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BNH NH

AN NAM CHIEN
O

Nguyen
Duy Chnh

LI M AU
Lch s khong thieu nhng ngi lam nen mot s nghiep lay lng nh phuc am cua to
tien e lai. Trng hp o t nhieu ung cho vua Can Long, mot trong ba trieu ai thnh
tr nhat au i Thanh. Vua Can Long (Cao Tong) cung la mot trong nhng v hoang e
tr v lau nhat trong lch s Trung Hoa. Khi len ngoi, ong tha hng mot quoc kho sung
tuc, mot at nc tng oi thanh bnh, tru phu nen co the noi la c ven tay ao so,
ot nha tang giay. Ong xay nhng lau ai trang le va chu ong nhieu cuoc chinh
phat cac nc chung quanh. Trong i ong, ong i kinh ly hn 150 lan ke ca i san
mien bac, i tham lang tam tien vng mien ong va tuan du phng nam. Tuy cung
thc hien c mot so cong trnh van hoa ang ke nhng nhng chnh sach cua ong,
ngi khen cung nhieu ma ngi che cung lam.
Khi ve gia, vua Can Long at cho mnh cai biet hieu Thap Toan Lao Nhan. Danh hieu
o mang nhieu y ngha ve t c cung nh cong nghiep. Mot trong nhng an y la ong
se co at c mi chien cong trong thi gian tr v. e ca tung cai cong nghiep van
thanh vo c, trach b thng sinh cua chnh mnh, nam 1792 vua Cao Tong lam mot
bai van nhan e Thap Toan Ky (). Cai y tng o co le hnh thanh a lau
trong tam kham nen vao nhng nam sau cung cua cuoc i, vua Cao Tong co gang
anh ong dep bac cho u so. Chnh v the, hau het nhng chinh phat cua vua Can
Long a b cac s gia goi la hollow victories.1
Theo ho th trong cai goi la thap toan vo cong ch co ba lan hai lan anh ngi
Chuan Cat Nh (Dzungars) nam 1755 va 1756-57, mot lan anh ngi Hoi
(Mohammedans) nam 1758-59 -- tam goi la lay lng, con nhng chien dch khac khong
co g ang noi ti.2 Nhng lan vua Cao Tong em quan anh Kim Xuyen, ai Loan,
hay ngi Khoach Nh Khach (Gaurkhas) chang ang goi la vo cong ma viec gay han
vi Mien ien va Viet Nam th phai ke la ai bai. Viec anh Chuan Cat Nh va Hoi
Cng ton kem khoang 23 trieu lng bac con anh Kim Xuyen th ton hn nhieu (lan
au khoang 7.13 trieu, lan sau 53.5 trieu), anh nc ta tuy ngan ngui nhng cung ton
mat 1,346,508 lng.3 e ky niem nhng chien cong o, vua Can Long cho th ve

To give things their proper perspective it must be noted that except for the conquest of Sinkiang, which
was a great military accomplishment by any standard, the other victories enumerated in the Record were
only police actions or localized campaigns which deserved little special recognition. Immanuel C.Y.
Hsu, The Rise of Modern China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975) tr. 49
2

Bradley Smith va Wan-go Weng, China A History in Art tr. 254

Lai Phuc Thuan, Can Long trong yeu chien tranh chi quan nhu nghien cu (ai Bac: Quoc Lap Co
Cung Bac Vat Vien, 1984) tr. 428-30

thanh 88 bc tranh, trong o sau bc tranh chung toi gii thieu di ay la ve chien
dch em quan sang anh nc ta.4

Nhng bc tranh nay a c ong Nguyen Quoc Vinh gii thieu kha ky lng trong mot bai viet nhan
e Gop them t lieu mi ve quan he chien s va ngoai giao Viet Thanh thi Tay Sn: Bo tranh Bnh
nh An Nam Chien o co th e vnh bang ng but cua vua Can Long, Phan Huy Le (chu bien): Cac
Nha Viet Nam Hoc Nc Ngoai Viet Ve Viet Nam (Ha Noi: nxb The Gii, 2002) t trang 191 en trang
217.

LCH S ONG BAN HOA I THANH


Ngay t cuoi the ky 16, ngi Au a em nhng bc tranh in theo loi ong ban ti
Trung Hoa. i Minh, nam Van Lch th 10 (1582), giao s Matteo Ricci (Han danh la
Li Ma au - ) tang cho quan lai va nhng nha quyen qu trong trieu mot so anh
tng. Mot trong nhng ngi c tang la Trnh ai c (), mot chuyen gia
che tao mc va mot so hnh cua cac anh tng o c in lai trong bo Trnh Th Mac
Uyen (). Trc ay, ngi Trung Hoa ch in bang moc ban (khac tren go) nen
thng ch la nhng net n s, ay la lan au tien ho trong thay phep ve cua Au Tay
lam noi bat c bong en, cho sang cho toi, cho loi cho lom ... trong that hn hoa
phap ban x.5
The ky 16, 17 la thi ky ngi Tay Phng tm cach m rong anh hng, va tm kiem
th trng, va tm kiem nguyen lieu. Giao hoi Thien Chua La Ma cung theo xu hng
nay gi rat nhieu nha truyen giao en cac nc A ong e m mang nc Chua. e
tao an tng tot cho dan a phng, nhieu giao s von d la nhng khoa hoc gia, ky
thuat gia, hoa gia ... c c i vi chu trng lay long cac vua chua va gii quyen qu
hau c danh nhng u ai bac cau cho cong viec giang ao.
Nam Khang Hy th 52 (1713), giao s Matteo (Han danh la Ma Quoc Hien - )
ngi Y c ch nh e trong coi in bo Ng Che T Th Sn Trang Tam Thap Luc
Canh Thi o ( ) theo loi ong ban cua Au chau khi ong
lam hoa s trong trieu. Matteo lam quan trong trieu nha Thanh 13 nam, en nam Ung
Chnh nguyen nien (1723) th ve nc. Cong viec cua ong sau nay c thuat lai trong
Cung nh Thap Hu Tam Nien Ky in nam 1939.
Theo chau phe cua vua Khang Hy tren cac tau triep viet bang tieng Man Chau th vao
ngay 22 thang 7 nam Khang Hy th 51 (1712), Tao Hoa To () la tong giam Vo
Anh ien co tau len la a hoan tat hai quyen va en mong 7 thang 8 nam o th hoan
tat 36 bc tranh trong bo Nhiet Ha T Th Sn Trang Tam Thap Luc Canh Thi o.
Nhng bc tranh nay chieu ngang 30 cm, chieu doc 26.5 cm ve 36 canh cua khu ngh
mat tai Nhiet Ha, moi bc co ten va e th. ay la lan au tien ngi ta phoi hp phep
vien canh cua Au Chau vi phng phap co truyen cua Trung Hoa6. Vua Khang Hy rat
5

Mot hoa s Trung Hoa khi nhn thay bc tranh ba Maria bong Hai ong a phat bieu: Matteo Ricci a
mang theo mot bc anh Chua Tri, theo quan niem cua ngi Tay phng. o la mot ngi an ba be mot
a be con. Long may con mat cua hnh ve, va nhng nep ao trong tng nh hnh cua mot ngi ng
trc mot tam gng sang, that thanh thoat nh co the c ong c. Tnh trang sieu tuyet va phong nha
o hoa s Trung Hoa cha at en. Rene Picard, Les Peintres Jesuites a la Cour de Chine (Grenoble:
Editions des 4 Seigneurs, 1973) tr. 82
6

Loi ve nay c menh danh la the Sino-European method va c coi nh hoa phap cua trieu nh
nha Thanh (Academic painting of the Qing dynasty).

hai long ve nhng bc tranh nay nen a cho in ra nhieu ban e ban thng cho cac
hoang t, hoang ton, than vng.7

Tay Vc Chien o
(bo phan)
Quan Thanh dung cung chien thang ngi Hoi s dung sung ieu thng. Tranh do cac
hoa gia Tay Phng trong trieu ve, ban khac tai Phap, hnh anh sinh ong khac han hoa
phap cua Trung Hoa. (China: A History in Art, tr. 253)
Sang i Can Long, nghe thuat khac ban ong tien len cao hn mot mc. Vua Cao
Tong cho khac kha nhieu tranh ve ghi lai cac chien thang trong i ong ma noi tieng
hn ca la bo tranh Bnh nh Chuan Cat Nh Hoi Bo ac Thang o (
), tong cong 34 bc trong o co 16 bc tranh la ong ban, con 18 bc la ch
viet th khac ban go, moi bc chieu ngang 90 cm, chieu rong 52 cm. Nhng ban ve o
do cac giao s Tay phng ang phuc vu trong cung thc hien, nhng ban ong th
khong do ngi Trung Hoa thc hien ma thue ngi tan Au Chau.

Ong Lien Khe, Thanh ai Cung nh Ban Hoa, (Bac Kinh: Van Vat xb xa, 2001) tr. 19

Thoat tien trieu nh nha Thanh nh nh ngi Anh khac ban nhng hoi Truyen Giao
Ba Le Quang Chau muon nang cao uy tn nc Phap nen e ngh s bo Trung Hoa ky
khe c e th Phap thc hien. T nam Can Long th 30 (1765) la nam ma cac ban ve
a sang Phap en nam Can Long th 40 (1775), toan bo cac ban khac a thc hien
xong, tong cong nha Thanh phai tra 20,400 livres (1 livre tng ng vi 1 lang bac
thi o), qua la mot mon tien ln. 8 Ngi co cong nhat trong viec minh hoa cac bc
tranh chnh la giao s Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766) ngi Y noi tieng trong trieu
nh, va hoc tro ong la hoa s Ignatius Sichelbart (1708-1780). Nhng ngi khac nh
giao s Jean-Denis Attiret (1702-1738), Jean Damascene (Joannes Damascenus Salusti,
chet nam 1781) cung ong gop rat ln.9
Sau khi co nhng bc tranh nay, nha Thanh cung cai tien cach thc in ong ban va
phan ln nhng ban hien nay con kiem c la do Tao Bien X () trong cung
phung menh hoang e thc hien. Nhng bc tranh t cac ban ong che tao tai Phap co
mang ten cua ieu khac gia, mot so co ng thi cua vua Can Long con nhng bc tranh
do nha Thanh khac so vi nhng bc tranh khac Phap kem hn ve pham lai khong co
e nien ai va ten hoa gia, ieu khac gia. V khong co tai lieu g ghi lai mot cach chac
chan (ngoai tr mot so chi tiet rai rac lan trong cac s lieu khac) nen khong ai dam
chac nhng ban ong o thc s do noi phu thc hien.
Nam Can Long th 42 (1777) nha Thanh bat au cho khac ban bo Bnh nh Lng
Kim Xuyen, so vi ban in ben Phap th cay co cung t hn, hnh ve cung n s hn.
Nguyen tac 16 bc tranh nay do Ha Thanh Thai va Ngai Khai Mong (Ignatius
Sichelbart, 1708-1780) luc o lam viec trong hoa vien ve sau o giao lai cho th Trung
Hoa khac ban ong, trung bnh moi bc bon ngi phai lam viec sau thang. Theo cac
bai ng thi cua vua Can Long tren bo tranh nay th tat ca mat 8 nam, mai ti nam Can
Long th 50 (1785) mi hoan tat va c in ra e ban thng cho cac quan.
Tai lieu Quan C X con lu tr tai Co Cung Bac Vat Vien ai Loan ghi la lan au
nha vua ban cho hoang t, than vng, ai than 18 ban, lan th nh 24 ban, lan th ba
36 ban, lan th t 19 ban, lan th nam 4 ban. en nam Can Long th 49 (1784), vua
Can Long co ra du rang: Nay em ong ban hoa ac thang o chia cho cac a phng,
hanh cung, t vien e trang tr va bao ton.10 Nhng bc tranh nay cung c trang tr
8

T nam 1783 en nam 1785, ngi Phap a mo phong cac bc tranh cua nha Thanh khac thanh mot ban
nho hn 16 bc tranh trong bo Bnh nh Chuan Cat Nh Hoi Bo ac Thang o. Nhng bc tranh nay
hoi cuoi the ky 19 a c in ra tai Nhat va c va v the co nhieu ten khac nhau tuy theo moi an ban
chang han nh ai Thanh Quoc Ng e Bnh nh Tan Cng Chien o, Can Long ong Ban Hoa
Chuan Cat Nh ac Thang o, Cai Mai ac Bac Vat Quan Tang Can Long Chien Tch ong Ban Hoa,
Bnh nh Y Le Hoi Bo Chien o ...
9

Rene Picard, sd. tr. 81-2

10

Ong Lien Khe, sd tr. 20

trong Nguyet Ba Lau trong Thanh Y Vien () (sau oi thanh Di Hoa Vien),
Khong Thuy Nham trong Tnh Minh Vien (), Thai H That trong Tnh Nghi
Vien () ...

