowing fluid (usually water)
and fluid above it (usually the atmosphere).
The main deriving force is the fluid weight-gravity forces the fluid
to flow downhill.
Under steady, fully developed flow conditions, the component if the
weight force in the direction of flow is balanced by the equal and
opposite shear force between the fluid and the channel surface.
General Characteristics of
Open-Channel Flow
Classification - Type I
Uniform flow (UF): The depth of flow does not vary along the
channel (dy/dx=0).
Nonuniform flows:
Rapidly varying flows (RVF):
The flow depth changes
considerably over a relatively
short distance dy/dx~1.
Gradually varying flows (GVF):
The flow depth changes slowly
with distance dy/dx <<1.
9
Classification - Type II
R e = VR h /
11
Surface Wave
12
Surface Wave
The distinguishing feature of flows involve a free surface (as in
open-channel flows) is the opportunity for the free surface to distort
into various shapes.
The surface of a lake or the ocean is usually distorted into everchanging patterns associated with surface waves.
13
14
small amplitude
15
small amplitude
( y + y )V
V
(1)
=y
c=
y
y
y << y
Similarly, the momentum equation
1 2
1
F2 = y c 2 A 2 = y b
F1 = y c1A1 = ( y + y )2 b
2
2
1 2
1
F2 F1 = y b ( y + y ) 2 b = bcy[(c V ) c]
2
2
17
small amplitude
(y ) 2 << yy
V g
=
y c
(1)+(2)
(2)
c = gy
(3)
small amplitude
c = gy
19
finite-sized solitary
Wave Speed
More advanced analysis and experiments show that the wave speed
for finite-sized solitary wave
1/ 2
y
c = gy 1 +
y
1/ 2
y
c = gy 1 +
y
> gy
20
g
2y
c =& tanh
(4)
2
21
1/ 2
g
2y
c =& tanh
y
2 y
tanh
=1
c=
g
2
Deep layer
y
2 y 2 y
0 tanh
=
c = gy
Shallow layer
Wave speed as a function of wavelength.22
F r = V / gl = V / c
25
Energy Considerations
26
27
p1 V12
p 2 V22
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2 + hL
2g
2g
(5)
hL is the head loss due to viscous effects between sections (1) and (2).
(5)
V12
V22
y1 +
+ Sol = y 2 +
+ hL
2g
2g
(6)
z1 z 2 = S o l
p1 / = y1
p2 / = y2
28
V22 V12
y1 y 2 =
+ (S f
2g
So )l
(7)
Sf = h L / l
(7)
V22 V12
y1 y 2 =
2g
29
(8)
E1 = E 2 + (Sf So )l
(9)
(9)
So l = z 2 z1
q2
2gy
(10)
31
q2
2gy 2
(10)
Approach y=0
Very shallow and
very high speed
33
Determine Emin
To determine the value of Emin
1/ 3
q
dE
dE
q
=0
= 1 3 = 0 yc =
g
dy
dy
gy
2
E min
(11)
3y c
q
=
Vc =
= gy c Frc = 1
2
yc
35
36
q>q0
37
38
p1 V12
p 2 V22
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
2g
2g
V22
1.90 = y 2 +
64.4
(10.2-1)
y 32 1.90 y 22 + 0.513 = 0
y 2 V2 = y1V1
y 2 = 1.72ft
y 2 V2 = 5.75ft 2 / s
(10.2-2)
0.638ft
y 2 = 0.466ft
39
E=y+
0.513
y2
41
dz
= So
dx
V dV dy dz
dH
d V 2
+
+
=
+ y + z =
dx dx 2g
g dx dx dx
43
(12)
q
q dy
dV
V dy
=
=
y
dx
y dx
y 2 dx
V dV
V 2 dy
dy
=
= Fr2
g dx
gy dx
dx
(13)
44
dy Sf S o
=
dx (1 Fr2 )
(14)
45
46
48
49
= Q( V2 V1 ) = 0
F1 F2 w Pl + W sin = 0
(15)
where F1 and F2 are the hydrostatic pressure forces across either end
of the control volume.
P is wetted perimeter.
51
F1=F2
(15)
w Pl + W sin = 0
w =
W sin
Pl
W = Al
AlSo
w =
= rR h So
Pl
Rh =
A
P
(16)
V2
w = K
2
V2
w
2
V2
K
= rR h S o
2
V = C R hSo
(17)
Chezy equation
V S1o/ 2
V Rh
Reasonable
V R 2h / 3
Manning Equation
53
(18)
Manning equation
Q = AR 2h / 3S1o/ 2
n
(18)
(19)
(20)
A
P
2/3
S1o/ 2
=
n
A 5 / 3S1o/ 2
2/3
P
nQ
A = 1/ 2
kSo
3/ 5
P2 / 5
constant
A channel with minimum A is one with a minimum P.
55
56
57
58
Q = AR 2h / 3S1o/ 2
n
A = 12 ft (5ft ) + 5ft
ft = 89.8ft 2
tan 40
P = 12 ft + 2(5 / sin 40ft ) = 27.6ft
R h = A / P = 3.25ft
10.98
1.49
2
2/3
1/ 2
Q=
(89.8ft )( 3.25ft ) ( 0.0014 )
=
= 915cfs
n
n
V = Q / A = 10.2ft / s
Fr =
V
gy
= ... = 0.804
59
60
61
1 .0
2 / 3 1/ 2
Q = 10 = AR h S o =
...
n
0.03
(1.19 y 2 + 3.66 y ) 5 515( 3.11y + 3.66) 2 = 0
y=1.50 m
62
63
Q = AR 2h / 3S1o/ 2
n
D2
A=
( sin )
8
D
A D( sin )
Rh = =
P=
2
P
4
1 / 2 D 8 / 3 ( sin ) 5 / 3
Q = So
2
/
3
2
/
3
n
8( 4)
64
65
66
Rh =
V=
(19)
A
by
=
P ( b + 2 y)
2 / 3 1/ 2
1.0 10 y
R h So =
n
0.025 10 + 2 y
1.0 10 y
Fr =
0.025 10 + 2 y
2/3
5+ y
S o = 0.00613 Fr y
5y
4/3
1/ 2
( gy )
2/3
S1o/ 2
(10.6-1)
S1o/ 2
(10.6-2)
67
68
69
Q = ... = 16.8ft 3 / s
70
71
A = by
Q = AR 2h / 3S1o/ 2
n
P = b + 2y
A
by
A
Ay
Rh = =
=
=
P ( b + 2 y) ( b + 2 y) (2 y 2 + A)
Ay
Q= A
n ( 2 y 2 + A )
A
5/ 2
2/3
S1o/ 2
y = K(2y + A)
nQ
K = 1/ 2
S
o
constant
3/ 2
72
dA
5 3 / 2 dA
dA
5/ 2
y+A
=0 A
= K 4 y +
dy
2
dy
dy
A 5 / 2 = 4 ky
2 y 2 = by
The rectangular with the best hydraulic cross section twice
as wide as it is deep, or
b/y = 2
73
74
76
(14)
77
78
Fr<1 : y>yc
Fr>1 : y<yc
79
Drop-down profile
80
81
Typical surface
configurations for
nonuniform depth
flow with a steep
slope. S0 > S0c.
82
85
87
Hydraulic Jump
88
Responsible for
the erosion near
the foot of the
bridge pier.
DBroad-crested weirs.
DSharp-crested weirs.
DCritical flow flumes.
DSluice gates.
91
Hydraulic Jump
92
93
Assume that the flow at sections (1) and (2) is nearly uniform, steady,
and one-dimensional.
94
F1 F2 = Q( V2 V ) = V1y1b( V2 V1 )
F1 = p c1A1 = y12 b / 2
F2 = p c 2 A 2 =
y 22 b / 2
y12 y 22 V1y1
=
( V2 V )
2
2
g
V12
V22
y1 +
= y2 +
+ hL
2g
2g
(21)
(22)
(23)
The head loss is due to the violent turbulent mixing and dissipation.
95
(21)+(22)+(23)
Other solutions?
(21)+(22)
V12 y1
y12 y 22 V1y1 V1y1
( y1 y 2 )
=
V1 =
2
2
g y2
gy 2
2
y2 y2
+ 2 Fr21 = 0
y1 y1
Solutions
y2 1
= 1 1 + 8Fr21
y1 2
Fr1 =
V1
gy1
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr21 (24)
y1 2
96
y
hL
1 y1
=1 2 +
y1
2 y 2
y1
Fr21
(25)
97
99
100
101
102
103
y2 1
= 1 + 1 + 8Fr21 = ... = 5.32
y1 2
y 2 = 5.32(0.60ft ) = 3.19ft
Since Q1=Q2, or V2=(y1V1)/y2=3.39ft/s
104
V2
gy1
3.39ft / s
(32.2ft / s 2 )(3.19ft )
= 0.334
The poser dissipated, Pd, by viscous effects within the jump can
be determined from the head loss
Pd = Qh L = by1V1h L
(23)
2
2
V
V
1
2
= ... = 2.26ft
y2 +
h L = y1 +
2g
2g
q2
2gy
Q
= y1V1 = 10.8ft 2 / s
b
=y+
1.81
y2
106
107
Weir
A weir is an obstruction on a channel bottom over which the fluid
must flow.
Weir provides a convenient method of determining the flowrate in
an open channel in terms of a single depth measurement.
108
109
110
(26)
Since the total head for any particle along the vertical section (1) is
the same
p A V12
V12
+
= H + pw +
zA +
2g
2g
(26)
V
1
u 2 = 2g h +
2g
h=H
Q = u 2 dA = u 2 ldh
(27)
h =0
112
(28)
3/ 2
3/ 2
2
2
V
V
2
dh =
2g b H + 1
1
2g
3
2g
2g bH 3 / 2 (29)
1/ 2
h +
2
g
Q=
V12
2
3
(28)
V12
<< H
2g
Q = C wr
2
3
2g bH 3 / 2
(30)
113
C wr
H
= 0.611 + 0.075
Pw
(31)
114
tan
2g H 5 / 2
15
2
V12
<< H
2g
Q = C wt tan
2g H 5 / 2
15
2
(32)
115
About Nappe
Flowrate over a weir depends on whether the napple is free or
submerged.
Flowrate will be different for these situations
than that give by Eq. (30) and (32).
Flow conditions over a weir without a free nappe: (a) plunging nappe,
(b) submerged nappe.
117
118
119
2
yc = H
3
The flowrate is Q = by 2 V2 = by c Vc = b g y 3c / 2
2
= b g
3
3/ 2
H3/ 2
2
Q = C wb b g
3
3/ 2
H3/ 2
(33)
C wb =
0.65
1/ 2
H
1 +
Pw
(34)
120
121
Q = C wr
2
3
H
2 g bH 3 / 2 = 0.611 + 0.075
Pw
2
3/ 2
2
g
bH
3
Q = C wt tan
2g H 5 / 2 = 2.36C wt H 5 / 2
(32)
15
2
122
2
Q = C wb b g
3
Q=
3/ 2
2.22
(1 + H )1 / 2
3/ 2
H3/ 2
0.65
1/ 2
1 +
Pw
2
b g
3
3/ 2
H3/ 2
123
124
Three variations of underflow gates: (a) vertical gate, (b) radial gate, (c) drum gate.
125
q = C d a 2gy1
(35)
129
(Figure 10.29)
131