ONG BAN HOA


Trc ay, khi dung go e khac ban in, ngi ta khac noi (relief) nhng ng net tng t
nh khac mot con dau. Ky thuat nay do chnh ngi Trung Hoa tm ra t lau. Nam 1907,
Sir Aurel Stein a tm thay on Hoang (Tunhuang) mot ban kinh Kim Cng in nam 868
co hnh c Phat cung mot so ong e t, ng net tinh te, song ong.11 The nhng nghe
thuat in cua Trung Hoa gan nh khong tien bao nhieu trong nhieu the ky v ho at nang van
e in ch ma khong cai tien viec in tranh anh, hnh ve. Do o nhng hnh moc ban cho ti
gan ay van tng oi tho s tng t nh cac tranh ga, tranh ln cua lang ong Ho
san xuat e cho dan chung trang tr may ngay Tet.
In noi (the relief method)
Trong khi o, tuy bat chc loi in moc ban cua ngi Trung Hoa, cac nc Tay phng luon
luon tm cach cai tien nen ngay ca nghe thuat khac ban go cua ho cung troi hn cua ngi
Tau nhieu. Co hai loai khac go, khac tren go mem (woodcut) va khac tren go cng (wood
engraving). Khac go mem de hn v nhng ng net tng oi manh bao va thong dung cho
en tan the ky th 17. Khac tren go cng th ngi nghe s dung mot loai uc nho goi la
dao vuong (burin hay graver), net khac thng chay ngang thay v xuoi theo th go, khi in
dung sc ep manh. Nhng hnh anh in bang go cng trong rat tinh vi. Phng phap nay thnh
hanh en tan gia the ky th 19.
Khac ban (the intaglio12 methods)
Sang thi trung co, ngi Au Chau phat minh ra phng phap dung kim loai e khac ban
thay v dung go. Vao thi o, mot so nghe s a khac len o vat kim loai va sau o ng
dung trong an loat ma noi tieng nhat la nhng ong ban hoa (copperplate engraving). Cach
che tao ban ong rat phc tap, t ban ve lam mau en cong trnh ieu khac, in len giay
eu ton nhieu cong lao, thi gi nen ch dung e in nhng tac pham that ac biet.
Thoat tien ngi ta dung mot phien ong ln, anh cho that nhan va phang roi khac
(engraving) len nhng ranh to nho bang dao vuong (burin). Khac ranh co the ay uc ti
11

Robert Temple, The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and invention (New York:
Simon and Schuster, 1986) tr. 111

12

intaglio la tieng Y ngha la khac vao (cut in)

trc (pushed before the hand) goi la engraving hay keo ve sau goi la drypoint, sau o cha
sach nhng dam ong (burr). Nhng ranh ngi ta khac vao se cha mc e khi ep xuong in
len giay. Ngi ta cung co the phu mot loai sap bao ve (etching ground) roi uc nhng lo
nho, sau o dung chat cng toan (acid) e an mon nhng lo a uc (etching13). e cho
c mong va eu, ngi ta dung mot tui lua cha sap xoa len mot ban ong a h nong,
sap se chay ra vao tham len tren mat kim loai. Nguyen thuy cua thuat etching la t cac
lo che tao ao giap thi trung co.

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Sau khi thoa sap, tam ban ong c hun khoi cho en i ngo hau ngi nghe s nhn thay
c nhng net khac cua mnh. Phai mat rat nhieu cong phu mi co nhng net that manh
mai khien cho ban in ra the hien c am lt, sang toi. Khi in, ban ong c lan mc, lau
cho sach ch con mc ong trong ranh roi dung may ep xuong mot t giay am e mc
trong cac khe tham xuong giay.

Hnh 3

13

Hnh 4

ngha la an vao (eat in) v dung acid soi mon

Moi quy trnh nh vay ch c mot ban nen so lng in thng nho v ban ong de mon.14
Ky thuat nay cang ngay cang cai tien va en cuoi the ky 17, ngi Au Chau in c
nhng hnh anh trong linh ong nh nhng bc anh en trang ma chung ta co sau nay. Nhng
hoa s cung chnh tay ieu khac ban ve va ngi ta a co nhng bc tranh mau rat ep.15
Ky thuat khac va in bang ban ong (intaglio printing) la mot bc tien mi trong an loat.

Hnh 5
Viec khac ban va ky thuat lam ban ong phoi hp va nghe thuat, va ky thuat. Nhieu
sach v cua the ky 18, 19 con ton tai en ngay nay cho ta thay nhng hnh ve c in
rat linh ong va ton nhieu cong lao. Ngoai ky thuat drypoint va etching, hai ky thuat khac
la aquatint, dung cat mn trang len roi e acid tham xuong va mezzotint la phng phap
ngc lai vi mot so ky thuat dung trong khac ban drypoint cung c ap dung nhng
khong pho thong bang.
Hnh 1: Nghe nhan dung dao vuong (burin) e khac len ban ong (copper engraving)
Hnh 2: Phu sap len ban khac trong ky thuat etching
Hnh 3: Dung acid e an mon ban khac (biting)
Hnh 4: Lau sach ban khac
Hnh 5: In th ban khac
Tai lieu va hnh anh trch trong Paul J. Sachs: Chapter 10: Technical Processes, Modern Prints &
Drawings (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1954) t trang 237 en 245.

14

Ve sau ngi ta tm ra cach trang mot lp sat that mong len tren ban ong nen co the in c nhieu
hn, en khi mon lai trang lp khac.

15

The Random House Library of Painting and Sculpture Volume I Understanding Art (New York:
Random House, 1981) tr. 164-7.

10

T o sau moi chien dch vua Can Long lai cho ve va khac ban ong, moi lan khac
nhau mot chut ve hnh thc cung nh noi dung, ve ky thuat cung nh kch thc. Mot so
hoa gia noi tieng nh Dng ai Chng (), Gia Kim (), Ta Toai (),
Khanh D c (), Le Minh () ... c e cap en trong cac cong tac nay.
Tranh ve xong cung c cac ai than, tng lanh co tham gia cac chien dch ong gop
y kien e cho sat vi thc te. Tuy nhieu chi tiet h cau that nhng qua nhng bc tranh
nay, ngi ta cung co the biet mot so net chnh ve y phuc, vu kh va cach thc ieu
binh cua nha Thanh thi ky o.
Tnh theo th t, sau bo tranh Bnh nh Chuan Cat Nh, Thanh nh tiep tuc thc hien
bay bo chien o khac. Tong so tat ca cac ong ban hoa ve chien tch cua i Can Long
len en 88 bc tranh.
So lng in ra cung khong hoan toan ong nhat. Theo tai lieu cua nha Thanh th bo
Bnh nh Tay Vc 16 bc in lan au 247 ban, giao cho e trng bay cac ni 138 ban,
con lai 109 ban e thng cho cac quan, bo Kim Xuyen Chien o 16 bc, in ra 226
ban, gi cac ni 138 ban, thng dung 88 ban, bo ai Loan chien o 12 bc in ra 200
ban, gi cac ni 119 ban, 81 ban e thng.16 Ve kch thc, cac bo tranh nay cung xe
xch chut nh, tren di 50 x 87 cm nhng khong nhieu lam. Theo nh the, bon bo
tranh ma nha Thanh thc hien ch in ra khoang 250 ban tr lai, con bo tranh Bnh nh
Chuan Cat Nh lam va in tai Phap th khong thay in them.
Rieng bo An Nam Chien o ve ve chien dch anh nc ta bao gom 6 bc in ra 200
ban nhng ti nam 1793 ch mi xong 5 bc con bc cuoi cha hoan tat. Can c vao
nhng bai ng thi e tren tranh vi lac khoan Can Long Ky Dau Trong Thu Ng But
() nhieu tac gia ket luan rang bo tranh An Nam Chien o c ve
vao cuoi nam 1789 nhan dp Nguyen Quang Hien sang Yen Kinh trieu can vua Can
Long. Nhng bc tranh o da theo nhng tai lieu va bao cao cua Ton S Ngh, nhat la
y t t cac bai th cua vua Cao Tong roi sau o mi ghep thu but vua Cao Tong khac
bang moc ban vao nhng cho trong tren ban hoa.

Ten
Bnh nh Chuan Cat Nh Hoi Bo ac Thang o
()

So ban ve

Nam

Kch thc

So ban in

16 bc

1775

55.4x90.8

247

16

Tau th cua th lang Y Linh A () ngay 20 thang 11 nam Can Long 58 (1793) Ong Lien Khe,
sd. tr. 24

11

Bnh nh Lng Kim Xuyen ac Thang o


( )
Bnh nh ai Loan ac Thang o
()
Bnh nh An Nam ac Thang o
()
Bnh nh Khoach Nh Khach ac Thang o
()
Bnh nh Mieu Cng ac Thang o
()
Bnh nh Trong Mieu ac Thang o
()
Bnh nh Hoi Cng ac Thang o
()

16 bc

1781

51x88.5

226

12 bc

1792

50.5x87.4

200

6 bc

1792

50.7x88

200

8 bc

1795

55x88

16 bc

1795

51x88

4 bc

1798

51x88

10 bc

1830

52x91

Theo ky thuat thi o, ch khac moc ban va c in rieng ch khong khac trc tiep tren
ban ong. Chi tiet va dien tien cua chien dch nha Thanh em quan sang anh nc ta,
viec Nguyen Hue cau phong va s bo Nguyen Quang Hien sang Yen Kinh nhan sac va
an chung toi a e cap en trong nhng bien khao khac ve i Tay Sn nen khong
nhac lai ay. Ngi viet ch xin nhan manh rang tuy co mot so chi tiet, a danh, nhan
danh co the giup chung ta soi sang phan nao cuoc chien Viet Thanh (1788-89), phan
ln nhng mieu ta mang tnh cng ieu, phong ai khong sat vi thc te lch s.
Nhng tran anh long tri l at ma Ton S Ngh tau ve trieu ch cot bien minh cho
viec tan sat e nang cao chien cong cua ong ta va thoa man t ai cua vua Cao Tong. S
nha Thanh cung viet la vua Can Long rat thch nhng so t vong to ln cua oi phng
va nhieu lan cac tng lanh cua ong a tan sat cac sac dan thieu so vi y o diet
chung.
Nhng bai th va chu thch chung toi can c vao bo Thanh Cao Tong ng che thi van
toan tap () (ai Bac: Quoc Lap Co Cung Bac Vat Vien, 1976)

12

quyen 10 17 va c in lai cuoi bai e cac hoc gia tien oi chieu va giup bo chnh neu
phat hien nhng sai lam trong viec phien am hay dch ngha.
Sau bc hnh An Nam Chien o chung toi chup lai t Thanh ai Cung nh Ban Hoa
() (Bac Kinh: Van Vat xb xa, 2001) cua Ong Lien Khe () trang
245, 246 va 247. Mot so chi tiet ve ky thuat in ong ban i Thanh cung rut ra t quyen
sach nay trong phan gii thieu. Cac phu ban ve cac ban hoa c trch trong hai bc
tranh ln in lai trong cuon China: A History In Art do Bradley Smith va Wan-go Weng
bien soan (San Diego: Gemini Smith, Inc., 1972) trang 252-3 va 256-7.
Nhan dp nay, chung toi cung gi li cam n chan thanh en TS Tran Huy Bch a co
nha y gi tang mot ban sao bai Gop them t lieu mi ve quan he chien s va ngoai
giao Viet Thanh thi Tay Sn: Bo tranh Bnh nh An Nam Chien o co th e
vnh bang ng but cua vua Can Long cua Nguyen Quoc Vinh trch t quyen Cac Nha
Viet Nam Hoc Nc Ngoai Viet Ve Viet Nam do Phan Huy Le (chu bien) (Ha Noi: nxb
The Gii, 2002) giup chung toi co c hoi so sanh va chnh on nhng sai lam trong
phien dch va ngha ly cua phan ch Han.

17

in theo loi chup anh la tap hp 576 quyen th xuat ban di i Can Long c san nh lai thanh 100
quyen, 10 tap ln.

13

Phu Lng Giang Chi Chien


(bo phan)
Ton S Ngh va Ha The Hanh vao thanh Thang Long, ton that nha Le ra hang. Tng
thanh Thang Long bang at, tren trong tre theo cach thc luy tre cua mien Bac a c
mieu ta nh mot th tran cua Trung Hoa. Nhng hoat canh khac do hoa s tng tng.
Tren cao la ch cua vua Can Long va con dau Co Hi Thien T chi bao. (China: A
History in Art, tr. 256)

14

Phu Lng Giang Chi Chien


(bo phan)
Quan Thanh ang vt song Phu Lng (Nh Ha) e tien vao Thang Long. Thuyen nan
cua Viet Nam c ve thanh thuyen buom cua Trung Hoa. (China: A History in Art, tr.
257)

15

AN NAM CHIEN O NGUYEN VAN VA BO VNH

()

?
!

?
?

!
16

!
Dch am

BO VNH AN NAM CHIEN O LUC LUAT


(hu t)
Tuan Ton S Ngh An Nam chien s lu tch d tran, nhan menh hoa vien cac vi chi o,
bo vnh can the nhi t chi viet:
An Nam chien o phi nh Y Le, Hoi Bo, Kim Xuyen, ai Loan chi thuy d chien nhi
chung thanh cong da. Phi d chien thanh cong tac kha phat o nhi o chi gia, thc luc
nga tng soai chi than, quan l chi s, thiep vien mao hiem, cong kien pha nhue. Canh
hu bao trung ton khu gia, bat vi chi o d ky ky tch tac d ha nhan. Tha Nguyen Hue
chi hoi toi khat hang, nguyen nhan hu chinh, t diec v thng, phi thuy chung nhat s
h. Phu hu chinh vo chien thng h, chien nhi hu thanh cong th chi.
Thanh nhi phuc bien, hu chung bat chien nhi thanh cong, ky s ng giao chien
nhi thanh cong gia vi thang yen.
Th khi nhan lc s mu ho?
Thien da! Mieu cung lam l, ngu thap t tai, thu thien chi hu, bat nhat nhi tuc. Nhi
An Nam chi s, phuc bat chien nhi thanh cong, tac d chi s cam kch, hong huong ch
tham, knh uy gia ang. Ha nh? Gian thng luan chi.
S Ton S Ngh thu Le thanh chi hau, tc nang nhue s ch Quang Nam hoach Nguyen
Hue ho? Hu nh Ton S Ngh tuan ch tao ban s, tuy vo Ha The Hanh ang tam
tng chi ton khu, tng v ch nga canh, nhi Le thanh phuc that, ky nang bat toan s d
cu chi ho? Hu nh Ton S Ngh diec ong tam vo than chi ton khu sa trng, tac S
Ngh nai oc nhung trong than, thng quoc the vi ai, bat ac bat hng s van toi, th
thanh giai binh vo d thi h.
Tha Ha The Hanh uy khuc ho lenh, Ton S Ngh chan l nhi hoan, s d diec ong qui,
tac canh hu thuyet nai nhng ton khu cng trng, ky tri phng hu dung vi thng
17

nhan s bat nang. Moi nhat ao cap, v chi lac le gia thng. Ch Ton S Ngh phi bat tri
tram chi tng le cong than, thng dien hau the, thiet diec ton khu, tac ky cong tc
tat the tap vong the.
Nhan thuy bat t, tha ban duc xung phong ch menh. ai thnh Ha The Hanh chi ngon,
d quoc s vi trong ninh qui nhi thu tram chi phat, nhi tram khi khang bat lng ky
tam, gia d phat tai? Th nh than gia, ky s bat ong, nhi tam tac ong. T s c chi
hoi, tong nhung chan l d qui, tam tng lenh phien quoc lap t thu trung.
Tha Nguyen Hue nhan hu th qua nhi uy toi cau hang, bat lao nhat l d nh hai
bang, th giai hao van toan chuyen, mac vi ha ho, khi d nhat nhan t l s nang cap
tai? T t d hau, ch tham knh can, tnh ai thien an, luc nien qui chnh. Phu ha cam
canh sinh biet niem ho! Th bo vnh An Nam chien o chi thap, s do tac da.
Dch ngha
Sau khi hoi can ke Ton S Ngh ve chien s nc An Nam, ta sai hoa vien ve cac o
hnh roi lam th e vnh them, viet li m au nh sau:
Chien cuoc An Nam khong giong nh tai Y Le, Hoi Bo, Kim Xuyen, ai Loan la
chien tranh ma sau thanh cong. Khong phai dung en chien tranh ma van thanh cong
th au can ve lai, con cho ve o hnh ay la e ghi cong bay toi, tng soai, quan lnh i
xa xoi, vao nguy hiem e tan cong vao ni kien co, xong pha ni mui nhon. Cung co ke
v long trung ma thiet mang, ta n long nao khong cho ve lai e ghi ky tch hay sao?
The nhng ke gay ra cuoc chinh phat kia la Nguyen Hue a biet hoi toi xin hang cung
khong phai la viec thng, nen cai nguyen uy luc au sau cung cung at c vay.
Pham phai chinh phat ma khong can en chien tran la hay hn ca, con anh ma thanh
cong mi ch la th hai.
Viec xong roi lai xay ra bien co, nhng sau khong can phai anh ma van thanh cong, so
vi viec phai chien tranh mi c con tot ep hn.
Viec o do ngi mu tnh c sao?
Ay la tri o! Tri cao ngo xuong cho ta nam mi bon nam, khong phai ch mot lan
c n tren giup . Viec nc An Nam khong phai anh ma thanh cong ta cc ky
cam kch, hong phuc that day, qua khien knh s. Sao the? Ta van thng suy luan
rang:
- Neu nh Ton S Ngh sau khi thu phuc Le thanh, lap tc anh thang vao
Quang Nam bat Nguyen Hue th sao?

18

- Con nh Ton S Ngh tuan ch sm ban s, tuy bon Ha The Hanh ba tng
khong bo mang nhng khi (rut ve) cha en bien canh ma Le thanh lai mat
roi, khong le khong em quan quay lai cu hay sao?
- Neu Ton S Ngh cung ba tng eu bo mang ni sa trng, S Ngh la trong
than ch huy quan ma, ton thng quoc the qua ln, khong the khong hng
binh van toi, viec binh la khong biet roi se en au?
Cung nh Ha The Hanh cam chu theo lenh nen Ton S Ngh chan chnh quan l rut
ve ch neu ca hai cung ve ca, th tuy la khong bo thay ni bien cng nhng co ai biet
en cai dung cam ma ngi thng khong the b kp. Moi khi ngh en ta lai bui ngui
ri le. Con Ton S Ngh th au phai khong biet tram tng le cong than, thng en
cac i sau, neu nh bo mnh th con chau i i the tap cong tc.
Ngi ta ai ma khong chet, huong chi y cung muon xung phong cho en chet nhng v
nghe li cua Ha The Hanh, lay viec nc lam trong nen anh quay ve e chu cho
tram trach phat, nhng au phai tram khong co lng bao dung ma con bat toi hay sao?
Hai ke bay toi kia, viec khong giong nhau nhng long cung la mot. Cung nh co c hoi
nay, ngi ng au oan quan co the a c quan quay ve ma ba tng cung co
en th ni phien quoc e ghi nh tam long trung.
Nguyen Hue cung v the s toi cau hang, khong ton cong mot oi quan ma nh c
hai bang, qua la van may xoay chuyen, mac nhien che ch ch au phai mot mnh ta
tnh toan ma c au!
T nay tr i ta cang them knh can, ch i n tri e mong sau nam na se qui chnh.
Ta ha chang ngh en viec ly biet ngay khi con song hay sao? Nhng li bo vnh cho
cac bc An Nam chien o do o ma lam vay.
Nguyen van

19

Dch am
Nguyen Hue phuc ch Le thanh, Le Duy Ky nhng kh ky quoc, kha v bien xuat bat y
nhien. D ieu Phuc Khang An vi Lng Quang tong oc, nhng tng tap binh thanh
thao. ai Nguyen Hue tai t du khan, hu khien than iet Nguyen Quang Hien nghe
Phuc Khang An x t bieu cau hang.
Phuc Khang An sat ky tnh hnh, thc xuat ch thanh, nhien hau c tnh nhap cao. D
nhan t Le Duy Ky bat nang lap quoc, ky trng thien tam yem kh, nhi Trung trieu hu
bat li ky tho a, tc s tap binh thanh thao, diec bat qua qui hang phuc nhi cu, v
tat tc phuc ky tam, tac ha nh?
Th chi bat chien nhi khuat gia, phat trung thanh, sien cong ninh chung, chuyen vi ai
thuan chi c. Th canh tuc d kien thien tam chi hu. D cung thc vi ch hau nh.
D t nh Y Le, bnh Hoi Bo, tieu Kim Xuyen, d ch can nhat kham nh ai Loan
chi dch, giai kinh ch thu c yeu, chien vo bat khac, cong vo bat thu, d thanh th so
ai cong. Cai kham loan phat bao, nan ngon yen vo, tac tuy bat nang hu chinh vo
chien nhi cau hoach thanh cong, yeu giai thien tam hu thuan, nai khac tran th.
Dch ngha
Nguyen Hue quay tr lai Le thanh, Le Duy Ky bo nc (ma chay), viec o qua la
khong d lieu c. Ta a Phuc Khang An sang lam tong oc Lng Quang, tap trung
binh lnh, ieu ong tng s e chinh phat. The nhng Nguyen Hue nhieu lan khan
khoan xin hang, lai sai chau ruot la Nguyen Quang Hien en tan ni Phuc Khang An
dang bieu.
Phuc Khang An xem xet tnh hnh thay qua la thanh thc nen c the ma tau len. Ta
ngh Le Duy Ky khong the lap quoc nen long tri ghet bo ma trieu nh th khong
mang en cai li at ai, viec tap trung binh lc e chinh phat cung khong ngoai muc
ch bat y hang phuc, (co thang) cha chac a chinh phuc c long ngi th biet lam
sao?
Vay ma khong can anh van khuat c la do long thanh, xien dng cong lao, ngi
ngi an on bien thanh c hoi ai thuan. Nh the han thay c ay la y tri, u biet
phuc cua ta that la day vay.

20

Ta t khi bnh nh Y Le, Hoi Bo, tieu tr Kim Xuyen, roi mi ay lai dep yen ai
Loan, cung eu hoach nh ra nhng ieu c ban, khong lan anh nao khong at c,
khong lan cong nao ma khong thu c nen mi at c may chien thang ln nh the.
Viec tr loan phat bao kho noi la khong dung en vo lc nen chang the hu chinh vo
chien (em quan i ma khong anh) ma gat hai c thanh cong, nhng phai thuan
theo long tri th mi co the c nh the.

Li ban
S nha Thanh khi chep ve viec em quan sang anh nc ta a nhan manh vao mot chi
tiet. o la khi nghe tin quan Tay Sn tien ra Bac, Ton S Ngh a muon ch than ch huy
quan Thanh ng ch mac du nhieu tin tc bat li t khap cac mat tran, ke ca tin vua Le
a cung gia quyen bo tron.
Khi thay Ton S Ngh khang khang mot tran t chien, Ha The Hanh a ghm cng nga
cua tong oc ai than va a ra ly le rang neu nh chang may ho Ton t tran th se nhuc
cho quoc the va khuyen Ton nen v ngha ln ma ch huy viec rut lui, co cac tng (Ton)
Khanh Thanh va Ly Hoa Long ho tong. Cc chang a, Ton S Ngh phai vt cau phao song
Nh Ha va Ha The Hanh, Thng Duy Thang, Trng Trieu Long lai chien au cho ti chet.
Dat s nay c nhac lai trong kha nhieu sach v, chnh s cung nh da s.
Thanh ai Danh Nhan Dat S Tap Lam ()18 tap II t trang 930 en
931 co chep nh sau:
Ha The Hanh ra sc can ngan Ton S Ngh
Ha Trang Liet ten la The Hanh, ngi Thanh o, to tien ngi Hoi. Ong xuat than binh
nghiep, khi anh Kim Xuyen lap cong len en Chuyen Khon. A Van Thanh co y coi trong,
ong noi:
- Ke vo than hieu c ai ngha ch duy mot mnh Ha mo ma thoi.
Sau len lam e oc Quang Tay. en khi quoc vng nc An Nam la Le Duy Ky b chua
at Thanh Hoa la Nguyen Quang Bnh anh uoi, go ca quan cau vien, khi o Ton Van
Tnh S Ngh la tong oc at Quang, t cho la mnh co tai cam quan nen chu y dung
binh. Ong noi:
18

Ly Xuan Quang()(Bac Kinh: Trung Quoc Xa Hoi Khoa Hoc xb xa, 2004) (6 tap)

21

- em quan anh bon Man Di, bac vng gia cung khong tr noi. Mot khi binh
lien hoa ket, khong biet en bao gi mi dt c.
Ton khong nghe li ay, em quan hai tnh Quang ong, Quang Tay chinh phat. Nguyen
Quang Bnh luc au bat ng thay vng s en, binh t nen quay ve Thanh Hoa ieu
them quan. Ton cong v the nen thang ln. Vao c Le thanh lien chiem lay cung vua,
ch lo uong ru lam th chang coi quan ch vao au. Ong can rang:
- Quan ta tham nhap trong a, cung nen than trong. Huong chi Quang Bnh
cha anh a rut lui, e co ieu khong ng c, chi bang nhan luc ch cha
ra, em quan tr ve, ay la thng ke.
Ton ap:
- Cai tnh toan cua ke s, ngi sao ma biet c.
en khi Quang Bnh keo binh tr lai, Duy Ky nhanh chan bo nc chay trc, the giac
dung manh, Ton S Ngh hoang hot lap cap, a toan chu chet. Ong (Ha The Hanh)
ghm nga ho Ton lai can rang:
- Ngai la ai than, neu nh b thng ton, e quan he en quoc the. The Hanh
nay la mot ke vo phu, may c be tren tri ngo, len en cho cam c mao, em
than tuan quoc cung phai roi.
Ong ra lenh cho ch tng bao ve Ton S Ngh tr ve quan ai, mot mnh em may tram
quan ra anh, b ch giet chet. Quang Bnh em quan uoi theo Van Tnh en song Phu
Lng, sap bat kp nguyen soai ben ta, tong binh Thng Duy Thang la hau due cua
Bnh Nam Vng, tuoi tre hang hai, em binh ra chong c. anh en khi tri sang,
Thng am chet c may chuc ngi, mau nhuom o ca ao giap. Ve sau vien binh
khong ti kp ben rut kiem ra than rang:
- Trng phu c chet ( sa trng), ay la thoa ch roi. The nhng khong chet
ve tay ai ch ma chet trong tay a tam thng, khong khoi uong cai
dung cua ta, chi bang e khoi nhuc cho tien the vay.
Noi xong ca co t t. Ton S Ngh lien chat cau, chat vat lam mi em c tan quan
chay ve en ca quan, tong binh Trng Trieu Long, Ly Hoa Long trc sau cung b giet,
bao nhieu lng thc, kh gii eu b ch lay het.

22

Khi nghe chuyen o, Thuan Hoang e (tc vua Can Long) cho la ong biet ai the, het
sc thng tiec, phong tc Trang Liet Ba, em vao th Chieu Trung T. Con ong la
Quan Mon Cong Van Mo c tc th ve, lam en e oc Phuc Kien, trong chien dch
Xuyen, S cung rat dung cam qua la the gia.
(trch trong Khieu nh Tuc Luc-, quyen 2)
Dien tien tren qua la ep nh mot cau chuyen trong tieu thuyet. Khong t ngi a ton
giay mc e dng thanh mot trang s trung ngha va chnh vua Can Long nh a ghi
tren cung ngam ngui ri le khi nhac en nhng trung than a bo mang trong cuoc Nam
chinh. S thc o nh the nao?
Thc te, tran anh mua Xuan nam Ky Dau khong oai hung nh the. Cac s gia Trung Hoa
sau nay eu ong y mot iem: Ton S Ngh la ke tham sinh uy t, va nghe tin quan Tay
Sn keo en a bo chay trc, cac tng nha Thanh hot hoang chay theo. Khi va thoat
nan qua khoi song Nh Ha, Ton S Ngh lien sai ngi chat t cau phao khien cho toan bo
binh s va tng lanh di quyen b ket lai ben kia song, mot so t tran, mot so chen nhau
ri xuong song chet uoi. Cac tng nha Thanh eu chet mat xac, khong thay noi g en
viec tong tang, mo phan ngoai tr nhng nam mo tap the chat thanh go ngoai o Thang
Long. Nhng chuyen anh hung c mieu ta eu ch la tng tng ma thoi.19
Chu Vien Liem () trong Can Long Hoang e ai truyen () a nhan
xet rat ma mai nh sau:
... Theo tau th cua ho Ton th ngay mong hai thang gieng, Le Duy Ky en bao
tin rang quan nha Le tran ong mat nam a b Nguyen quan tien anh, phao
tin rang e tra thu ra han, Ton voi vang sai quan i ngan ch. Le Duy Ky nghe
tin Nguyen Hue ch than ti, long tan da nat, tay bong con th, dat me chay
tron qua song Phu Lng khien cho tnh the hoang loan, dan chung cung un un
bo chay. Con Ton va e oc Ha The Hanh dan binh khang c, nhng quan
Nguyen ong qua em ai binh vay kn bon be, khien Ton phai vt trung vi
thoat ra, roi sau o t t rut quan theo phu kieu ve pha bac ngan. Tong binh
Ly Hoa Long i en gia cau trt chan ri xuong song, e oc Ha The Hanh,
tong binh Trng Trieu Long, Thng Duy Thang, tham tng Dng Hng Long,
Vng Tuyen, Anh Lam va du kch Minh Tru khong qua cau kp, hien nay khong
biet tin tc. So quan dan theo c nhap quan tong cong ch con ba nghn vai

19

Xem them Tran Ky Dau cua Nguyen Duy Chnh.

23

tram ngi. Thnh cau hoang thng cach chc tr toi e ran e ke khong biet
cach ieu quan.
Ton S Ngh hien nhien che dau cai toi tham song s chet, hot hoang bo chay
cua mnh. Y thc ra tm ng chay troi chet lay au ra vt trung vi thoat ra
e ma t t rut quan theo phu kieu. Tong binh Ly Hoa Long a tng i anh
Mien ien, bnh Kim Xuyen, tieu ai Loan bao nhieu tran ln, nhieu lan lap c
cong lao, t o ti len en tong binh, ch co phai la a tre len ba e en noi i
qua cau trt chan ri xuong nc, ro rang la ao binh, bai tng chen lan nhau
nga xuong song chet uoi. Con nh bon Ha The Hanh khong qua cau kp en
nay cha biet tin tc v co con cau au ma qua, tong oc ai nhan ch lo bao
toan tnh menh cho mnh nen sai quan chat t roi.
Ton S Ngh khong ho danh xuat than tien s, a tng lam chng kinh (th ky
cua nha vua) trong Quan C X, gioi nghe viet tau triep nen bien cai toi tay nh
tham cong vi ch, khinh ch chet tng, s chet bo chay cua mnh cho nho lai,
them mam them muoi vao cai viec ieu quan khong ung phep, li le that ang
xau ho, long da that ang trach c ...20
Trong khi o, vua Can Long van tng rang quan Thanh a anh dung anh mot tran long
tri l at, cac tng ai nay tan trung bao quoc nen ghi trong t ngon nhng ieu tren,
can c vao nhng g ngi ta muon cho ong nghe ch khong phai la s that.

20

Ha Nam nhan dan xb xa, 1996 tr. 591-2

24

BC TRANH TH NHAT

Gia Quan Ha Ho chi chien o


Nguyen van

Dch am
Ton S Ngh xuat Tran Nam Quan, tai Lang Sn phan binh lng lo, nhat do Mai Pha,
lenh tham tng Trng Thuan ang ch Gia Quan lo hoi te, nhat do Giang Han, lenh
tong binh Trng Trieu Long ang knh xu Tam D, Tru Hu ang x, Gia Quan truan
tu. a nhan nhat van ai binh the thnh, vong phong kinh dat nhi bat tung loan chi. Tho
quan suat lanh tho dan so bach nhan phu phuc au thuan. T th kinh qua Gia Quan,
phan lc tieu sat, hoac k nhi hang, hoac khang nhi tiem, hoac cam nhi luc. Truy ch
Ha Ho a phng, sn coc tuan ai, thch Trng Trieu Long tiet ky kh lo, hoi hp
giap cong, tieu sat bat kha thang ke.
25

Dch ngha
Ton S Ngh ra khoi Tran Nam Quan, en Lang Sn chia binh ra lam hai nga, mot do
Mai Pha, sai tham tng Trng Thuan (hen) se gap lai Gia Quan, mot do Giang
Han, sai tong binh Trng Trieu Long theo hng Tam D, Tru Hu cung gap Gia
Quan. Nhieu ngi nghe tin ai binh the manh, hoang loan khong nghe lenh, tho quan
dan may tram ngi ra guc au qui thuan.
T o i qua Gia Quan, ra sc chem giet khien cho ke th qu xuong au hang, chong
lai th b thua, b bat th x t. uoi theo en Ha Ho, gap cho hoc nui chenh venh,
Trng Trieu Long lien chan ng rut, hai ben giap cong, giet khong biet bao nhieu
ma ke.
Nguyen van

Dch am
Ha bien cau cu tuat ch quynh
Vo ngoai vng s s hu chinh
Cam l bat tu that tu phat
Tong nhung duy soai lng cng binh
Tr nguy tr loan nguyen xuat chnh
an thc ho tng a thuan nghenh
ng t na ng ai xa triet
Gia Quan nhat chien hach tien thanh
Can Long Ky Dau trong thu ng but
Dch ngha
26

Xot thng cho ke b v ben song cau cu


Vng s chinh phat khong ngoai nhng viec nh the
Khong phai i en quan cua trieu nh
Ch can oc suat hai vung bien gii la u
Giup ke nguy, dep loan la le chnh ang
Dan chung em gio cm bau nc ra on tiep
Con bo nga dam ging cang chong lai banh xe
Tran chien Gia Quan that la lng lay
Nguyen van

Dch am
An Nam so ai d lai b boi than Trnh th the thien quoc bnh. Nguyen Hue ta t phat
Trnh toan tc chiem c Le thanh, d ch t ton Le Duy Ky xuat tau. Ch thng nien
ngu nguyet noi, t ton chi mau the quyen thuoc bon ch Quang Tay Thuy Khau quan
ngoai duyen ha a phng hieu ho cau cu, cng than d van.
D lan ky cung thuan ban trieu bach so thap nien, tc giang ch u phu tuat, tnh lenh
oc than, hng s ch thao, ai ngha s quan, s phi ac d.
S Ton S Ngh tau thnh hu uy vong trong than, oc suat ky binh, knh l ch b chinh
tieu. D d ao lo ieu vien, gian phat ke thi tha cai oc to, xng hien nang tham
kham y nhiem e oc Ha The Hanh diec tai du tuc tr nhan tc menh thong nguyen
tru cac quan ai Quang Tay binh t thien danh, hu thiem ieu nhat thien danh, cap hch
ieu Quang ong binh ngu thien danh, cong tuc nhat van chi so. Lenh tong binh
Trng Trieu Long, Thng Duy Thang ang phan lanh tien tien, nhi e nhat chien

27

tham tng Trng Thuan ang tc hu Gia Quan chi tiep, tieu sat vo so tien thanh co
d oat nhan.
Dch ngha
Nc An Nam trong may i qua b boi than ho Trnh nam gi quyen bnh. Nguyen
Hue lay tieng phat Trnh chiem lay Le thanh (tc Thang Long) khien cho t ton Le
Duy Ky phai bo chay. en thang nam nam ngoai, me, v va than quyen t ton chay
sang Thuy Khau quan ben ngoai b song thuoc tnh Quang Tay keu la cau cu, quan
bien gii nghe c.
Ta thng xot cho ho a cung thuan ban trieu hn mot tram nam qua, lap tc giang ch
phu tuat ong thi ra lenh cho tong oc (Lng Quang) hng binh phat toi, viec ai
ngha khong the khong lam.
Thoat tien Ton S Ngh tau len xin cho mot trong than co uy vong ch huy ky binh (tc
Bat Ky Binh la lnh chnh qui cua nha Thanh) sang ben o tieu phat. Ta thay ng i
xa xoi can phai co ngi tai gioi nen sai e oc Ha The Hanh lap tc tran thu cac
quan ai, em bon nghn quan Quang Tay, sau them mot nghn quan na roi ieu nam
nghn quan Quang ong cho u mot van, sai tong binh Trng Trieu Long, Thng
Duy Thang chia ra tien len. Ngay tran au tien Gia Quan, tham tng Trng Thuan
a thang ln, giet c vo so, tieng tam lng lay khien cho ai nay eu chan ong.
Li ban
Cho en nay, phan ln s ta cung nh s Tau eu cho rang nha Thanh co y ong binh t khi
thai hau nha Le sang Long Chau gao khoc xin cu vien. Thc ra, bc ng lu lac cua
than quyen nha Le khong phai la ng ben b song cau cu roi c quan quan nha Thanh
en giai vay nh trong li tau cua quan lai Lng Quang. Theo Le Quynh trong Bac Hanh
Tung Ky th:
Thang gieng nam Mau Than, nien hieu Can Long th 53 (1788), vua (Chieu
Thong) tru Giang Bac. Thang 2, i ve ong, roi i V Hoang thuoc Sn Nam.
Bay gi, Thai hau vi Nguyen phi, Nguyen t eu Thai nguyen. Quynh vang
menh i len Bac e ho ve Thai hau. Thang 4, en Thai nguyen, thay binh t, the
gap, ben a Thai hau i tran Muc ma (nguyen lam ra Muc da) thuoc Cao bang.
Thang 5, quan Tay Sn thnh lnh ti, phien muc Hoang ch Hieu theo li dan cua
oc ong Nguyen Huy Tuc lay thuyen buon a Quoc mau (Thai hau) thuan

28

dong en ca Thuy khau (ca song Bang vao bien gii Long chau), tam tru
tren mot go nho gia song thuoc thon Ben xa Phat me.
Ngay mong 9, quan Tay Sn en ong. Quynh va ch Hieu chia nhau hai nga ma
ngan chong. oc ong Nguyen Huy Tuc, Phng the hau Nguyen Quoc ong,
Trng thu lnh Pham nh Quyen cung nhau a Thai hau qua song, ti lang
au ao ma vao at Thanh. Chieu toi, Quynh va ch Hieu gi go nho gia song
Phat me. Quan Tay Sn vay pha Tay nam. Quan gi ai noi a ngan pha ong
bac. Lui ti eu het ng, ch con co the anh en chet ma thoi. May toi en,
ma gio to. Trong em toi, nhan chp sang ma loi qua song. Bat au vao at
Thanh tai lang au ao trong nui o sn.
Ngi nha con bay a. Sang day thay Thai hau vi Nguyen phi, Nguyen t, cac
tung than eu trong ong nui. Lng het. Tm c vai bao ngo em tien. Con
hn sau mi ngi eu lay re ti bo cot ch ap nat va qua trong rng ma an
cho oi (nguyen chep: d sinh cot toai bo ch chac lam. Sach T nguyen co
ten cay bo cot ch hoac pha co ch). Ngi nha toi Nguyen Cham b benh li
trang, khong ng (sau khi) an bo cot ch lap tc khoi benh.
La Sn Yen Ho Hoang Xuan Han (tap hai trc tac) (Ha Noi: nxb Giao Duc,
1998) tr. 875-6.
Theo phep cua Thanh trieu, moi khi ong binh bao gi cung do Quan C X lap ke hoach, sau
o hoang e se chon mot ngi lam nguyen soai tiet che quan oi. Tuy theo tnh hnh ma
cac tnh phai cung ng binh lnh, quan nhu, phng tien chuyen ch, nhan cong, th thuyen,
vu kh, tien bac, lng thc ... Phan chnh yeu do ngan sach t trung ng chi tra. Chnh v
the ma Ton S Ngh a xin vua Cao Tong c mot trong than ch huy ky binh (la binh s trong
Bat Ky cua nha Thanh a ti) nhng lan nay lai ch ieu ong quan a phng va do chnh
tong oc Lng Quang am trach. (Xem them Quan S nha Thanh, bien khao cua
Nguyen Duy Chnh)

29

BC TRANH TH HAI

Tam D Tru Hu chi chien


Nguyen van

Dch am
Tong binh Trng Trieu Long thong binh tam thien danh, noi phan nhat thien ngu bach
danh, lenh tham tng Trng Thuan ai lanh tong Gia Quan tien tien. Trng Trieu
Long ai nhat thien ngu bach danh tong Tam D nhieu ch Tru Hu ang x, giap cong
tiem luc, oat hoach me lng quan gii vo toan, sinh cam binh bien nhat bach d
danh.
Nhi pho tng Khanh Thanh lanh ai binh tam bach danh phuc phu can Tru Hu chi
dnh ke a phng, sinh cam d hang phuc ban chi Tran Danh Bnh, giai pho quan
doanh chnh phap, vu cng nhan y.

30

Dch ngha
Tong binh Trng Trieu Long thong lanh ba nghn quan, chia ra mot nghn nam tram
ngi do tham tng Trng Thuan ch huy theo ng Gia Quan tien len, con Trng
Trieu Long dan mot nghn nam tram quan theo ng Tam D vong qua en Tru Hu,
hai mat giap cong chem giet, lay c rat nhieu quan lng kh gii, lai bat song hn
mot tram ten ch.
Con pho tng Khanh Thanh em quan ba tram ngi mai phuc gan ben Tru Hu,
bat song c ke a hang roi lai phan la Tran Danh Bnh, giai ve quan doanh x t
khien cho ai nay eu hai long.
Nguyen van

Dch am
S hanh nh ang khau doanh mon
Sao can nhat tu ao phu an
Chnh l thien quan cung liet trai
Hu tru ta toan21 tieu man thon
Hoach phien a me t t bao
He khau trng anh na ha bon
Thanh h quoc uy dien the tng
Danh huan T Khac hu nguyen ton
Can Long Ky Dau trong thu ng but
21

Kh thanh

31

Dch ngha
Quan chia lam hai nga anh vao doanh trai
Gan ni sao huyet ch bat c ke tho tu a phu n
Quan chnh quan thien (phu) cung anh ep vao trai ch
Thuc ben phai, xoay ben trai e tieu tr quan Man
oat c rat nhieu gao thoc khien ta no u
Troi chat khien khong sao chay tron c
Quoc uy ang mng v nha tng noi c nghiep
Tieng thm cua T Khac nay co chau con
Nguyen van

Dch am
S Ton S Ngh e Tran Nam Quan, ngu tng Lang Sn oc Phan Khai c lai hang.
Ky hiep tran Tran Danh Bnh nhan kien hch van, tham vi tung cu, diec tc tnh nguyen
qui thuan. Ton S Ngh gia thng cap trap lenh, ky hoi cu ngha dung tuy binh t
Nguyen ang. Ngo S ky tn, hong hach Phan Khai c bat vi b du. Nhi Danh Bnh
toan tc ao hoi Le thanh b Nguyen Hue cau ky the t nhng gia nhiem dung. Tru
Hu chi chien tc Danh Bnh lanh binh, tien lai khang c, ky hang phuc ban tnh thc
nan hu.
Trng Trieu Long ch Tam D Tru Hu giao gii a phng chnh tai trat doanh, oc
kien oi dien sn pha binh chung phong ung tien lai. Cai tran suat lanh tng bien, cap
Trng Thuan s ai binh lng lo lai cong, duyen o thon trai, phong hoa phan thieu,
tieu sat tham chung.
Th dch tuy bat t An Nam nhat thao nhat moc ch hoach b t lng chnh tuc cung
quan thc da.

32

Ton S Ngh canh lenh Khanh Thanh d lanh binh tam bach d danh, tiem pho yeu lo,
lan tiet sinh hoach k ma gia tam nhan, nhi Tran Danh Bnh tc tai ky noi. T th phan
phuc chi nhan bat ch hu ao hien luc tuan xng khoai s.
Khanh Thanh chi cao to Ton T Khac quoc s lu tr huan tch hu th nguyen ton kha
v vo thiem gia thanh.
Dch ngha
Luc au khi Ton S Ngh en Tran Nam Quan th ngu tng ong Lang Sn la Phan
Khai c ra hang, hiep tran (quan vo) x o la Tran Danh Bnh oc hch van s hai
nen cung tnh nguyen qui thuan. Ton S Ngh ban thng roi cap trap lenh (mat lenh)
e cho ve chieu tap ngha dung i theo anh vi quan Nguyen. Ngo S (tc Ngo Van
S) c tin, doa nat Phan Khai c bao ng nghe li khuyen du. Danh Bnh v the
quay lai tron ve Le thanh b Nguyen Hue bat gi v con e tiep tuc dung. Trong tran
Tru Hu, Danh Bnh em quan tien len khang c khien cho viec hang phuc cang them
kho khan.
Trng Trieu Long en a phng ranh gii gia Tam D va Tru Hu ang trong
quan doanh thay tren sn nui oi dien rat ong quan ang ua ti nh ong lien ch huy
binh tng chong gi. Trng Thuan cung cam mot canh quan hai mat tan cong, men
theo b song phong hoa ot trai, chem giet rat nhieu.
Chien dch nay tuy khong lay cua An Nam mot canh cay ngon co nhng lan nay lay
c lng thc cua ch e nuoi quan mnh. Ton S Ngh sau o ra lenh cho Khanh
Thanh em hn ba tram binh len en mot oan ng quan yeu chen ngang bat c
ba ngi ci nga trong o co Tran Danh Bnh22. T o ga phan phuc nay khong con
tron c na qua la thch thu lam thay.
Cao to cua Khanh Thanh la Ton T Khac khi mi m nc nhieu lan lap cong lao co
con chau nh the qua la rang r cho gia toc.
Li ban
Mot chi tiet ang cho chung ta suy ngh la trong chien dch anh nc Nam, nha Thanh a
lap lai mo thc ho tng s dung 150 nam trc. o la dung ngi Han lam lc lng chu
chot e banh trng the lc ch khong dung lc lng ky binh la quan oi chnh thc cua
nha Thanh. Chnh sach dung ngi Han diet ngi Han a giup cho mot dan toc nho be hn
nhieu chinh phuc c toan coi Trung Nguyen, va giam thieu lc lng chnh yeu cua ho,
va tao ra nhng lien he chat che hn khien nhng hang tng nha Minh khong con co the
quay au c na.
22

Tran Danh Bnh la hiep tran, lam viec di quyen tran thu Lang Sn Phan Khai c. Khi Phan Khai
c au hang quan Thanh, Tran Danh Bnh (khong biet v thc tam hay tra hang) cung i theo. Khi Ngo
Van S viet th khuyen nhu, Tran quay ve Thang Long roi c giao cho nhiem vu ngan chan quan
ch, nay b bat va b chem au.

33

Chnh sach o c em ra th nghiem nc ta, ngoai muc tieu chnh tr va quan s con
co the coi nh ay la mot bc m au e vua Can Long ay bt so dan chung Giang
Nam (von d la thanh phan co nhieu tiem nang chong oi hn ca) xuong cac quoc gia ong
Nam A, va giai quyet c mot so kho khan kinh te, va vn dai tam kiem soat xuong
mot khu vc a co nhieu tng can tren ca chung toc lan van hoa.
Trong tran chien Viet Thanh, mot so tng lanh the tap cua cac nguyen huan khi m nc
co the ke Khanh Thanh (Ton) la chat cua Chan Vo tng quan Ton T Khac23, Thng Duy
Thang la hau due cua Bnh Nam Vng Thng Kha H24 eu la nhng ngui Han cong tac
vi quan Thanh khi ho vao Trung Nguyen.
Viec tien hanh hai bc song song, mot mat tan sat nhng c dan ni ho chiem ong, mot
mat a dan chung t cac vung co mat o cao ti khai khan la chnh sach ma ngi Trung
Hoa a thc hien trong nhieu the ky nhat la oi vi cac sac dan thieu so pha tay va
tay nam. Vua Can Long von d a co nhng chnh sach kinh te kha gat gao vi nc ta nen
nhan c hoi nay tien hanh chnh sach xam thc ong hoa.

23

Ton T Khac ()1628-1700 thuoc Chnh Bach Ky Han quan. Lam tham lanh i Thuan Tr. en
nam Khang Hy th 2 (1663) c thang len tong binh Cam Tuc, co cong bnh nh loan Vng Phu Than
() nen c len lam e oc Lng Chau, sau lam e oc Cam Tuc. Nam Khang Hy th 35 (1696)
c phong danh hieu Chan Vo tng quan () ai pha tng Mong Co Cat Nh an.

24

Thng Kha H () 1604-1676 la tng cuoi i Minh. Nam Sung Trinh th 5 (1632) lam pho
tng Quang Loc, en nam 1634 ve hang Hau Kim (tien than cua nha Thanh), lam tong binh ch huy
Thien Tr Binh (tc binh s ngi Han giup cho ngi Man Chau khi o). Nam 1636, ong c thang len
Tr Thuan Vng trong coi Nhng Lam Ky Han quan. Thuan Tr nguyen nien (1644), ong em quan
nhap quan anh vi Ly T Thanh, en nam 1646 cung vi Khong Hu c tan cong Ho Quang. Nam
Thuan Tr th 6, ong c phong Bnh Nam Vng anh Quang ong roi c lu lai tran thu ay,
cung vi Ngo Tam Que va Canh Trong Minh goi la Tam Phien. Ong la ngi trung thanh vi nha Thanh
nen sau o c phong tang Bnh Nam than vng. Khi vua Khang Hy ra lenh triet phien, ong la ngi
duy nhat trung thanh vi nha Thanh mac du con ong lai phan loan. (xem them Quan S Nha Thanh
cua Nguyen Duy Chnh).

34

BC TRANH TH BA

Tho Xng giang chi chien o


Nguyen van

Dch am
Tong binh Thng Duy Thang, pho tng Khanh Thanh ang ai binh kiem trnh tien
tien. Ngu co ch Tho Xng giang, thi tr trong vu nh man. Nguyen binh thot bat cap
phong, thng t bat ke ky so. D chung bien menh ao thoan, te oan phu kieu. Nga
binh chc truc bien phiet, khac tc oat giang nhi tien vo bat d dung kha gia.
Dch ngha
Tong binh Thng Duy Thang, pho tng Khanh Thanh cung dan binh tien len. Canh
nam hom o en song Tho Xng, khi o gap luc sng mu m mt. Nguyen binh
khong kp e phong, b thng va chet vo so ke. am con lai chay tron chui tron nhui,
chen nhau t ca cau phao. Quan ta chat tre lam be e qua song xa nay cha tng
dung cam nh the bao gi.

35

Nguyen van

Dch am
Tam giang hoanh cang th vi than
Co thu quan anh toi yeu tan
Tha vu nh Phng yem nha trng
o Lo Boc Lau that trong ngan
Cong kien tat nhue d oat phach
Kham truc bien tra kha ang luan
Tng lnh tien khu chung quan phan
Gia ky ong th Han quan nhan
Can Long Ky Dau trong thu chi nguyet ng but
Dch ngha
Ba con song vat ngang da vao nhau
Ben nay la cho yeu hiem e co thu
Nh co may mu nen nh Phng anh up c giac
Qua song Lo (Trieu Duat) pha c quan Boc Lau
anh manh anh thang oat hon phach ch
Chat tre ket thanh be co the an c vi nhau
Tng lanh i trc lam cho quan s len tinh than
Tat ca eu la ngi Han ay thoi
36

Nguyen van

Dch am
Nguyen chung man ngh ai binh do nhat lo tien tien, th d thiet trai truan trap hi tiet
quan quan lng van. Bat lieu ai binh cac lo cau tien, vo tong yem tap, nhan thoai bao
Tho Xng, Th Cau, Phu Lng tam giang d vi kien c chi ke.
Cap Thng Duy Thang d Khanh Thanh ang lien da ai binh nhat thien nh bach
danh kiem trnh tien tien. Ngu co e Tho Xng giang, tha vu tiem luc phu kieu ky
oan, lap tc chc truc bien phiet, tan khac o giang, oat dung tien tieu. Nguyen
chung s th chi hiem, ky oat ky nhat t th toai thanh pha truc chi the. Ngh chi
ng To nh Phng tha vu tap Hiet Li nha trng, Tong Trieu Duat ke pha Lo
nhung Boc Lau th hiem s pha giac tng loai.
Thng Duy Thang nai quoc s s phong Bnh Nam Vng Thng Kha H chi hau due
d Khanh Thanh ong he. Han quan s phien phan lc quan kham gia d.
Dch ngha
Quan Nguyen cho rang ai binh se tien theo mot ng nen thiet lap on trai e chan
ng van chuyen quan lng. Khong ng ai binh cac lo cung tien, khong the anh
trom c nen phai lui ve bao ve Tho Xng, Th Cau, Phu Lng ba con song, e da
vao the kien co chong gi.
Nhng Thng Duy Thang va Khanh Thanh dan mot nghn hai tram binh tien suot
em. Canh nam en song Tho Xng, nhan luc tri sng mu, thay cau phao a gay roi
lap tc chat tre an be, vt qua song, dung cam xong len anh. Quan Nguyen ch da
vao the hiem, nay b mat roi nen pha de nh che tre. Nh lai nam xa To nh
Phng25 i ng nhan sng mu tan cong vao nha trng cua Hiet Li, Trieu
Duat26 i Tong dung ke pha quan Boc Lau cay hiem ni song Lo cung tng t nh
the.
25

To nh Phng (592-667) la tng i Tuy mat, ng s. Nam Trinh Quan th 4 (630) lam tien
phong cho Ly Tnh anh thang Hiet Li Kha Han cua ot Quyet nen c thang len Ta Vo Hau Trung
Lang Tng. Lam quan en Vo Ve ai tng quan.

26

Trieu Duat (? 1126) la tng i Tong. Boc Lau la thu lanh mot bo lac thieu so noi len chong lai
chnh sach su cao thue nang cua ngi Tong, Trieu Duat em 3 van quan bat c Boc Lau, bnh nh
Lo Nam. Sau len en Binh Bo thng th.

37

Thng Duy Thang la hau due cua Bnh Nam Vng Thng Kha H khi mi lap quoc
cung nh Khanh Thanh. Lan nay quan ngi Han dung cam ra sc that ang khen ngi.
Li ban
Quan Tay Sn khong phai cha anh a rut nh Kham nh Viet S chep ma xay dng mot
phong tuyen chat che t Lang Sn en Thang Long. ieu ang tiec la v Phan Khai c ra
hang nen a iem hiem yeu nhat cua quan ta b pha v khien cho ch co the tien xuong
mot cach tng oi de dang.
Nhng a iem co thu c xay dng theo mau mc cua vung ong Nam A, thng bao
gom tng at lat bang go, ben ngoai co hao cam chong tre. Theo nh tai lieu cua nha
Thanh, cac cong s c xay dng kha kien co va giao cho tho dan tran gi. Tuy nhien v
tnh hnh cha on nh nen dan binh eu bo chay khi quan Thanh keo sang, tng t nh tnh
hnh quan Minh sang anh nha Ho hoi the ky th 15.
Giai oan au cua tnh hnh thi o co nhieu iem giong vi cuoc xam lang cua quan Minh
bon the ky trc. Tuy nhien Nguyen Hue a dung chien thuat lay cong lam thu, tien anh
khi ch cha chuan b xong tran the, khai thac c nhng u iem cua chien s ung nh
nhng ly thuyet quan s ma cac tng lanh hoc hoi mai tan sau nay.27

27

The attack suits the soldier better than defense. All warlike and fighting virtues such as daring,
decision, courage, offensive spirit, destructive will and self-confidence are awakened by, and take their
full value from, offensive action. Von Leeb, Defense (ban dch Stefan T. Possony va Daniel Vilfroy) 5th
Ed. (Pennsylvania: Military Service Publishing Company, 1954) tr. 1.

38

BC TRANH TH T

Th Cau giang chi chien o


Nguyen van

Dch am
Quan binh e Th Cau giang. Nguyen chung ngh tu nam ngan, pha hu t cao ap ha
chi the, d th lien nhat xung oat bat nang ac li. Ton S Ngh dng lenh ngha dan
ap cai phu kieu, lenh tong binh Trng Trieu Long da ban ta bien am o, sao xuat b
doanh chi hau, ham thanh chan a. ai binh diec do phu kieu o giang giap cong, tieu
sat so thien, sinh cam ngu bach d nhan.
Dch ngha
Quan binh en song Th Cau. Quan Nguyen tu tap ong nh kien pha nam, hi co li
the t cao anh xuong thap cho nen suot may ngay tan cong ma khong thang li. Ton
S Ngh ra lenh cho ngha dan kien tao cau phao nhng ngam ra lenh cho tong binh
39

Trng Trieu Long na em len ra pha ben trai, anh up vao ang sau doanh trai ch,
reo ho vang day ca at. ai binh khi o mi i theo cau phao vt song anh vao, giet
c may nghn ngi, bat song hn nam tram.
Nguyen van

Dch am
Ngo hiem ng tri tap hau cong
Du tr v ch bat ky ong
Thong quan to tat ien Phong sach
Dung tng thien nhieu Ly To hung
Lam ha c cao b pha x
Xuat ky che thang nga thanh cong
Le thanh tng can binh uy co
Chung ch duy dng x tch sung
Can Long Ky Dau trong thu ng but
Dch ngha
Gap nguy nen biet cach anh tap hau
Ch du cha ti a co cung mot y nh the
Thong lnh quan theo ke cua ien Phong
Dung tng anh ngang hong khong khac g Ly To
ch anh t cao xuong nen kh the kha dung manh

40

The nhng ta anh bat ng nen a thanh cong


Le thanh a gan roi nen anh trong e them quan uy
Ch moi ngi eu mong cho sm lap c cong lao
Nguyen van

Dch am
Tien th d niem tam giang chi tr, tr du Ton S Ngh ng a li tng tr, bat nang
toc tien. Chi x kha thng ha du mat tham, gian ao tiem o, nh ien Phong chi
tha gian tap Ha Nam, Ly To chi da ban cong Sai thanh. Xuat ky bat y ng nang che
thang. Th ch v ao chi, tien Ton S Ngh tau Th Cau giang chi tiep, canh d du ch
bat ky nhi hp, kha xng nang s.
Quan binh tru trap Th Cau giang bac ngan a hnh e ha, the nan ngng cong.
Nguyen chung kien nga binh bat ac a li, t cao ap ha, lu tong phu kieu cap s gia
tieu thuyen xung ot tien lai, nga binh trat phiet hoan bat te cap. Ton S Ngh d e
oc Ha The Hanh tng thng, lenh quan binh nhat dien bai liet a phao, cach giang
cong a. Tnh lenh ngha dan phiet van truc moc, tac ap cai phu kieu, duc o chi
tng, nhat dien thai tham ta bien nh thap ly chi ngoai, giang the lieu khuc vi Nguyen
chung nh muc s bat cap chi x. Mat lenh Trng Trieu Long ai binh nh thien danh
da ban dung truc phiet cap nong gia tieu thuyen ly ai can lng luc tuc am o, phuc
lenh Ly Hoa Long d binh ngu bach tiep ng.
th quan binh o d tiem o hu th vo khung, dung kh boi tang. Nhi Trng Trieu
Long am tong b doanh hau, not bai tng nhi tieng. Nguyen chung bat tri binh tong ha
lai, hon am cau that, kh trai bon ao. ai binh toai tc o giang phan lo tien tieu, th
binh gia xuat ky che thang chi ao da.
Dch ngha
Trc ay ta lo ve tr ngai cua ba con song nen a gi ch du cho Ton S Ngh noi la
a the nh vay khong nen tien quan nhanh. Ni nh the nen b mat do tham cac ni
41

thng du, ha du, len vt qua giong nh ien Phong ngay xa tap kch Ha Nam hay
Ly To na em anh Sai thanh, tan cong bat ng e chien thang. Ch du o cha en
ni th Ton S Ngh a tau len chien thang song Th Cau, hoa ra cung hp nh du ch,
qua that la chuyen la.
Quan binh tru ong Th Cau pha bac hnh the at thap, kho co the anh ngc len.
Quan Nguyen thay quan ta khong co a li, t cao ap xuong, may lan theo cau phao
va dung thuyen nho tan cong sang khien quan ta ong be khong the nhanh c.
Ton S Ngh mi thng lng vi e oc Ha The Hanh, cho quan binh mot mat gian
nhieu sung ln, t ben nay song ban qua, cung luc o sai ngha dan van chuyen tre go,
gia v nh ang thiet lap phu kieu nh sang song, mot mat sai ngi xem xet ngoai hai
mi dam pha trai, thay ni o dong song uon khuc, tai mat quan Nguyen khong
nhn thay c. Ben mat lenh cho Trng Trieu Long dan hai nghn quan na em
dung be tre va thuyen nho cua nha nong, trong cha lng kho, lan lt qua song, lai
sai Ly Hoa Long em them nam tram quan tiep ng.
Quan binh len qua c roi khong con s hai, dung kh gia tang gap boi. Trng Trieu
Long len t pha sau ho reo tien len. Quan Nguyen khong biet binh t au keo en,
khong con hon va, bo trai ma chay. ai binh luc ay mi qua song, chia theo nhieu
canh tien anh. o la phep xuat ky che thang cua binh gia.
Li ban
Sau khi nghe tin quan ta b thua song Thng, noi hau Phan Van Lan () em binh len
gi Th Cau, ong tren cac sn nui va cho hiem yeu b song pha nam, lai thiet lap nhieu
on luy bang tre, go doc theo b song phong ng. Ngay 15 thang 11 nam Mau Than (Can
Long 53 1788), quan Thanh t nui Tam Tang () tien xuong ong bac ngan song Th
Cau.
Pha bac song Th Cau at thap, Phan Van Lan lien tap trung sung ln ban sang, quan Thanh
chong khong noi ch con nc theo cau phao vt song ua len. Quan ta chan cau phao
va dung thuyen nho anh ti, hoa lc rat manh khien quan Thanh ton that nang ne, du kch
Vu Tong Pham () trung an chet, du kch Tran Thng Cao (), thu b Trng
Van () thien tong Tran Lien () eu b trong thng, ngay ca tong binh Thng Duy
Thang cung b thng ngon tay, Ha The Hanh voi vang sai quan ap tng at e ngan
an, het sc chong gi. Quan Thanh phong ng t gi T (khoang gan tra) ngay 15 en
chieu toi ngay 16, hai ben dan ai phao ben b song ban sang nhau.
Tran a cua quan ta vng chac, lai co li the t cao ban xuong khien ch lam vao the b
ong. Dong song ay ngoan ngoeo, a the toi tam nen bon tong vong nha Le hien ke
vong ra xa roi quay lai tan kch vao pha sau quan ta.
... Quynh va Le Duy an ban vi nhau rang: T khi (ta) ra ca ai en nay, quan
ch thua luon. Chac chung at nhieu quan nui Th Cau, (mong) co nc chan,
42

e c lai. Nhng chung no dung binh ch biet nhn pha trc, thng khong
ngoanh ve pha sau. Nen dung ky binh chop pha sau, th chac se thang. Quan
doanh Th Cau (neu) a bai, th khoi phuc co o de nh nho nc bot vao tay.
en khi ai binh tien en nui Tam Tang, cach ch con song. Le Duy an noi
(mu ay) vi quan ln Ton. Quan ln ben nghe ke. 28
Ton S Ngh mng r mot mat sai dan quan dung thuyen ch tre go gia v nh nh lam cau
noi e qua song nhng b mat sai tong binh Trng Trieu Long em 2000 quan nhan luc toi
tri i xuong 20 dam dung cau phao va thuyen cp c cua tho dan, mang theo lng
kho len len vt qua. Trng Trieu Long cho e lai 500 quan chan gi ca song, em 1500
quan tien len trc, sai cac tho dan dan ng. Ton S Ngh lai s quan i qua t nen sai
tong binh Ly Hoa Long () em 500 quan i tiep ng.
en gi su ngay 17 thang 11 (khoang 2, 3 gi sang) quan Thanh om ong tre lam phao,
men theo cau noi t chnh dien tien sang, trong khi Trng Trieu Long dan quan men theo
sn nui tap hau anh bat ng vao ai doanh cua Phan Van Lan. Khi thay la noi bon be,
quan ta ban em khong biet ch ong t ra the nao nen tan v phai bo on ma chay tr
ve Thang Long.

28

Le Quynh, Bac Hanh Tung Ky. Hu Ngoc Nguyen c Hien (su tap), La Sn Yen Ho Hoang
Xuan Han (tap II: Trc Tac) (Ha Noi: nxb Giao Duc, 1998) tr. 880.

43

BC TRANH TH NAM

Phu Lng giang chi chien


Nguyen van

Dch am
Phu Lng giang nai Le thanh mon ho. Nguyen chung kien quan binh tng ch, tng
ai tieu thuyen chch thu nam ngan giang tam thi phong thng phao. Nga binh bat
nang tan o. Ton S Ngh sat khan Nguyen binh the tiem hoi loan, lenh tng bien
dung nong gia tieu thuyen cap truc phiet nhat gian tieu sat giang tam binh chung.
Nhi th nhat ngu co Ha The Hanh suat nh bach d nhan trc ch b ngan. B hon
da chi gian bat bien binh so, quan bach vo tho. Ke nhi nga binh thng oat so thuyen,
canh phien te o thong gia tieu luc, tnh thieu tram giang tam thuyen su thap d chch.
Toan quan o giang Le th tong that cap bach tnh nhan ang toai khai thanh suat
hang, bat cong nhi khac.
44

Dch ngha
Song Phu Lng la ca ngo cua Le thanh (Thang Long). Quan Nguyen thay quan binh
keo en, em thuyen ln nho sang nam ngan dung sung ban sang, quan ta khong qua
c. Ton S Ngh xem thay binh the quan ch dan dan hon loan, sai tng dung
thuyen nho cua nha nong va be tre xong ra chem giet quan Nguyen gia giong song.
Canh nam sang hom sau, Ha The Hanh dan hn hai tram ngi i thang sang b ben
kia. Bon chung tri toi khong biet quan so (nhieu hay t), quan bach khong biet lam the
nao. Quan ta luc ay mi oat lay may chiec thuyen, chia nhau ra qua song e chem
giet, lai ot chm hn mot chuc chiec thuyen gia giong song.
Toan quan qua song roi, tong that ho Le cung dan chung lien m thanh ra hang, khong
anh ma c.
Nguyen van

Dch am
Mon ho Le Thanh viet Phu Lng
B tuy co luy chung thng hoang
So chu oc nhap chan xng trang
Ky dung tri phng tham tch tang
Phuc quoc nhat vng nhng kh thu
Lap t tam tng vnh lu phng
Thu trung phu thuan tuan vng ao
Vo s giai binh thuy cat tng
Can Long Ky Dau Trong Thu ng but
45

Dch ngha
Phu Lng la mon ho cua Le thanh
Bon chung tuy co thanh luy kien co nhng hoang hot
Vai chiec thuyen xong vao qua la hung trang
Qua la anh dung that ang tiec
Lay lai nc cho mot ong vua nhng khong gi c
Lap en cho ba tng mai mai lu tieng thm
Bao ap cho ke trung, cui au qui thuan tuan theo vng ao
Khong con viec chien tranh chang hay lam sao?
Nguyen van

Dch am
Quan binh ch Phu Lng giang. Ha The Hanh mch tieu nong thuyen cap truc phiet
suat binh nh bach d nhan knh o b ngan. Ke hu thng oat thuyen chch, canh
phien phoi tai quan quan, ky dung trang chi khai chan vi sieu chung. Cap Nguyen Hue
phuc lai, Ton S Ngh thng phuc lanh binh, than tien xung ch. Hanh nhi Ha The
Hanh lc vi khuyen tr tnh lenh vo bien khong k thuyen hanh. th Ton S Ngh chan
l nhap quan, bat ch hu ton quoc uy. Nhi Ha The Hanh nhng tc ch menh cng
trng t th dung tha tri phng chi hien than nang bat boi gia oan tch.
e oc Ha The Hanh, tong binh Trng Trieu Long, Thng Duy Thang ang lam
tran ton khu, quoc gia co d tong u, ngh tuat thng dien the, tnh lenh Nguyen Hue
An Nam lap t d te. Nhi Nguyen Hue tau thnh quan tc, phong thu, tc b x
kien lap t ng, thuy phng dch ai. Th canh tuc d thu tng trung hon h. Ch
Nguyen Hue tai t du cau, phuc toi qui hang, thc xuat chan thanh. Qu o s c tat
thuoc hp ly, chnh ng tong ky s thnh, xa qua gia an, s d thuan thanh, bat viet
giai binh chi gii h.
Dch ngha

46

Quan binh en song Phu Lng, Ha The Hanh lay thuyen cua nha nong va be tre dan
binh hn hai tram ngi vt qua song. Sau o mi oat thuyen, chia phien ch quan
quan sang dung manh qua la hn ngi.
en khi Nguyen Hue quay tr lai, Ton S Ngh cung ch than cam quan, xong len
trc. May la Ha The Hanh het sc khuyen ngan lai sai vo tng ho ve ra i. V the
Ton S Ngh mi chan chnh binh s nhap quan, khong e cho ton hai en quoc uy. Con
Ha The Hanh bo mang ni sa trng, dung manh e lai tieng thm la mot hien than
that ang tiec.
e oc Ha The Hanh, tong binh Trng Trieu Long, Thng Duy Thang ra tran bo
mnh, quoc gia d nhien thng xot, phu tuat en ca cac i sau nen ra lenh cho
Nguyen Hue lap en th cung te nc An Nam. Sau o Nguyen Hue tau lenh xin
phong quan tc, roi lap t ng ben o tieng thm lng lay. Nh the qua a tng
thng en vong hon ke trung kia.
en nh Nguyen Hue nhieu lan gi len phuc toi qui hang, qua co long chan thanh,
phep tac hp ly. The cho nen ta theo viec thnh cau o ma xa toi gia an, moi viec thuan
thanh, qua la giai binh chi gii (ngan cam viec binh ay la ieu hay) vay.

47

BC TRANH TH SAU

Nguyen Hue khien iet Nguyen Quang Hien nhap can t yen chi o
Nguyen van

Dch am
Le Duy Ky phuc quoc hau, bat nang t lap, nhat van Nguyen Hue phuc lai hu tc ao
bon noi a. Thien yem ky c, thanh phi h ng. D duy phung thien, hat cam vi viet
bat tr, phuc hng binh ve b phuc quoc da.
T c Phuc Khang An tau Nguyen Hue tai t du khan, hoi toi qui thuan, xuat ch
thanh. D diec bat duc vi d tham, nhan tc doan ky s thnh triet binh. Nguyen Hue
48

tien khien ky than iet Nguyen Quang Hien nhap can thau khon, tnh xng minh tue
ng than nghe khuyet nh chuc li, nhan d khat phong.
Tac tiep bieu van, gia ky tnh t chan ch, cap duc ac thien trieu phong hieu vi vinh,
toai tc sac phong vi An Nam quoc vng. T Nguyen Quang Hien lai ch sn trang,
chnh gii Van Tho Tiet, lenh ky nhat the d yen dung th an vinh.
Dch ngha
Le Duy Ky lay lai c nc roi, khong co kha nang t lap, va nghe Nguyen Hue
quay lai lap tc chay ve noi a (tc Trung Hoa). Tri ghet c cua y khong phai la li
noi ngoa. Ta ch biet th tri, au dam vt qua nhng ieu ma tri khong muon, e lai
mot lan na hng binh phuc quoc cho y.
Khi Phuc Khang An tau len Nguyen Hue may lan khan thiet keu xin hoi toi qui thuan
qua co da ch thanh. Ta cung khong muon chap nhat nen mi bang long li thnh cau
triet binh. Nguyen Hue trc het sai chau ruot la Nguyen Quang Hien vao chau e to
tnh thc, lai xin sang nam ch than sang cung khuyet chuc tho, nhan dp xin phong
vng.
Tiep c bieu van cang thay li le, mong sm c phong hieu cua thien trieu cho
them vinh hien nen mi sac phong lam An Nam quoc vng. Nay Nguyen Quang Hien
en sn trang ung vao ky Van Tho Tiet nen cho d yen chung vi moi ngi e to an
tnh cua ta.
Nguyen van

Dch am
Thuy nang bat chien khuat nhan binh
Chien hau uy uy hoai nai thanh

49

Le th kha lien thu thien yem


Nguyen gia ng d tch trieu trinh
Kim thu d t than iet khien
Minh tue hoan xng cung ky hanh
T th thau thanh ngoai bang tien
Gia tai na nhan can an vinh
Can Long Ky Dau Trong Thu ng but
Dch ngha
Ai khong giao chien ma co the khuat phuc c ch?
Sau cuoc chien lai lam cho s hai ma thanh thc qui phuc
Thng thay cho ho Le en tri cung chan ghet
Con nha Nguyen th nen c hng phuc trieu nh
Mua thu nam nay sai chau ruot en
Sang nam lai xin c ch than qua
Thanh thc nh the ngoai bang that hiem co
Viec nh the khong le lai khong vinh d hay sao?

50

KET LUAN
-oChung ta khong ai khong biet en nhng posters cua cac nghe s nhan dan - c san
xuat hang loat di thi Mao Trach ong Hoa luc cung nh tai nhng quoc gia Cong
San khac - ve nhng cong nhan bap tht cuon cuon ay ve t tin, nhng nong dan mat
ti nh hoa ben canh ong lua chn vang hay nhng thieu nhi khan quang o hong
hao, map map ... dung e phat ong nhng chnh sach ln. Nhng nha th cua che o
cung thi nhau sang tac van chng phu hoa va e cao ng loi cua nha nc trong cac
chien dch Bc Tien Nhay Vot hay Cach Mang Van Hoa. Trong khi cac quoc gia
Au My, bch chng thng nham vao muc tieu thng mai th tai Trung Hoa, nhng
tranh ve o co muc tieu chnh tr nhieu hn.
Nhng bc ac Thang o i Thanh la mot trong nhng tranh tuyen truyen29 sm
sua, noi len kh the va thang li cua trieu ai Man Thanh oi vi cac dan toc chung
quanh va e tuyen dng uy c cua thien trieu, va tao nhng e doa tran ap neu co
y nh noi len chong lai ho. Sau bc tranh An Nam chien o cung co muc tieu tng t.
Cho nen chung ta khong the tm trong nhng bc tranh nay nhng chng lieu lch s ma
ch co the giai ma mot so an y cua Thanh trieu muon gi gam.
Mot trong nhng iem t ai e y la tuy vua Cao Tong van t hao ve Mi Vo Cong
nhng trong so ong ban hoa khong thay nhac en viec ba lan em quan chinh phat
Mien ien. ieu o cung de hieu v nha Thanh a b sa lay at Mien nhieu nam, hao
binh ton tng ma khong c li loc g. Neu khong v nhng e doa t ngi Anh va
ngi Xiem, ngi Mien co le cung cha chu hang phuc va trieu cong nha Thanh. Co
le o cung la mot moi han long ma vua Cao Tong ngam ang nuot cay khong cach nao
giai toa noi.
Chnh v the, viec em quan anh ai Viet la mot tran anh hu hoa cau may, nang
phan doa nat. Ngay t au, Thanh trieu van chu trng h trng thanh the, phong ai
thc lc e cot sao quan Tay Sn rut i tra lai nc cho nha Le roi nhan o ma tien
hanh lung oan chnh tr. Vi tnh hnh bat on cua nc ta thi o, viec t nguyen i
theo nhng chu trng cua thien trieu khong phai la khong co the xay ra. Ngo Van S
lui binh ve Tam iep a trung hp vi d kien cua nha Thanh a en chien thang qua
de dang khien cho ho them khinh ch va cung lam nguoi ngoai cai hoi chng Mien
ien nen vua Can Long a to ra rat hng thu vi tai ch huy t xa ieu khien cua
mnh.
Khi Ton S Ngh b anh bai trong mot chien dch chp nhoang ngay ngay au xuan a
khien vua Cao Tong het sc ng ngang ma trieu nh nha Thanh cung sng sot. Tuy
khong the phu nhan s that bai, nhng bai th cua vua Can Long ch e cap pht qua
chien trng mot cach map m va nhan manh en ket qua la nc ta chu qui thuan
29

Tranh co ong theo loi dung trong nc

51

nen chuyen i cua Nguyen Quang Hien nhan sac an phong vng a bien thanh mot
thang li ngoai giao quan trong cua Thanh trieu.
Sau nay nhieu s bo khac to ln hn, ram ro hn cua ngi Au Chau cung khong c
on tiep trong the nh the. Nang cao gia tr cua oi phng trong mot mat nao o cung
la e cao chnh mnh.
Nng theo tnh hnh o, Nguyen Hue a oi thai o, tuy chien thang nhng lai cau
hoa khien cho t ai cua vua Can Long c vuot ve va khong b mat mat oi vi quan
than. Co le trong long ong cung tham biet n s te nh cua vua Quang Trung va
Nguyen Hue cung tng ke tu ke khai thac u iem ngoai giao ong va at c.
Xem nhng t bieu vua Quang Trung gi cho vua Can Long chung ta co the hnh dung
c ai Viet tr thanh mot trong nhng phien thuoc quan trong cua Trung Hoa trong
thi gian o va Nguyen Hue lap tc tien hanh mot ke sach khon ngoan, va gi yen
man bac va banh trng the lc ra ba mat ong, tay va nam.
Trong qua kh, hau nh cac s gia Viet Nam ch chu trong en chien thang quan s ma
quen i phng thc giai quyet hau chien cua vua Quang Trung. Co le ngay tai thi
iem cua the ky 21 hom nay, ngi cam quyen van co the rut kinh nghiem ve chnh
sach ngoai giao i Tay Sn e tm ra mot ng loi thch hp hn cho Viet Nam trong
cac tng quan quoc te.
Thang 4 nam 2005

52

53

54

55

56

57

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO


--1.

Ho Bach Thao (dch). Cao Tong Thc Luc, quyen thng. New Jersey: Th An
Quan, 2004.

2.

Hsu, Immanuel C.Y. The Rise of Modern China. New York: Oxford University
Press, 1975.

3.

Lai Phuc Thuan (). Can Long Trong Yeu Chien Tranh Chi Quan Nhu
Nghien Cu () ai Bac: Quoc Lap Co Cung Bac Vat
Vien, 1984.

4.

Leeb, Von. Defense (ban dch Stefan T. Possony va Daniel Vilfroy) 5th Ed.
Pennsylvania: Military Service Publishing Company, 1954.

5.

Ly Xuan Quang() Thanh ai Danh Nhan Dat S Tap Lam (


). Bac Kinh: Trung Quoc Xa Hoi Khoa Hoc xb xa, 2004.

6.

Nguyen Quoc Vinh Gop them t lieu mi ve quan he chien s va ngoai giao Viet
Thanh thi Tay Sn: Bo tranh Bnh nh An Nam Chien o co th e vnh
bang ng but cua vua Can Long, Phan Huy Le (chu bien): Cac Nha Viet Nam
Hoc Nc Ngoai Viet Ve Viet Nam. Ha Noi: nxb The Gii, 2002.

7.

Picard, Rene. Les Peintres Jesuites a la Cour de Chine. Grenoble: Editions des 4
Seigneurs, 1973.

8.

Shang, William. Rediscovering Views of Northern China: Late 18th to 19th


Century Winter Scenes. Arts of Asia, Volume 35, Number 2 (March-April 2005)

9.

Smith, Bradley va Wan-go Weng. China: A History In Art. San Diego: Doubleday
Windfall, 1972.

10. Temple, Robert. The Genius of China 3000 years of science, discovery and
invention. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986.
11. Thanh Cao Tong ng che thi van toan tap ()(10 quyen). ai
Bac: Quoc Lap Co Cung Bac Vat Vien, 1976.
12. Thanh S Cao () (48 quyen). Trieu Nh Ton (tuyen). 5th Ed. Bac
Kinh: Trung Hoa th cuc xuat ban, 1996.

58

13. The Random House Library of Painting and Sculpture 4 volumes. New York:
Random House, 1981.
14. Trang Cat Phat (). Thanh Cao Tong Thap Toan Vo Cong Nghien Cu
(). Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa th cuc, 1987. (chup lai ban cua
ai Loan Co Cung Tung San, Giap Chung so 26, thang 6 nam 1982)
15. Trung Quoc Lch S ai T ien () (thng va ha). Trnh Thien
nh () (chu bien). Thng Hai: Thng Hai t th xb xa, 2000.
16. Trung Quoc Lch S a o Tap ( ) (8 cuon). am Ky Tng
() (chu bien). Bac Kinh: Trung Quoc a o xb xa, 1996.

59

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